Metal-organic framework UiO-66 membranes

Abstract

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a class of promising membrane materials. UiO-66 is a prototypical and stable MOF material with a number of analogues. In this article, we review five approaches for fabricating UiO-66 polycrystalline membranes including in situ synthesis, secondary synthesis, biphase synthesis, gas-phase deposition and electrochemical deposition, as well as their applications in gas separation, pervaporation, nanofiltration and ion separation. On this basis, we propose possible methods for scalable synthesis of UiO-66 membranes and their potential separation applications in the future.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

membrane / metal-organic framework / UiO-66 / separation

References

[1] Park H B, Kamcev J, Robeson L M, Elimelech M, Freeman B D. Maximizing the right stuff: The trade-off between membrane permeability and selectivity. Science, 2017, 356(6343): eaab0530

[2] Shan M, Liu X, Wang X, Yarulina I, Seoane B, Kapteijn F, Gascon J. Facile manufacture of porous organic framework membranes for precombustion CO₂ capture. Science Advances, 2018, 4(9): eaau1698

[3] Liu X L, Li Y S, Zhu G Q, Ban Y J, Xu L Y, Yang W S. An organophilic pervaporation membrane derived from metal-organic framework nanoparticles for efficient recovery of bio-alcohols. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2011, 50(45): 10636–10639

[4] Bernardo P, Drioli E, Golemme G. Membrane gas separation: A review/state of the art. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2009, 48(10): 4638–4663

[5] Lee K P, Arnot T C, Mattia D. A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination—Development to date and future potential. Journal of Membrane Science, 2011, 370(1): 1–22

[6] Rangnekar N, Mittal N, Elyassi B, Caro J, Tsapatsis M. Zeolite membranes—a review and comparison with MOFs. Chemical Society Reviews, 2015, 44(20): 7128–7154

[7] Furukawa H, Cordova K E, O’Keeffe M, Yaghi O M. The chemistry and applications of metal-organic frameworks. Science, 2013, 341(6149): 1230444

[8] Arnold M, Kortunov P, Jones D J, Nedellec Y, Kärger J, Caro J. Oriented crystallisation on supports and anisotropic mass transport of the metal-organic framework manganese formate. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2007, 2007(1): 60–64

[9] Gascon J, Aguado S, Kapteijn F. Manufacture of dense coatings of Cu₃(BTC)₂ (HKUST-1) on α-alumina. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2008, 113(1): 132–138

[10] Liu Y, Ng Z, Khan E A, Jeong H K, Ching C, Lai Z. Synthesis of continuous MOF-5 membranes on porous α-alumina substrates. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2009, 118(1): 296–301

[11] Yoo Y, Lai Z, Jeong H K. Fabrication of MOF-5 membranes using microwave-induced rapid seeding and solvothermal secondary growth. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2009, 123(1): 100–106

[12] Guo H, Zhu G, Hewitt I J, Qiu S. “Twin Copper Source” growth of metal-organic framework membrane: Cu₃(BTC)₂ with high permeability and selectivity for recycling H₂. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009, 131(5): 1646–1647

[13] Ranjan R, Tsapatsis M. Microporous metal organic framework membrane on porous support using the seeded growth method. Chemistry of Materials, 2009, 21(20): 4920–4924

[14] Bux H, Liang F, Li Y, Cravillon J, Wiebcke M, Caro J. Zeolitic imidazolate framework membrane with molecular sieving properties by microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009, 131(44): 16000–16001

[15] Venna S R, Carreon M A. Highly permeable zeolite imidazolate framework-8 membranes for CO₂/CH₄ separation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2010, 132(1): 76–78

[16] Qiu S, Xue M, Zhu G. Metal-organic framework membranes: From synthesis to separation application. Chemical Society Reviews, 2014, 43(16): 6116–6140

[17] Yao J, Wang H. Zeolitic imidazolate framework composite membranes and thin films: Synthesis and applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 2014, 43(13): 4470–4493

