Facile preparation of polybenzoxazine-based carbon microspheres with nitrogen functionalities: effects of mixed solvents on pore structure and supercapacitive performance

Abstract

In this study, polybenzoxazine (PBZ)-based carbon microspheres were prepared via a facile method using a mixture of formaldehyde (F) and dimethylformamide (DMF) as the solvent. The PBZ microspheres were successfully obtained at the F/DMF weight ratios of 0.4 and 0.6. These microspheres exhibited high nitrogen contents after carbonization. The microstructures of all the samples showed an amorphous phase and a partial graphitic phase. The porous carbon with the F/DMF ratio of 0.4 showed significantly higher specific capacitance (275.1 F∙g^‒1) than the reference carbon (198.9 F∙g^‒1) at 0.05 A∙g^‒1. This can be attributed to the synergistic electrical double-layer capacitor and pseudo-capacitor behaviors of the porous carbon with the F/DMF ratio of 0.4. The presence of nitrogen/oxygen functionalities induced pseudo-capacitance in the microspheres, and hence increased their total specific capacitance. After activation with CO₂, the specific surface area of the carbon microspheres with the F/DMF ratio of 0.4 increased from 349 to 859 m²∙g^‒1 and the specific capacitance increased to 424.7 F∙g^‒1. This value is approximately two times higher than that of the reference carbon. The results indicated that the F/DMF ratio of 0.4 was suitable for preparing carbon microspheres with good supercapacitive performance. The nitrogen/oxygen functionalities and high specific surface area of the microspheres were responsible for their high capacitance.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

PBZ / carbon / porous materials / microsphere / supercapacitor

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