Morphology selective construction of β-cyclodextrin functionalized Fe₃O₄-Bi₂WO₆ nanocomposite with superior adsorptivity and visible-light-driven catalytic activity

Abstract

Controlled growth of Bi₂WO₆ nanorods with exposed [0 0 1] facets and the fabrication of an Fe₃O₄-Bi₂WO₆ magnetic composite by a microwave-assisted polyol process, were achieved in this study. The adsorptivity and photocatalytic performance of the composite toward sunset yellow dye degradation were greatly enhanced by the β-cyclodextrin cavities on its surface, firmly anchored through a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide linkage. A series of examinations and characterizations were carried out to determine the influence of various factors on the morphological modulation-photocatalytic behavior of the pure Bi₂WO₆ prior to final functionalization. Changing the pH of the precursor solution impacted the formation of 0D, 2D, and 3D structures; however, the presence of hexamethylenetetramine surfactant induced the development of 1D nanorod structure. A reasonable crystal growth mechanism was proposed to elucidate the formation process. Conversely, the mechanism of the activity enhancement of β-cyclodextrin functionalized Fe₃O₄-Bi₂WO₆, compared to that of the non-functionalized samples, could be realized with the assistance of chemical trapping experiments on sunset yellow, and was confirmed on the colorless antibiotic (sulfamethoxazole). The high performance and durability of this composite can be attributed to the facet-dependent activity, large adsorption capacity due to inclusion interactions, enhanced visible light absorption, and efficient charge separation.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

β-cyclodextrin / Bi₂WO₆ / shape controlled / nanorod / sunset yellow

References

[1] Kollarigowda R H, Fedele C, Rianna C, Calabuig A, Manikas A C, Pagliarulo V, Ferraro P, Cavalli S, Netti P A. Light-responsive polymer brushes: Active topographic cues for cell culture applications. Polymer Chemistry, 2017, 8(21): 3271–3278

[2] Dong S, Ding X, Guo T, Yue X, Han X, Sun J. Self-assembled hollow sphere shaped Bi₂WO₆/RGO composites for efficient sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 316: 778–789

[3] Yang J, Liu X, Cao H, Shi Y, Xie Y, Xiao J. Dendritic BiVO₄ decorated with MnO_x co-catalyst as an efficient hierarchical catalyst for photocatalytic ozonation. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2019, 13(1): 185–191

[4] Zhu Z, Yan Y, Li J. One-step synthesis of flower-like WO₃/Bi₂WO₆ heterojunction with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Journal of Materials Science, 2016, 51(4): 2112–2120

[5] Zhang L, Zhu Y. Zhu Y. A review of controllable synthesis and enhancement of performances of bismuth tungstate visible-light-driven photocatalysts. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2012, 2(4): 694–706

[6] Xiao Y, Chen C, Cao S, Qian G, Nie X, Yu W. Enhanced sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity of graphene oxide/Bi₂WO₆ nanoplates by silicon modification. Ceramics International, 2015, 41(8): 10087–10094

[7] Liu S J, Hou Y F, Zheng S L, Zhang Y, Wang Y. One-dimensional hierarchical Bi₂WO₆ hollow tubes with porous walls: Synthesis and photocatalytic property. CrystEngComm, 2013, 15(20): 4124–4130

[8] Seddigi Z S, Gondal M A, Rashid S G, Abdulaziz M A, Ahmed S A. Facile synthesis and catalytic performance of nanosheet-nanorods g-C₃N₄-Bi₂WO₆ heterojunction catalyst and effect of silver nanoparticles loading on bare Bi₂WO₆ and g-C₃N₄-Bi₂WO₆ for N-deethylation process. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 2016, 420: 167–177

[9] Sadr Manuchehri Q, Assi N, Pourmand S, Darwish M, Pakzad A. Photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a microwave method in ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol media: A comparative study. Journal of Nano Research, 2016, 42: 53–64