[18] Li X, Liu Y, Wang J, Gascon J, Li J, Van der Bruggen B. Metal-organic frameworks based membranes for liquid separation. Chemical Society Reviews, 2017, 46(23): 7124–7144

[19] Liu Y, Ban Y, Yang W. Microstructural engineering and architectural design of metal-organic framework membranes. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(31): 1606949

[20] Peng Y, Li Y, Ban Y, Jin H, Jiao W, Liu X, Yang W. Metal-organic framework nanosheets as building blocks for molecular sieving membranes. Science, 2014, 346(6215): 1356–1359

[21] Liu Y, Pan J H, Wang N, Steinbach F, Liu X, Caro J. Remarkably enhanced gas separation by partial self-conversion of a laminated membrane to metal-organic frameworks. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2015, 54(10): 3028–3032

[22] Duan J, Jin W, Kitagawa S. Water-resistant porous coordination polymers for gas separation. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2017, 332: 48–74

[23] Wang C, Liu X, Keser Demir N, Chen J P, Li K. Applications of water stable metal-organic frameworks. Chemical Society Reviews, 2016, 45(18): 5107–5134

[24] Bai Y, Dou Y, Xie L H, Rutledge W, Li J R, Zhou H C. Zr-based metal-organic frameworks: Design, synthesis, structure, and applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 2016, 45(8): 2327–2367

[25] Pearson R G. Hard and soft acids and bases. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1963, 85(22): 3533–3539

[26] Yuan S, Qin J S, Lollar C T, Zhou H C. Stable metal-organic frameworks with group 4 metals: Current status and trends. ACS Central Science, 2018, 4(4): 440–450

[27] Cavka J H, Jakobsen S, Olsbye U, Guillou N, Lamberti C, Bordiga S, Lillerud K P. A new zirconium inorganic building brick forming metal organic frameworks with exceptional stability. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2008, 130(42): 13850–13851

[28] Liu X, Demir N K, Wu Z, Li K. Highly water-stable zirconium metal-organic framework UiO-66 membranes supported on alumina hollow fibers for desalination. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(22): 6999–7002

[29] Hu Z, Zhao D. De facto methodologies toward the synthesis and scale-up production of UiO-66-type metal-organic frameworks and membrane materials. Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England), 2015, 44(44): 19018–19040

[30] Xu R, Wang Z, Wang M, Qiao Z, Wang J. High nanoparticles loadings mixed matrix membranes via chemical bridging-crosslinking for CO₂ separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2019, 573: 455–464

[31] Shen J, Liu G, Huang K, Li Q, Guan K, Li Y, Jin W. UiO-66-polyether block amide mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2016, 513: 155–165

[32] Ghalei B, Sakurai K, Kinoshita Y, Wakimoto K, Isfahani Ali P, Song Q, Doitomi K, Furukawa S, Hirao H, Kusuda H, Enhanced selectivity in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture through efficient dispersion of amine-functionalized MOF nanoparticles. Nature Energy, 2017, 2(7): 17086

[33] Liu L, Xie X, Qi S, Li R, Zhang X, Song X, Gao C. Thin film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membrane incorporated with UiO-66 nanoparticles for enhanced boron removal. Journal of Membrane Science, 2019, 580: 101–109

[34] Pang J, Kang Z, Wang R, Xu B, Nie X, Fan L, Zhang F, Du X, Feng S, Sun D. Exploring the sandwich antibacterial membranes based on UiO-66/graphene oxide for forward osmosis performance. Carbon, 2019, 144: 321–332

[35] Wang Y, Li X, Zhao S, Fang Z, Ng D, Xie C, Wang H, Xie Z. Thin-film composite membrane with interlayer decorated metal-organic framework UiO-66 toward enhanced forward osmosis performance. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2019, 58(1): 195–206

[36] Liu T Y, Yuan H G, Liu Y Y, Ren D, Su Y C, Wang X. Metal-organic framework nanocomposite thin films with interfacial bindings and self-standing robustness for high water flux and enhanced ion selectivity. ACS Nano, 2018, 12(9): 9253–9265

