Kinetics and mechanism of nitrobenzene degradation by hydroxyl radicals-based ozonation process enhanced by high gravity technology

Abstract

This study investigated the indirect oxidation of nitrobenzene (NB) by hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in a rotating packed bed (RPB) using competitive kinetics method with p-nitrochlorobenzene as a reference compound. The rate constants of NB with ·OH are calculated to be between (1.465±0.113) × 10⁹ L/(mol·s) and (2.497±0.192) × 10⁹ L/(mol·s). The experimental data are fitted by the modified Arrhenius equation, where the activation energy is 4877.74 J/mol, the order of NB concentration, rotation speed, and initial pH is 0.2425, 0.1400 and 0.0167, respectively. The ozonation process of NB could be enhanced by RPB, which is especially effective for highly concentrated NB-containing wastewater under alkaline conditions. The high gravity technology can accelerate ozone mass transfer and self-decomposition of ozone to produce more ·OH, resulting in an increase in the indirect oxidation rate of NB by ·OH and consequently effective degradation of NB in wastewater.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

high gravity technology / hydroxyl radicals / nitrobenzene / reaction kinetics

References

[1] Liu H T, Sui M H, Yuan B J, Wang J Y, Lv Y N. Efficient degradation of nitrobenzene by Cu-Co-Fe-LDH catalyzed peroxymonosulfate to produce hydroxyl radicals. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 357: 140–149

[2] Palmisano G, Loddo V, Augugliaro V, Palmisano L, Yurdakal S. Photocatalytic oxidation of nitrobenzene and phenylamine: pathways and kinetics. AIChE Journal. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2010, 53: 961–968

[3] Jiao W Z, Yang P Z, Gao W Q, Qiao J J, Liu Y Z. Apparent kinetics of the ozone oxidation of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution enhanced by high gravity technology. Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 2019, 146: 107690

[4] Jiao W Z, Qin Y J, Luo S, He Z, Feng Z R, Liu Y Z. Simultaneous formation of nanoscale zero-valent iron and degradation of nitrobenzene in wastewater in an impinging stream-rotating packed bed reactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 321: 564–571

[5] Duan H T, Liu Y, Yin X H, Bai J F, Qi J. Degradation of nitrobenzene by Fenton-like reaction in a H₂O₂/schwertmannite system. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 283: 873–879

[6] Yang P Z, Luo S, Liu Y Z, Jiao W Z. Degradation of nitrobenzene wastewater in an acidic environment by Ti(IV)/H₂O₂/O₃ in a rotating packed bed. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2018, 25: 25060–25070

[7] Elshafei G M S, Yehia F Z, Dimitry O H, Badawi A M, Eshaq G. Ultrasonic assisted-Fenton-like degradation of nitrobenzene at neutral pH using nanosized oxides of Fe and Cu. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2014, 21: 1358–1365

[8] Wu J, Su T M, Jiang Y X, Xie X L, Qin Z Z, Ji H B. Catalytic ozonation of cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde over CaO: experiments and intrinsic kinetics. AIChE Journal. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2017, 63: 4403–4417

[9] Martins R C, Cardoso M, Dantas R F, Sans C, Esplugas S, Quinta-Ferreira R M. Catalytic studies for the abatement of emerging contaminants by ozonation. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 2015, 90: 1611–1618

[10] Huber M M, Canonica S, Park G Y, Von Gunten U. Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 37: 1016–1024

[11] Sun X M, Wu C Y, Zhou Y X, Han W. Using DOM fraction method to investigate the mechanism of catalytic ozonation for real wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 369: 100–108

[12] Chiang Y P, Liang Y Y, Chang C N, Chao A C. Differentiating ozone direct and indirect reactions on decomposition of humic substances. Chemosphere, 2006, 65: 2395–2400

[13] Beltrán F J, Encinar J M, Alonso M A. Nitroaromatic hydrocarbon ozonation in water. 1. Single ozonation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1998, 37: 25–31

[14] Hoigné J, Bader H. Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water—I: non-dissociating organic compounds. Water Research, 1983, 17(2): 173–183

[15] Jiao W Z, Luo S, He Z, Liu Y Z. Applications of high gravity technologies for wastewater treatment: a review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 313: 912–927

[16] Burns J R, Ramshaw C. Process intensification: visual study of liquid maldistribution in rotating packed beds. Chemical Engineering Science, 1996, 51: 1347–1352

[17] Chen Y H, Chang C Y, Su W L, Chiu C Y, Yu Y H, Chiang P C, Chang C F, Shie J L, Chiou C S. Chiang S I M. Ozonation of CI Reactive Black 5 using rotating packed bed and stirred tank reactor. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2015, 80: 68–75

[18] Chiang C Y, Chen Y S, Liang M S, Lin F Y, Tai C Y D, Liu H S. Absorption of ethanol into water and glycerol/water solution in a rotating packed bed. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2009, 40: 418–423

