Integrated energy storage system based on triboelectric nanogenerator in electronic devices

Abstract

The emergence of electronic devices has brought earth-shaking changes to people’s life. However, an external power source may become indispensable to the electronic devices due to the limited capacity of batteries. As one of the possible solutions for the external power sources, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) provides a novel idea to the increasing number of personal electronic devices. TENG is a new type of energy collector, which has become a hot spot in the field of nanotechnology. It is widely used at the acquisition and conversion of mechanical energy to electric energy through the principle of electrostatic induction. On this basis, the TENG could be integrated with the energy storage system into a self-powered system, which can supply power to the electronic devices and make them work continuously. In this review, TENG’s basic structure as well as its working process and working mode are firstly discussed. The integration method of TENGs with energy storage systems and the related research status are then introduced in detail. At the end of this paper, we put forward some problems and discuss the prospect in the future.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

electronic devices / triboelectric nanogenerator / mechanical energy / self-powered system

References

[1] Yang R, Qin Y, Li C, Dai L, Wang Z L. Characteristics of output voltage and current of integrated nanogenerators. Applied Physics Letters, 2009, 94(2): 022905

[2] Gao Q F, Han Y, Liang P Y, Meng J. Influence of external electric field on the deprotonation reactions of Fe³⁺ solvated molecule: a reactive molecular dynamics study. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2020, 22: 6291–6299

[3] Han Y, Zhang Q R, Wu L C. Influence on the adsorption of phenol on single-walled carbon nanotubes caused by NaCl and an electrostatic field in saline. Desalination, 2020, 477: 114270

[4] Liang K L, Li M F, Hao Y K, Yan W G, Cao M H, Fan S Q, Han W P, Su J. Reduced graphene oxide with 3D interconnected hollow channel architecture as high-performance anode for Li/Na/K-ion storage. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 394: 124956

[5] Zhu G, Lin Z H, Jing Q S, Bai P, Pan C F, Yang Y, Zhou Y S, Wang Z L. Toward large-scale energy harvesting by a nanoparticle-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Letters, 2013, 13(2): 847–853

[6] Choi D, Choi M Y, Shin H J, Yoon S M. Nanoscale networked single-walled carbon-nanotube electrodes for transparent flexible nanogenerators. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2010, 114(2): 1379–1384

[7] Siddiqui S, Kim D I, Roh E. A durable and stable piezoelectric nanogenerator with nanocomposite nanofibers embedded in an elastomer under high loading for a self-powered sensor system. Nano Energy, 2016, 30: 434–442

[8] Gao Y, Wang Z L. Electrostatic potential in a bent piezoelectric nanowire. The fundamental theory of nanogenerator and nanopiezotronics. Nano Letters, 2007, 7(8): 2499–2505

[9] Hou T C, Yang Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Chen L J, Wang Z L. Triboelectric nanogenerator built inside shoe insole for harvesting walking energy. Nano Energy, 2013, 2(5): 856–862

[10] Wang Z L. On the first principle theory of nanogenerators from Maxwell’s equations. Nano Energy, 2020, 68:104272

[11] Zuo W, Li R, Zhou C, Li Y, Xia J, Liu J. Battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices: recent progress and future prospects. Advanced Science, 2017, 4(7): 1600539

[12] Katz E, Bückmann A F, Willner I. Self-powered enzyme-based biosensors. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2001, 123(43): 10752–10753

[13] Xia G T, Li C, Wang K, Li L. Structural design and electrochemical performance of PANI/CNTs and MnO₂/CNTs supercapacitor. Science of Advanced Materials, 2019, 11(8): 1079–1086

[14] Wang K, Li L, Lan Y, Dong P, Xia G. Application research of chaotic carrier frequency modulation technology in two-stage matrix converter. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2019, 2019: 2614327

[15] Wang K, Li L, Xue W, Zhou S, Lan Y, Zhang H, Sui Z. Electrodeposition synthesis of PANI/MnO₂/graphene composite materials and its electrochemical performance. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2017, 12: 8306–8314