[37] Prasetya N, Donose B C, Ladewig B P. A new and highly robust light-responsive Azo-UiO-66 for highly selective and low energy post-combustion CO₂ capture and its application in a mixed matrix membrane for CO₂/N₂ separation. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2018, 6(34): 16390–16402

[38] Ma L, Svec F, Tan T, Lv Y. Mixed matrix membrane based on cross-linked poly[(ethylene glycol) methacrylate] and metal-organic framework for efficient separation of carbon dioxide and methane. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2018, 1(6): 2808–2818

[39] Jia M, Feng Y, Qiu J, Zhang X F, Yao J. Amine-functionalized MOFs@GO as filler in mixed matrix membrane for selective CO₂ separation. Separation and Purification Technology, 2019, 213: 63–69

[40] Gao Z F, Feng Y, Ma D, Chung T S. Vapor-phase crosslinked mixed matrix membranes with UiO-66-NH₂ for organic solvent nanofiltration. Journal of Membrane Science, 2019, 574: 124–135

[41] Jiang Y, Liu C, Caro J, Huang A. A new UiO-66-NH₂ based mixed-matrix membranes with high CO₂/CH₄ separation performance. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2019, 274: 203–211

[42] Sánchez-Laínez J, Gracia-Guillén I, Zornoza B, Téllez C, Coronas J. Thin supported MOF based mixed matrix membranes of Pebax^® 1657 for biogas upgrade. New Journal of Chemistry, 2019, 43(1): 312–319

[43] Zhang X F, Feng Y, Wang Z, Jia M, Yao J. Fabrication of cellulose nanofibrils/UiO-66-NH₂ composite membrane for CO₂/N₂ separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2018, 568: 10–16

[44] Satheeshkumar C, Yu H J, Park H, Kim M, Lee J S, Seo M. Thiol-ene photopolymerization of vinyl-functionalized metal-organic frameworks towards mixed-matrix membranes. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2018, 6(44): 21961–21968

[45] Jiang X, Li S, He S, Bai Y, Shao L. Interface manipulation of CO₂-philic composite membranes containing designed UiO-66 derivatives towards highly efficient CO₂ capture. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2018, 6(31): 15064–15073

[46] Golpour M, Pakizeh M. Preparation and characterization of new PA-MOF/PPSU-GO membrane for the separation of KHI from water. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018, 345: 221–232

[47] Marti A M, Venna S R, Roth E A, Culp J T, Hopkinson D P. Simple fabrication method for mixed matrix membranes with in situ MOF growth for gas separation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(29): 24784–24790

[48] Ahmad M Z, Navarro M, Lhotka M, Zornoza B, Téllez C, de Vos W M, Benes N E, Konnertz N M, Visser T, Semino R, et al. Enhanced gas separation performance of 6FDA-DAM based mixed matrix membranes by incorporating MOF UiO-66 and its derivatives. Journal of Membrane Science, 2018, 558: 64–77

[49] Mozafari M, Abedini R, Rahimpour A. Zr-MOFs-incorporated thin film nanocomposite Pebax 1657 membranes dip-coated on polymethylpentyne layer for efficient separation of CO₂/CH₄. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2018, 6(26): 12380–12392

[50] Xiang F, Marti A M, Hopkinson D P. Layer-by-layer assembled polymer/MOF membrane for H₂/CO₂ separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2018, 556: 146–153

[51] Xu Y M, Japip S, Chung T S. Mixed matrix membranes with nano-sized functional UiO-66-type MOFs embedded in 6FDA-HAB/DABA polyimide for dehydration of C1–C3 alcohols via pervaporation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2018, 549: 217–226

[52] Molavi H, Shojaei A, Mousavi S A. Improving mixed-matrix membrane performance via PMMA grafting from functionalized NH₂–UiO-66. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2018, 6(6): 2775–2791