[19] Luo Y, Chu G W, Zhou H K, Zhao Z Q, Dudukovic M P, Chen J F. Gas-liquid effective interfacial area in a rotating packed bed. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2012, 51: 16320–16352

[20] Zeng Z Q, Zhou H K, Li X, Arowo M, Sun B C, Chen J F, Chu G W, Shao L. Degradation of phenol by ozone in the presence of Fenton reagent in a rotating packed bed. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 229: 404–411

[21] Jiao W Z, Liu Y Z, Liu W L, Li J, Shao F, Wang C R. Degradation of nitrobenzene-containing wastewater with O₃ and H₂O₂ by high gravity technology. China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology, 2013, 15(1): 85–94

[22] Guo L, Jiao W Z, Liu Y Z, Xu C C, Liu W L, Li J. Treatment of nitrobenzene-containing wastewater using different combined processes with ozone. Chinese Journal Energetic Materials, 2014, 22(5): 702–708

[23] Yang P Z, Luo S, Liu H Y, Jiao W Z, Liu Y Z. Aqueous ozone decomposition kinetics in a rotating packed bed. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2019, 96: 11–17

[24] Jung Y, Hong E, Kwon M, Kang J W. A kinetic study of ozone decay and bromine formation in saltwater ozonation: effect of O₃ dose, salinity, pH, and temperature. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 312: 30–38

[25] Chu W, Ma C W. Quantitative prediction of direct and indirect dye ozonation kinetics. Water Research, 2000, 34: 3153–3160

[26] Zhao Y, Yu G, Chen S Y, Zhang S Y, Wang B, Huang J, Deng S B, Wang Y J. Ozonation of antidepressant fluoxetine and its metabolite product norfluoxetine: kinetics, intermediates and toxicity. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 316: 951–963

[27] Chen W R, Wu C, Elovitz M S, Linden K G, Suffet I H. Reactions of thiocarbamate, triazine and urea herbicides, RDX and benzenes on EPA Contaminant Candidate List with ozone and with hydroxyl radicals. Water Research, 2008, 42(1-2): 137–144

[28] Hoigné J. Inter-calibration of ·OH radical sources and water quality parameters. Water Science and Technology, 1997, 35: 1–8

[29] Leitner N K V, Roshani B. Kinetic of benzotriazole oxidation by ozone and hydroxyl radical. Water Research, 2010, 44(6): 2058–2066

[30] El Najjar N H, Touffet A, Deborde M, Journel R, Leitner N K V. Levofloxacin oxidation by ozone and hydroxyl radicals: kinetic study, transformation products and toxicity. Chemosphere, 2013, 93(4): 604–611

[31] Wang Z Y, Shao Y S, Gao N Y, An A. Degradation kinetic of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) by sulfate radical-and hydroxyl radical-based advanced oxidation process in UV/persulfate system. Separation and Purification Technology, 2018, 195: 92–100

[32] Shen J M, Chen Z L, Xu Z Z, Li X Y, Xu B B, Qi F. Kinetics and mechanism of degradation of p-chloronitrobenzene in water by ozonation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 152: 1325–1331

[33] Li B Z, Xu X, Zhu L. Ozonation of chloronitrobenzenes in aqueous solution: kinetics and mechanism. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2009, 84: 167–175

[34] Wang F, Wang Y, Ji M. Mechanisms and kinetics models for ultrasonic waste activated sludge disintegration. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2005, 123: 145–150

[35] Ko C H, Guan C Y, Lu P J, Chern J M. Ozonation of guaiacol solution in a rotating packed bed. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011, 171: 1045–1052

[36] Zeng Z Q, Zou H K, Li X, Sun B C, Chen J F, Shao L. Ozonation of phenol with O₃/Fe(II) in acidic environment in a rotating packed bed. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2012, 51: 10509–10516

[37] Zhao W R, Wu Z B, Wang D H. Ozone direct oxidation kinetics of cationic red X-GRL in aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2006, 137(3): 1859–1865

[38] Zhao W R, Liu F F, Yang Y, Tan M, Zhao D Y. Ozonation of cationic red X-GRL in aqueous solution: kinetics and modeling. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2004, 57: 1189–1199

[39] Matthews R W, Sangster D F. Measurement by benzoate radiolytic decarboxylation of relative rate constants for hydroxyl radical reactions. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1965, 69(6): 1938–1946

[40] Chen Y H, Chang C Y, Su W L, Chen C C, Chiu C Y, Yu Y H, Chiang P C, Chiang S I M. Modeling ozone contacting process in a rotating packed bed. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2004, 43(1): 228–236

[41] Hoigné J, Bader H. The role of hydroxyl radical reactions in ozonation processes in aqueous solutions. Water Research, 1976, 10(5): 377–386

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press