[16] Wang J, Wu C, Dai Y, Zhao Z, Wang A, Zhang T, Wang Z L. Achieving ultrahigh triboelectric charge density for efficient energy harvesting. Nature Communications, 2017, 8: 88

[17] Wang K, Pang J, Li L, Zhou S, Li Y, Zhang T. Synthesis of hydrophobic carbon nanotubes/reduced graphene oxide composite films by flash light irradiation. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2018, 12(3): 376–382

[18] Song J, Zhou J, Wang Z L. Piezoelectric and semiconducting coupled power generating process of a single ZnO belt/wire. A technology for harvesting electricity from the environment. Nano Letters, 2006, 6(8): 1656–1662

[19] Shankaregowda S A, Nanjegowda C B, Cheng X L. A flexible and transparent graphene-based triboelectric nanogenerator. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 2016, 15(3): 435–441

[20] Wang K, Li L, Zhang T, Liu Z. Nitrogen-doped graphene for supercapacitor with long-term electrochemical stability. Energy, 2014, 70: 612–617

[21] Dong W H, Liu J X, Mou X J, Liu G S, Huang X W, Yan X, Ning X, Russell S J, Long Y Z. Performance of polyvinyl pyrrolidone-isatis root antibacterial wound dressings produced in situ by handheld electrospinner. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 2020, 188: 110766

[22] Lin Z, Wu Y, He Q, Sun C C, Fan E, Zhou Z, Liu M. An airtight-cavity-structural triboelectric nanogenerator-based insole for high performance biomechanical energy harvesting. Nanoscale, 2019, 11(14): 6802–6809

[23] Yang Y, Lin L, Zhang Y, Jing Q, Hou T C, Wang Z L. Self-powered magnetic sensor based on a triboelectric nanogenerator. ACS Nano, 2012, 6(11): 10378–10383

[24] Wang K, Li L, Zhang H. A novel synthesis of nickel oxide and its electrochemical performances. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2013, 8: 4785–4791

[25] Fan F R, Tian Z Q, Wang Z L. Flexible triboelectric generator. Nano Energy, 2012, 1(2): 328–334

[26] Kim S, Gupta M K, Lee K Y, Sohn A, Kim T Y, Shin K S, Kim D, Kim S K, Lee K H, Shin H J. Transparent flexible graphene triboelectric nanogenerators. Advanced Materials, 2014, 26(23): 3918–3925

[27] Meng Q, Cai K, Chen Y, Chen L. Research progress on conducting polymer based supercapacitor electrode materials. Nano Energy, 2017, 36: 268–285

[28] Zhou Q, Lee K, Kim K N, Park J G, Pan J, Bae J, Baik J M, Kim T. High humidity-and contamination-resistant triboelectric nanogenerator with superhydrophobic interface. Nano Energy, 2019, 57: 903–910

[29] Niu S, Liu Y, Wang S, Lin L, Zhou Y S, Hu Y, Wang Z L. Theory of sliding-mode triboelectric nanogenerators. Advanced Materials, 2013, 25(43): 6184–6193

[30] Luo J, Wang Z L. Recent advances in triboelectric nanogenerator based self-charging power systems. Energy Storage Materials, 2019, 23: 617–628

[31] Wang Z L, Chen J, Lin L. Progress in triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology and self-powered sensors. Energy & Environmental Science, 2015, 8(8): 2250–2282

[32] Yang Y, Xie L, Wen Z, Chen C, Chen X, Wei A, Cheng P, Xie X, Sun X. Coaxial triboelectric nanogenerator and supercapacitor fiber-based self-charging power fabric. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(49): 42356–42362

[33] Yang R, Qin Y, Li C, Zhu G, Wang Z L. Converting biomechanical energy into electricity by a muscle-movement-driven nanogenerator. Nano Letters, 2009, 9(3): 1201–1205

[34] Fan S, Zhang J, Teng X, Wang X, Li H, Li Q. Self-supported amorphous SnO₂/TiO₂ nanocomposite films with improved electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2019, 166(13): A3072–A3078

[35] Bu C Y, Li F J, Yin K, Pang J B, Wang L C, Wang K. Research progress and prospect of triboelectric nanogenerators as self-powered human body sensors. ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 2020, 2(4): 863–878