[53] Zamidi Ahmad M, Navarro M, Lhotka M, Zornoza B, Téllez C, Fila V, Coronas J. Enhancement of CO₂/CH₄ separation performances of 6FDA-based co-polyimides mixed matrix membranes embedded with UiO-66 nanoparticles. Separation and Purification Technology, 2018, 192: 465–474

[54] Rodrigues M A, Ribeiro J S, Costa E S, Miranda J L, Ferraz H C. Nanostructured membranes containing UiO-66 (Zr) and MIL-101 (Cr) for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/N₂ separation. Separation and Purification Technology, 2018, 192: 491–500

[55] Sutrisna P D, Hou J, Zulkifli M Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Liang W, D’Alessandro Deanna M, Chen V. Surface functionalized UiO-66/Pebax-based ultrathin composite hollow fiber gas separation membranes. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2018, 6(3): 918–931

[56] Liu S, Sang X, Wang L, Zhang J, Song J, Han B. Incorporation of metal-organic framework in polymer membrane enhances vanadium flow battery performance. Electrochimica Acta, 2017, 257: 243–249

[57] Donnadio A, Narducci R, Casciola M, Marmottini F, D’Amato R, Jazestani M, Chiniforoshan H, Costantino F. Mixed membrane matrices based on Nafion/UiO-66/SO₃H-UiO-66 nano-MOFs: Revealing the effect of crystal size, sulfonation, and filler loading on the mechanical and conductivity properties. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(48): 42239–42246

[58] Liu M, Wang L, Zheng X, Xie Z. Zirconium-based nanoscale metal-organic framework/poly(ε-caprolactone) mixed-matrix membranes as effective antimicrobials. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(47): 41512–41520

[59] Friebe S, Mundstock A, Volgmann K, Caro J. On the better understanding of the surprisingly high performance of metal-organic framework-based mixed-matrix membranes using the example of UiO-66 and Matrimid. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(47): 41553–41558

[60] Guan K, Zhao D, Zhang M, Shen J, Zhou G, Liu G, Jin W. 3D nanoporous crystals enabled 2D channels in graphene membrane with enhanced water purification performance. Journal of Membrane Science, 2017, 542: 41–51

[61] Cheng X, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Lau C H, Xie Z, Ng D, Smith S J D, Hill M R, Shao L. Building additional passageways in polyamide membranes with hydrostable metal organic frameworks to recycle and remove organic solutes from various solvents. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(44): 38877–38886

[62] Yao B J, Ding L G, Li F, Li J T, Fu Q J, Ban Y, Guo A, Dong Y B. Chemically cross-linked MOF membrane generated from imidazolium-based ionic liquid-decorated UiO-66 type NMOF and its application toward CO₂ separation and conversion. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(44): 38919–38930

[63] Ma D, Han G, Peh S B, Chen S B. Water-stable metal-organic framework UiO-66 for performance enhancement of forward osmosis membranes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017, 56(44): 12773–12782

[64] Song Z, Qiu F, Zaia E W, Wang Z, Kunz M, Guo J, Brady M, Mi B, Urban J J. Dual-channel, molecular-sieving core/shell ZIF@MOF architectures as engineered fillers in hybrid membranes for highly selective CO₂ separation. Nano Letters, 2017, 17(11): 6752–6758

[65] Sun H, Tang B, Wu P. Development of hybrid ultrafiltration membranes with improved water separation properties using modified superhydrophilic metal-organic framework nanoparticles. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(25): 21473–21484

[66] Wang Z, Ren H, Zhang S, Zhang F, Jin J. Polymers of intrinsic microporosity/metal-organic framework hybrid membranes with improved interfacial interaction for high-performance CO₂ separation. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2017, 5(22): 10968–10977

[67] Xu Y M, Chung T S. High-performance UiO-66/polyimide mixed matrix membranes for ethanol, isopropanol and n-butanol dehydration via pervaporation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2017, 531: 16–26

[68] Trinh D X, Tran T P N, Taniike T. Fabrication of new composite membrane filled with UiO-66 nanoparticles and its application to nanofiltration. Separation and Purification Technology, 2017, 177: 249–256