[36] Wang L C, Yan R F, Bai F F, Saha T K, Wang K. A distributed inter-phase coordination algorithm for voltage control with unbalanced PV integration in LV systems. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2-020.2970214 (in press)

[37] Wang K, Feng X, Pang J B, Ren J, Duan C X, Li L W. State of charge (SOC) estimation of lithium-ion battery based on adaptive square root unscented Kalman filter. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2020, 15(9): 9499–9516

[38] Duan C X, Yu Y, Xiao J, Zhang X L, Li L B, Yang P F, Wu J L, Xi H X. Water-based routes for synthesis of metal-organic frameworks: a review. Science China Materials, 2020, 63(5): 667–685

[39] Duan C X, Yu Y, Xiao J, Li Y Y, Yang P F, Hu F, Xi H X. Recent advancements in metal-organic frameworks for green applications. Green Energy & Environment, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2020.04.006 (in press)

[40] Liu F, Zeng L, Chen Y, Zhang R, Yang R, Pang J, Ding L, Liu H, Zhou W. Ni-Co-N hybrid porous nanosheets on graphene paper for flexible and editable asymmetric all-solid-state supercapacitors. Nano Energy, 2019, 61: 18–26

[41] Li Q, Li H S, Xia Q T, Hu Z Q, Zhu Y, Yan S S, Ge C, Zhang Q H, Wang X X, Shang X T, Extra storage capacity in transition metal oxide lithium-ion batteries revealed by in situ magnetometry. Nature Materials, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0756-y (in press)

[42] Pang J, Mendes R G, Bachmatiuk A, Zhao L. Applications of 2D MXenes in energy conversion and storage systems. Chemical Society Reviews, 2019, 48(1): 72–133

[43] Shu F, Wang M, Pang J, Yu P. A free-standing superhydrophobic film for highly efficient removal of water from turbine oil. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2019, 13(2): 393–399

[44] Yang S, Yin K, Wu J, Wu Z, Chu D, He J, Duan J. Ultrafast nano-structuring of superwetting Ti foam with robust antifouling and stability towards efficient oil-in-water emulsion separation. Nanoscale, 2019, 11: 17607–17614

[45] Zhao Z C, Hu Z Q, Jiao R S, Tang Z H, Dong P, Li Y D, Li S D, Li H S. Tailoring multi-layer architectured FeS₂@C hybrids for superior sodium-, potassium- and aluminum-ion storage. Energy Storage Materials, 2019, 22: 228–234

[46] Fan F R, Lin L, Zhu G, Wu W, Zhang R, Wang Z L. Transparent triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors based on micropatterned plastic films. Nano Letters, 2012, 12(6): 3109–3114

[47] Wang Z L. On Maxwell’s displacement current for energy and sensors: the origin of nanogenerators. Materials Today, 2017, 20(2): 74–82

[48] Suo G, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Wang S, Zhao P, Li J, Wang X. Piezoelectric and triboelectric dual effects in mechanical-energy harvesting using BaTiO₃/polydimethylsiloxane composite film. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8(50): 34335–34341

[49] Bai P, Zhu G, Lin Z H, Jing Q, Chen J, Zhang G, Ma J, Wang Z L. Integrated multilayered triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting biomechanical energy from human motions. ACS Nano, 2013, 7(4): 3713–3719

[50] Li X, Tao J, Guo W, Zhang X, Luo J, Chen M, Zhu J, Pan C. A self-powered system based on triboelectric nanogenerators and supercapacitors for metal corrosion prevention. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2015, 3(45): 22663–22668

[51] Zhou T, Zhang C, Han C B, Fan F R, Tang W, Wang Z L. Woven structured triboelectric nanogenerator for wearable devices. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6(16): 14695–14701

[52] Luo J, Wang Z, Xu L, Wang A C, Han K, Jiang T, Lai Q, Bai Y, Fan F R, Wang Z L. Flexible and durable wood-based triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered sensing in athletic big data analytics. Nature Communications, 2019, 10: 5174

[53] Jiang J, Kucernak A. Electrochemical supercapacitor material based on manganese oxide: preparation and characterization. Electrochimica Acta, 2002, 47(15): 2381–2386

[54] Zhou Y T, Wang Y N, Wang K, Kang L, Peng F, Wang L C, Pang J B. Hybrid genetic algorithm method for efficient and robust evaluation of remaining useful life of supercapacitors. Applied Energy, 2020, 260: 114169

[55] Wang J, Li X, Zi Y, Wang S, Li Z, Zheng L, Yi F, Li S, Wang Z L. A flexible fiber-based supercapacitor-triboelectric-nanogenerator power system for wearable electronics. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27(33): 4830–4836

[56] Dubal D P, Ayyad O, Ruiz V, Romero P G. Hybrid energy storage: the merging of battery and supercapacitor chemistries. Chemical Society Reviews, 2015, 44(7): 1777–1790

[57] Luo J J, Wang Z L. Recent advances in triboelectric nanogenerator based self-charging power systems. Energy Storage Materials, 2019, 23: 617–628

[58] Niu S M, Liu Y, Wang S H, Lin L, Zhou Y S, Hu Y F, Wang Z L. Theoretical investigation and structural optimization of single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators. Advanced Functional Materials, 2014, 24(22): 3332–3340

[59] Kim J, Lee J H, Lee J, Yamauchi Y, Choi C H, Kim J H. Research update: hybrid energy devices combining nanogenerators and energy storage systems for self-charging capability. APL Materials, 2017, 5(7): 073804

[60] Zhou Y, Huang Y, Pang J, Wang K. Remaining useful life prediction for supercapacitor based on long short-term memory neural network. Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 440: 227149

[61] Dai Z, Wang K, Li L, Zhang T. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene with microwave. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2013, 8(7): 9384–9389

[62] Yin X, Liu D, Zhou L L, Li X Y, Zhang C L, Cheng P, Guo H Y, Song W X, Wang J, Wang Z L. Structure and dimension effects on the performance of layered triboelectric nanogenerators in contact-separation mode. ACS Nano, 2018, 13(1): 698–705

[63] Wang X, Liu J, Song J, Wang Z L. Integrated nanogenerators in biofluid. Nano Letters, 2007, 7(8): 2475–2479

[64] Guo Y, Zhang X S, Wang Y, Gong W, Zhang Q, Wang H, Brugger J. All-fiber hybrid piezoelectric-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator for wearable gesture monitoring. Nano Energy, 2018, 48: 152–160

[65] Xia K, Zhu Z, Zhang H, Xu Z. A triboelectric nanogenerator as self-powered temperature sensor based on PVDF and PTFE. Applied Physics. A, Materials Science & Processing, 2018, 124(8): 520

[66] Jiang C, Wu C, Li X, Yao Y, Lan Y, Zhao F, Ye Z, Ying Y. All-electrospun flexible triboelectric nanogenerator based on metallic MXene nanosheets. Nano Energy, 2019, 59: 268–276

[67] Yang Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Jing Q, Zhou Y S, Wen X, Wang Z L. Single-electrode-based sliding triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered displacement vector sensor system. ACS Nano, 2013, 7(8): 7342–7351

[68] Kouchachvili L, Yaïci W, Entchev E. Hybrid battery/supercapacitor energy storage system for the electric vehicles. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 374: 237–248 (in Chinese)

[69] Wang K, Ji B C, Han M J, Li L W. Preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene with solid microwave method. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2013, 29(10): 2105–2109 (in Chinese)

[70] Chong L W, Wong Y W, Rajkumar R K, Isa D. An adaptive learning control strategy for standalone PV system with battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 394: 35–49

[71] Ryu K S, Kim K M, Park N G, Park Y J, Chang S H. Symmetric redox supercapacitor with conducting polyaniline electrodes. Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 103(2): 305–309

[72] Pu X, Li L, Song H, Du C, Zhao Z, Jiang C, Cao G, Hu W, Wang Z L. A self-charging power unit by integration of a textile triboelectric nanogenerator and a flexible lithium-ion battery for wearable electronics. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27(15): 2472–2478