[69] Ma J, Guo X, Ying Y, Liu D, Zhong C. Composite ultrafiltration membrane tailored by MOF@GO with highly improved water purification performance. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 313: 890–898

[70] Guo X, Liu D, Han T, Huang H, Yang Q, Zhong C. Preparation of thin film nanocomposite membranes with surface modified MOF for high flux organic solvent nanofiltration. AIChE Journal. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2017, 63(4): 1303–1312

[71] Castarlenas S, Téllez C, Coronas J. Gas separation with mixed matrix membranes obtained from MOF UiO-66-graphite oxide hybrids. Journal of Membrane Science, 2017, 526: 205–211

[72] Ma D, Peh S B, Han G, Chen S B. Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes incorporated with super-hydrophilic metal-organic framework (MOF) UiO-66: Toward enhancement of water flux and salt rejection. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(8): 7523–7534

[73] Khdhayyer M R, Esposito E, Fuoco A, Monteleone M, Giorno L, Jansen J C, Attfield M P, Budd P M. Mixed matrix membranes based on UiO-66 MOFs in the polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1. Separation and Purification Technology, 2017, 173: 304–313

[74] Hu Z, Kang Z, Qian Y, Peng Y, Wang X, Chi C, Zhao D. Mixed matrix membranes containing UiO-66(Hf)-(OH)₂ metal-organic framework nanoparticles for efficient H₂/CO₂ separation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2016, 55(29): 7933–7940

[75] Yao B J, Jiang W L, Dong Y, Liu Z X, Dong Y B. Post-synthetic polymerization of UiO-66-NH₂ nanoparticles and polyurethane oligomer toward stand-alone membranes for dye removal and separation. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2016, 22(30): 10565–10571

[76] Smith S J D, Lau C H, Mardel J I, Kitchin M, Konstas K, Ladewig B P, Hill M R. Physical aging in glassy mixed matrix membranes; tuning particle interaction for mechanically robust nanocomposite films. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2016, 4(27): 10627–10634

[77] Moreton J C, Denny M S, Cohen S M. High MOF loading in mixed-matrix membranes utilizing styrene/butadiene copolymers. Chemical Communications, 2016, 52(100): 14376–14379

[78] Jiang W L, Ding L G, Yao B J, Wang J C, Chen G J, Li Y A, Ma J P, Ji J, Dong Y, Dong Y B. A MOF-membrane based on the covalent bonding driven assembly of a NMOF with an organic oligomer and its application in membrane reactors. Chemical Communications, 2016, 52(93): 13564–13567

[79] Su N C, Sun D T, Beavers C M, Britt D K, Queen W L, Urban J J. Enhanced permeation arising from dual transport pathways in hybrid polymer–MOF membranes. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9(3): 922–931

[80] Armstrong M R, Arredondo K Y Y, Liu C Y, Stevens J E, Mayhob A, Shan B, Senthilnathan S, Balzer C J, Mu B. UiO-66 MOF and poly(vinyl cinnamate) nanofiber composite membranes synthesized by a facile three-stage process. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2015, 54(49): 12386–12392

[81] Anjum M W, Vermoortele F, Khan A L, Bueken B, De Vos D E, Vankelecom I F J. Modulated UiO-66-based mixed-matrix membranes for CO₂ separation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2015, 7(45): 25193–25201

[82] Smith S J D, Ladewig B P, Hill A J, Lau C H, Hill M R. Post-synthetic Ti exchanged UiO-66 metal-organic frameworks that deliver exceptional gas permeability in mixed matrix membranes. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5(1): 7823

[83] Nik O G, Chen X Y, Kaliaguine S. Functionalized metal organic framework-polyimide mixed matrix membranes for CO₂/CH₄ separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2012, 413–414: 48–61

[84] Zhang Y, Feng X, Li H, Chen Y, Zhao J, Wang S, Wang L, Wang B. Photoinduced postsynthetic polymerization of a metal-organic framework toward a flexible stand-alone membrane. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2015, 54(14): 4259–4263