[73] Manandhar U, Tummuru N R, Kollimalla S K, Ukil A, Ben G H. Validation of faster joint control strategy for battery-and supercapacitor-based energy storage system. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2018, 65(4): 3286–3295

[74] Snook G A, Kao P, Best A S. Conducting-polymer-based supercapacitor devices and electrodes. Journal of Power Sources, 2011, 196(1): 1–12

[75] Wang K, Li L W, Yin H X, Zhang T Z, Wan W B. Thermal modelling analysis of spiral wound supercapacitor under constant-current cycling. PLoS One, 2015, 10(10): e0138672

[76] Tseng L H, Hsiao C H, Nguyen D D, Hsieh P Y, Lee C Y, Tai N H. Activated carbon sandwiched manganese dioxide/graphene ternary composites for supercapacitor electrodes. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 266: 284–292

[77] Qiao Z, Deng W, Gang L. Stochastic control of predictive power management for battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems of electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2018, 14(7): 3023–3030

[78] Huang Y, Wang L, Wang K. Investigation of Var compensation schemes in unbalanced distribution systems. Complexity, 2019, 2019: 7824743

[79] Liu S, Yang Z, Zhang B, Xia H, Zhou J, Xie W, Li H. Nano-micro carbon spheres anchored on porous carbon derived from dual-biomass as high rate performance supercapacitor electrodes. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 381: 116–126

[80] Wang G, Wang H, Lu X, Ling Y, Yu M, Zhai T, Tong Y, Li Y. Solid-state supercapacitor based on activated carbon cloths exhibits excellent rate capability. Advanced Materials, 2014, 26(17): 2676–2682

[81] Tang H, Wang J, Yin H, Zhao H, Wang D, Tang Z. Growth of polypyrrole ultrathin films on MoS₂ monolayers as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27(6): 1117–1123

[82] Genovese M, Wu H, Virya A, Li J, Shen P, Lian K. Ultrathin all-solid-state supercapacitor devices based on chitosan activated carbon electrodes and polymer electrolytes. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 273: 392–401

[83] Liu H X, Zhao L, Zhou Y T, Song J Y, Wang K, Li L W. Electrode preparation and properties of hybrid supercapacitors by the method of microwave heating. Science of Advanced Materials, 2019, 11(8): 1072–1078

[84] Liu S, Wang J, Pang J, Song P, Chen L, Tang W, Xia W. An active and passive dual-loss Q-switched intracavity OPO based on few-layer WS2 saturable absorber. Optical Materials, 2020, 100: 109700

[85] Wang X X, Wang N, Qiu H J, Song W Z, Liu Q, Fan Z Y, Yu M, Ramakrishna S, Long Y Z. Anisotropic nanogenerator for anticounterfeiting and information encrypted transmission. Nano Energy, 2020, 71: 104572

[86] Hao Q, Pang J B, Zhang Y, Wang J W, Ma L B, Schmidt O G. Boosting the photoluminescence of monolayer MoS₂ on high-density nanodimer arrays with sub-10 nm gap. Advanced Optical Materials, 2018, 6(2): 1700984

[87] Pang J B, Bachmatiuk A, Yin Y, Trzebicka B, Zhao L, Fu L, Mendes R G, Gemming T, Liu Z F, Rummeli M H. Applications of phosphorene and black phosphorus in energy conversion and storage devices. Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, 8(8): 1702093

[88] Soni A, Zhao L, Ta H Q. Facile graphitization of silicon nano-particles with ethanol based chemical vapor deposition. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 2018, 16: 38–44

[89] Faraji S, Ani F N. The development supercapacitor from activated carbon by electroless plating: A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 42: 823–834

[90] Yu J, Xie F, Wu Z, Huang T, Wu J, Yan D, Huang C, Li L. Flexible metallic fabric supercapacitor based on graphene/polyaniline composites. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 259: 968–974

[91] Rafik F, Gualous H, Gallay R, Crausaz A, Berthon A. Frequency, thermal and voltage supercapacitor characterization and modeling. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 165(2): 928–934

[92] Deng W, Xu J J, Zhao H M. An improved ant colony optimization algorithm based on hybrid strategies for scheduling problem. IEEE Access, 2019, 7: 20281–20292

[93] Chen W C, Wen T C, Teng H S. Polyaniline-deposited porous carbon electrode for supercapacitor. Electrochimica Acta, 2003, 48(6): 641–649

[94] Jiang H, Ma J, Li C. Mesoporous carbon incorporated metal oxide nanomaterials as supercapacitor electrodes. Advanced Materials, 2012, 24(30): 4197–4202

[95] Chiu C M, Chen S W, Pao Y P, Huang M Z, Chan S W, Lin Z H. A smart glove with integrated triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered gesture recognition and language expression. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019, 20(1): 964–971

[96] Wang J, Wen Z, Zi Y L, Zhou P F, Lin J, Guo H Y, Xu Y L, Wang Z L. All-plastic-materials based self-charging power system composed of triboelectric nanogenerators and supercapacitors. Advanced Functional Materials, 2016, 26(7): 1070–1076

[97] Pu X, Li L X, Liu M M, Jiang C Y, Du C H, Zhao Z F, Hu W G, Wang Z L. Wearable self-charging power textile based on flexible yarn supercapacitors and fabric nanogenerators. Advanced Materials, 2016, 28(1): 98–105

[98] Xia G T, Huang Y, Li F, Wang L, Pang J, Li L, Wang K.A thermally flexible and multi-site tactile sensor for remote 3D dynamic sensing imaging. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-019-1901-5

[99] Wang K, Li C, Ji B. Preparation of electrode based on plasma modification and its electrochemical application. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2014, 23(2): 588–592

[100] Wang K, Li L, Zhang H. Synthesis of nickel oxide/active carbon and electrochemical performance. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2013, 8: 5036–5041

[101] Wang Y, Shi Z, Huang Y, Ma Y, Wang C, Chen M, Chen Y. Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2009, 113(30): 13103–13107

[102] Guo H Y, Yeh M H, Lai Y C, Zi Y L, Wu C S, Wen Z, Hu C G, Wang Z L. All-in-one shape-adaptive self-charging power package for wearable electronics. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(11): 10580– 10588

[103] Li S M, Peng W B, Wang J, Lin L, Zi Y L, Zhang G, Wang Z L. All-elastomer-based triboelectric nanogenerator as a keyboard cover to harvest typing energy. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(8): 7973–7981

[104] Jiang Q, Wu C, Wang Z, Wang A C, He J H, Wang Z L. MXene electrochemical microsupercapacitor integrated with triboelectric nanogenerator as a wearable self-charging power unit. Nano Energy, 2018, 45: 266–272

[105] Wang X F, Yin Y J, Yi F, Dai K R, Niu S M, Han Y Z, Zhang Y, You Z. Bioinspired stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator as energy-harvesting skin for self-powered electronics. Nano Energy, 2017, 39: 429–436

[106] Yi F, Wang J, Wang X F, Niu S M, Li S M, Liao Q L, Xu Y L, You Z, Zhang Y, Wang Z L. Stretchable and waterproof self-charging power system for harvesting energy from diverse deformation and powering wearable electronics. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(7): 6519–6525

[107] Zhou C J, Yang Y Q, Sun N, Wen Z, Cheng P, Xie X K, Shao H Y, Shen Q Q, Chen X P, Liu Y N. Flexible self-charging power units for portable electronics based on folded carbon paper. Nano Research, 2018, 11(8): 4313–4322

[108] Balducci A, Dugas R, Taberna P L, Simon P, Plée D, Mastragostino M, Passerini S. High temperature carbon-carbon supercapacitor using ionic liquid as electrolyte. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 165(2): 922–927

[109] Jung S, Lee J, Hyeon T, Lee M, Kim D H. Fabric-based integrated energy devices for wearable activity monitors. Advanced Materials, 2014, 26(36): 6329–6334

[110] Zhang Q, Liang Q J, Liao Q L, Yi F, Zheng X, Ma M Y, Gao F F, Zhang Y. Service behavior of multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerators. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(17): 1606703