[85] Kickelbick G, Feth M P, Bertagnolli H, Puchberger M, Holzinger D, Gross S. Formation of organically surface-modified metal oxo clusters from carboxylic acids and metal alkoxides: A mechanistic study. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions: Inorganic Chemistry, 2002, (20): 3892–3898

[86] Liu X, Wang C, Wang B, Li K. Novel organic-dehydration membranes prepared from zirconium metal-organic frameworks. Advanced Functional Materials, 2017, 27(3): 1604311

[87] Huang K, Wang B, Guo S, Li K. Micropatterned ultrathin MOF membranes with enhanced molecular sieving property. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2018, 57(42): 13892–13896

[88] Zhang H, Hou J, Hu Y, Wang P, Ou R, Jiang L, Liu J Z, Freeman B D, Hill A J, Wang H. Ultrafast selective transport of alkali metal ions in metal organic frameworks with subnanometer pores. Science Advances, 2018, 4(2): eaaq0066

[89] Wan L, Zhou C, Xu K, Feng B, Huang A. Synthesis of highly stable UiO-66-NH₂ membranes with high ions rejection for seawater desalination. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2017, 252: 207–213

[90] Wu F, Cao Y, Liu H, Zhang X. High-performance UiO-66-NH₂ tubular membranes by zirconia-induced synthesis for desulfurization of model gasoline via pervaporation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2018, 556: 54–65

[91] Miyamoto M, Hori K, Goshima T, Takaya N, Oumi Y, Uemiya S. An organoselective zirconium-based metal-organic-framework UiO-66 membrane for pervaporation. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2017, 2017(14): 2094–2099

[92] Liu J, Canfield N, Liu W. Preparation and characterization of a hydrophobic metal-organic framework membrane supported on a thin porous metal sheet. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2016, 55(13): 3823–3832

[93] Wu F, Lin L, Liu H, Wang H, Qiu J, Zhang X. Synthesis of stable UiO-66 membranes for pervaporation separation of methanol/methyl tert-butyl ether mixtures by secondary growth. Journal of Membrane Science, 2017, 544: 342–350

[94] Wang X, Zhai L, Wang Y, Li R, Gu X, Yuan Y D, Qian Y, Hu Z, Zhao D. Improving water-treatment performance of zirconium metal-organic framework membranes by postsynthetic defect healing. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(43): 37848–37855

[95] Friebe S, Geppert B, Steinbach F, Caro J. Metal-organic framework UiO-66 layer: A highly oriented membrane with good selectivity and hydrogen permeance. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(14): 12878–12885

[96] Shan B, James J B, Armstrong M R, Close E C, Letham P A, Nikkhah K, Lin Y S, Mu B. Influences of deprotonation and modulation on nucleation and growth of UiO-66: Intergrowth and orientation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2018, 122(4): 2200–2206

[97] Tsuruoka T, Furukawa S, Takashima Y, Yoshida K, Isoda S, Kitagawa S. Nanoporous nanorods fabricated by coordination modulation and oriented attachment growth. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2009, 48(26): 4739–4743

[98] Schaate A, Roy P, Godt A, Lippke J, Waltz F, Wiebcke M, Behrens P. Modulated synthesis of Zr-based metal-organic frameworks: From nano to single crystals. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2011, 17(24): 6643–6651

[99] Zhang C, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Chi L, Lu G. Defect-controlled preparation of UiO-66 metal-organic framework thin films with molecular sieving capability. Chemistry, an Asian Journal, 2016, 11(2): 207–210

[100] Zhang Y, Zhao J, Wang K, Gao L, Meng M, Yan Y. Green synthesis of acid-base bi-functional UiO-66-type metal-organic frameworks membranes supported on polyurethane foam for glucose conversion. ChemistrySelect, 2018, 3(32): 9378–9387