[111] Wang S, Liu N, Su J, Li L, Long F, Zou Z, Jiang X, Gao Y. Highly stretchable and self-healable supercapacitor with reduced graphene oxide based fiber springs. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(2): 2066–2074

[112] Wen Z, Yeh M H, Guo H Y, Wang J, Zi Y L, Xu W D, Deng J N, Zhu L, Wang X, Hu C G. Self-powered textile for wearable electronics by hybridizing fiber-shaped nanogenerators, solar cells, and supercapacitors. Science Advances, 2016, 2(10): e1600097

[113] Seung W, Gupta M K, Lee K Y, Shin K S, Lee J H, Kim T Y, Kim S, Lin J, Kim J H, Kim S W. Nanopatterned textile-based wearable triboelectric nanogenerator. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(4): 3501–3509

[114] Dong K, Wang Y C, Deng J, Dai Y, Zhang S L, Zou H, Gu B, Sun B, Wang Z L. A highly stretchable and washable all-yarn-based self-charging knitting power textile composed of fiber triboelectric nanogenerators and supercapacitors. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(9): 9490–9499

[115] Song Y, Zhang J X, Guo H, Chen X X, Su Z M, Chen H T, Cheng X L, Zhang H X. All-fabric-based wearable self-charging power cloth. Applied Physics Letters, 2017, 111(7): 073901

[116] Chen J, Huang Y, Zhang N N, Zou H Y, Liu R Y, Tao C Y, Fan X, Wang Z L. Micro-cable structured textile for simultaneously harvesting solar and mechanical energy. Nature Energy, 2016, 1: 16138

[117] Xia K, Zhu Z, Fu J, Chi Y, Xu Z. Multifunctional conductive copper tape-based triboelectric nanogenerator and as a self-powered humidity sensor. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 2019, 66(6): 2741–2745

[118] Ren Z W, Nie J H, Shao J J, Lai Q S, Wang L F, Chen J, Chen X Y, Wang Z L. Fully elastic and metal-free tactile sensors for detecting both normal and tangential forces based on triboelectric nanogenerators. Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28(31): 1802989

[119] Zhao G, Zhang Y, Shi N, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wu M, Pan C, Liu H, Li L, Wang Z L. Transparent and stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered tactile sensing. Nano Energy, 2019, 59: 302–310

[120] Zou J, Zhang M, Huang J, Bian J, Jie Y, Willander M, Cao X, Wang N, Wang Z L. Coupled supercapacitor and triboelectric nanogenerator boost biomimetic pressure sensor. Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, 8(10): 1702671

[121] Cui X N, Zhang C, Liu W H, Zhang W, Zhang J H, Li X, Geng L, Wang X L. Pulse sensor based on single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator. Sensors and Actuators. A, Physical, 2018, 280: 326–331

[122] Maharjan P, Toyabur R M, Park J Y. A human locomotion inspired hybrid nanogenerator for wrist-wearable electronic device and sensor applications. Nano Energy, 2018, 46: 383–395

[123] Raza W, Ali F, Raza N, Luo Y, Kin K H, Yang J, Kumar S, Mehmood A, Kwon E E. Recent advancements in supercapacitor technology. Nano Energy, 2018, 52: 441–473

[124] Gao Y, Xiang H F, Wang X X, Yan K, Liu Q, Li X, Liu R Q, Yu M, Long Y Z. A portable solution blow spinning device for minimally invasive surgery hemostasis. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 387: 124052

[125] Kumar K S, Choudhary N, Jung Y, Thomas J. Recent advances in two-dimensional nanomaterials for supercapacitor electrode applications. ACS Energy Letters, 2018, 3(2): 482–495

[126] Chen J, Guo H Y, Pu X J, Wang X, Xi Y, Hu C G. Traditional weaving craft for one-piece self-charging power textile for wearable electronics. Nano Energy, 2018, 50: 536–543

[127] Hu Y, Zhang Y, Xu C, Zhu G, Wang Z L. High-output nanogenerator by rational unipolar assembly of conical nanowires and its application for driving a small liquid crystal display. Nano Letters, 2010, 10(12): 5025–5031

[128] Hu Y, Cheng H, Zhao F, Chen N, Jiang L, Feng Z, Qu L. All-in-one graphene fiber supercapacitor. Nanoscale, 2014, 6(12): 6448–6451

[129] Ma M, Kang Z, Liao Q, Zhang Q, Gao F, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Development, applications and future directions of triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Research, 2018, 11(6): 2951–2969

[130] Wu J, Yin K, Li M, Wu Z, Xiao S, Wang H, He J. Under-oil self-driven and directional transport of water on femtosecond laser-processed superhydrophilic geometry-gradient structure. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(6): 4077–4084

[131] Muhammad A, Du H L, Javed M S, Asghari M, Iqra A, Shahid H, Ma W L, Ran H P. Fabrication, structure and frequency-dependent electrical and dielectric properties of Sr-doped BaTiO₃ ceramics. Ceramics International, 2020, 46(2): 2238–2246

[132] Deng J, Kuang X, Liu R, Ding W, Wang A C, Lai Y C, Dong K, Wen Z, Wang Y, Wang Z L. Vitrimer elastomer-based jigsaw puzzle-like healable triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered wearable electronics. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(14): 1705918

[133] Wang J, Li S M, Yi F, Zi Y L, Lin J, Wang X F, Xu Y L, Wang Z L. Sustainably powering wearable electronics solely by biomechanical energy. Nature Communications, 2016, 7(1): 1–8

[134] Liu W, Li H, Zhu H, Xu P. Properties of a steel slag-permeable asphalt mixture and the reaction of the steel slag-asphalt interface. Materials, 2019, 12(21): 3603

[135] Pan C, Fang Y, Wu H, Ahmad M, Luo Z, Li Q, Xie J, Yan X, Wu L, Wang Z L. Generating electricity from biofluid with a nanowire-based biofuel cell for self-powered nanodevices. Advanced Materials, 2010, 22(47): 5388–5392

[136] Guo H Y, Pu X J, Chen J, Meng Y, Yeh M H, Liu G L, Tang Q, Chen B D, Liu D, Qi S. A highly sensitive, self-powered triboelectric auditory sensor for social robotics and hearing aids. Science Robotics, 2018, 3(20): eaat2516

[137] Duan C, Yu Y, Yang P, Zhang X, Li F, Li L, Xi H. Engineering new defects in MIL-100 (Fe) via a mixed-ligand approach to effect enhanced volatile organic compounds adsorption capacity. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2020, 59(2): 774–782

[138] Tang S F, Wang Z T, Yuan D L, Zhang Y T, Qi J B, Rao Y D, Lu G, Li B, Wang K, Yin K. Enhanced photocatalytic performance of BiVO₄ for degradation of methylene blue under LED visible light irradiation assisted by peroxymonosulfate. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2020, 15(3): 2470–2480

[139] Liu D, Yin X, Guo H Y, Zhou L L, Li X Y, Zhang C L, Wang J, Wang Z L. A constant current triboelectric nanogenerator arising from electrostatic breakdown. Science Advances, 2019, 5(4): eaav6437

[140] Li X Y, Yin X, Zhao Z H, Zhou L L, Liu D, Zhang C L, Zhang C G, Zhang W, Li S X, Wang J. Long-lifetime triboelectric nanogenerator operated in conjunction modes and low crest factor. Advanced Energy Materials, 2020, 10(7): 1903024

[141] Wang Z L. Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology for self-powered systems and as active mechanical and chemical sensors. ACS Nano, 2013, 7(11): 9533–9557

[142] Wang Z L. Entropy theory of distributed energy for internet of things. Nano Energy, 2019, 58: 669–672

[143] Wang Z L. Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology and self-powered sensors-principles, problems and perspectives. Faraday Discussions, 2014, 176: 447–458

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program (No. J18KA316) and Liaoning Science and Technology Plan (No. 20180550573), the Shandong Science and Technology Development Plan (No. 2019GGX104019) and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2019A1515110706).

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2020 Higher Education Press