[101] Liang H, Jiao X, Li C, Chen D. Flexible self-supported metal–organic framework mats with exceptionally high porosity for enhanced separation and catalysis. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2018, 6(2): 334–341

[102] Lu A X, Ploskonka A M, Tovar T M, Peterson G W, DeCoste J B. Direct surface growth of UiO-66-NH₂ on polyacrylonitrile nanofibers for efficient toxic chemical removal. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017, 56(49): 14502–14506

[103] Betke U, Proemmel S, Rannabauer S, Lieb A, Scheffler M, Scheffler F. Silane functionalized open-celled ceramic foams as support structure in metal organic framework composite materials. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2017, 239: 209–220

[104] Zhang X, Zhao Y, Mu S, Jiang C, Song M, Fang Q, Xue M, Qiu S, Chen B. UiO-66-coated mesh membrane with underwater superoleophobicity for high-efficiency oil-water separation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(20): 17301–17308

[105] Miyamoto M, Kohmura S, Iwatsuka H, Oumi Y, Uemiya S. In situ solvothermal growth of highly oriented Zr-based metal organic framework UiO-66 film with monocrystalline layer. CrystEngComm, 2015, 17(18): 3422–3425

[106] Lausund K B, Nilsen O. All-gas-phase synthesis of UiO-66 through modulated atomic layer deposition. Nature Communications, 2016, 7(1): 13578

[107] Lausund K B, Petrovic V, Nilsen O. All-gas-phase synthesis of amino-functionalized UiO-66 thin films. Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England), 2017, 46(48): 16983–16992

[108] Virmani E, Rotter J M, Mähringer A, von Zons T, Godt A, Bein T, Wuttke S, Medina D D. On-surface synthesis of highly oriented thin metal-organic framework films through vapor-assisted conversion. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(14): 4812–4819

[109] Hod I, Bury W, Karlin D M, Deria P, Kung C W, Katz M J, So M, Klahr B, Jin D, Chung Y W, et al. Directed growth of electroactive metal-organic framework thin films using electrophoretic deposition. Advanced Materials, 2014, 26(36): 6295–6300

[110] Stassen I, Styles M, Van Assche T, Campagnol N, Fransaer J, Denayer J, Tan J C, Falcaro P, De Vos D, Ameloot R. Electrochemical film deposition of the zirconium metal-organic framework UiO-66 and application in a miniaturized sorbent trap. Chemistry of Materials, 2015, 27(5): 1801–1807

[111] Shangkum G, Chammingkwan P, Trinh D, Taniike T. Design of a semi-continuous selective layer based on deposition of UiO-66 nanoparticles for nanofiltration. Membranes, 2018, 8(4): 129

[112] Ghorbanpour A, Huelsenbeck L D, Smilgies D M, Giri G. Oriented UiO-66 thin films through solution shearing. CrystEngComm, 2018, 20(3): 294–300

[113] Kosinov N, Gascon J, Kapteijn F, Hensen E J M. Recent developments in zeolite membranes for gas separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 2016, 499: 65–79

[114] Piszczek P, Radtke A, Grodzicki A, Wojtczak A, Chojnacki J. The new type of [Zr₆(m3-O)₄(m3-OH)₄] cluster core: Crystal structure and spectral characterization of [Zr₆O₄(OH)₄(OOCR)₁₂] (R=But, C(CH₃)₂Et). Polyhedron, 2007, 26(3): 679–685

[115] Yao H B, Yan Y X, Gao H L, Vaughn J, Pappas I, Masters J G, Yuan S, Yu S H, Pan L. An investigation of zirconium(iv)–glycine(CP-2) hybrid complex in bovine serum albumin protein matrix under varying conditions. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21(47): 19005–19012

[116] van der Drift A. Evolutionary selection, a principle governing growth orientation in vapour-deposited layers. Philips Research Reports, 1967, 22: 267–288

[117] Lu G, Cui C, Zhang W, Liu Y, Huo F. Synthesis and self-assembly of monodispersed metal-organic framework microcrystals. Chemistry, an Asian Journal, 2013, 8(1): 69–72

[118] Miikkulainen V, Leskelä M, Ritala M, Puurunen R L. Crystallinity of inorganic films grown by atomic layer deposition: Overview and general trends. Journal of Applied Physics, 2013, 113(2): 021301

[119] Ma X, Kumar P, Mittal N, Khlyustova A, Daoutidis P, Mkhoyan K A, Tsapatsis M. Zeolitic imidazolate framework membranes made by ligand-induced permselectivation. Science, 2018, 361(6406): 1008–1011

[120] Stassen I, Styles M, Grenci G, Gorp Hans V, Vanderlinden W, Feyter Steven D, Falcaro P, Vos D D, Vereecken P, Ameloot R. Chemical vapour deposition of zeolitic imidazolate framework thin films. Nature Materials, 2015, 15(3): 304–310

[121] Li W, Su P, Li Z, Xu Z, Wang F, Ou H, Zhang J, Zhang G, Zeng E. Ultrathin metal-organic framework membrane production by gel-vapour deposition. Nature Communications, 2017, 8(1): 406

[122] Lin H, Zhu Q, Shu D, Lin D, Xu J, Huang X, Shi W, Xi X, Wang J, Gao L. Growth of environmentally stable transition metal selenide films. Nature Materials, 2019, 18(6): 602–607

[123] Falcaro P, Ricco R, Doherty C M, Liang K, Hill A J, Styles M J. MOF positioning technology and device fabrication. Chemical Society Reviews, 2014, 43(16): 5513–5560

[124] Ameloot R, Stappers L, Fransaer J, Alaerts L, Sels B F, De Vos D E. Patterned growth of metal-organic framework coatings by electrochemical synthesis. Chemistry of Materials, 2009, 21(13): 2580–2582

[125] Li M, Dincă M. Reductive electrosynthesis of crystalline metal-organic frameworks. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011, 133(33): 12926–12929

[126] Wu W, Li Z, Chen Y, Li W. Polydopamine-modified metal-organic framework membrane with enhanced selectivity for carbon capture. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(7): 3764–3772

[127] Devautour-Vinot S, Martineau C, Diaby S, Ben-Yahia M, Miller S, Serre C, Horcajada P, Cunha D, Taulelle F, Maurin G. Caffeine confinement into a series of functionalized porous zirconium MOFs: A joint experimental/modeling exploration. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2013, 117(22): 11694–11704

[128] Valenzano L, Civalleri B, Chavan S, Bordiga S, Nilsen M H, Jakobsen S, Lillerud K P, Lamberti C. Disclosing the complex structure of UiO-66 metal organic framework: A synergic combination of experiment and theory. Chemistry of Materials, 2011, 23(7): 1700–1718

[129] Wu H, Chua Y S, Krungleviciute V, Tyagi M, Chen P, Yildirim T, Zhou W. Unusual and highly tunable missing-linker defects in zirconium metal-organic framework UiO-66 and their important effects on gas adsorption. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013, 135(28): 10525–10532

[130] Trickett C A, Gagnon K J, Lee S, Gándara F, Bürgi H B, Yaghi O M. Definitive molecular level characterization of defects in UiO-66 crystals. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2015, 54(38): 11162–11167

[131] Brown A J, Brunelli N A, Eum K, Rashidi F, Johnson J R, Koros W J, Jones C W, Nair S. Interfacial microfluidic processing of metal-organic framework hollow fiber membranes. Science, 2014, 345(6192): 72–75

[132] DeStefano M R, Islamoglu T, Garibay S J, Hupp J T, Farha O K. Room-temperature synthesis of UiO-66 and thermal modulation of densities of defect sites. Chemistry of Materials, 2017, 29(3): 1357–1361

[133] Hu Z, Peng Y, Kang Z, Qian Y, Zhao D. A modulated hydrothermal (MHT) approach for the facile synthesis of UiO-66-type MOFs. Inorganic Chemistry, 2015, 54(10): 4862–4868