[10] Darwish M, Mohammadi A, Assi N. Partially decomposed PVP as a surface modification of ZnO, CdO, ZnS and CdS nanostructures for enhanced stability and catalytic activity towards sulphamethoxazole degradation. Bulletin of Materials Science, 2017, 40(3): 513–522

[11] Fiévet F, Brayner R. The Polyol Process: Nanomaterials: A Danger or a Promise? London: Springer, 2013, 1–25

[12] Assi N, Aberoomand Azar P, Saber Tehrani M, Waqif Husain S, Darwish M, Pourmand S. Synthesis of ZnO-nanoparticles by microwave assisted sol-gel method and its role in photocatalytic degradation of food dye tartrazine (acid yellow 23). International Journal of Nanodimension, 2017, 8(3): 241–249

[13] Shan G, Fu Y, Chu X, Chang C, Zhu L. Highly active magnetic bismuth tungstate/magnetite composite under visible light irradiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2015, 444: 123–131

[14] Liu Z, Chen F, Gao Y, Liu Y, Fang P, Wang S. A novel synthetic route for magnetically retrievable Bi₂WO₆ hierarchical microspheres with enhanced visible photocatalytic performance. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2013, 1(24): 7027–7030

[15] Raizada P, Kumari J, Shandilya P, Dhiman R, Pratap Singh V, Singh P. Magnetically retrievable Bi₂WO₆/Fe₃O₄ immobilized on graphene sand composite for investigation of photocatalytic mineralization of oxytetracycline and ampicillin. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2017, 106(Supplement C): 104–116

[16] Meng X, Zhang Z. Synthesis and characterization of plasmonic and magnetically separable Ag/AgCl-Bi₂WO₆@ Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ core-shell composites for visible light-induced water detoxification. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2017, 485(Supplement C): 296–307

[17] Lu D, Yang M, Kumar K K, Wang H, Zhao X, Wu P, Fang P. Grape-like Bi₂WO₆/CeO₂ hierarchical microspheres: A superior visible-light-driven photoelectric efficiency with magnetic recycled characteristic. Separation and Purification Technology, 2018, 194: 130–134

[18] Kakroudi M A, Kazemi F, Kaboudin B. β-Cyclodextrin-TiO₂: Green nest for reduction of nitroaromatic compounds. RSC Advances, 2014, 4(95): 52762–52769

[19] Wang M, Fang G, Liu P, Zhou D, Ma C, Zhang D, Zhan J. Fe₃O₄@b-CD nanocomposite as heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for enhanced degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP). Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 188: 113–122

[20] Kong L, Fang G, Kong Y, Xie M, Natarajan V, Zhou D, Zhan J. Cu₂O@β-cyclodextrin as a synergistic catalyst for hydroxyl radical generation and molecular recognitive destruction of aromatic pollutants at neutral pH. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018, 357: 109–118

[21] Yu C, Bai Y, Chen J, Zhou W, He H, Yu J C, Zhu L, Xue S. Pt/Bi₂WO₆ composite microflowers: High visible light photocatalytic performance and easy recycle. Separation and Purification Technology, 2015, 154: 115–122

[22] Tada H. Decomposition reaction of hexamine by acid. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1960, 82(2): 255–263

[23] Mahfouz R M, Al-Hokbany N S, Siddiqui M R H. Corals of In₂O₃ nanoparticles, synthesis by the thermal decomposition of γ-irradiated indium acetate in the presence of a nonaqueous medium. Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-Organic, and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2011, 41(7): 858–863 doi:10.1080/15533174.2011.591315

[24] Galvão J G, Silva V F, Ferreira S G, França F R M, Santos D A, Freitas L S, Alves P B, Araújo A A S, Cavalcanti S C H, Nunes R S. β-Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes containing Citrus sinensis (L.) osbeck essential oil: An alternative to control Aedes aegypti larvae. Thermochimica Acta, 2015, 608: 14–19

[25] Yang C, Xie R, Liang W G, Ju X J, Wang W, Zhang M J, Liu Z, Chu L Y. β-cyclodextrin-based molecular-recognizable smart microcapsules for controlled release. Journal of Materials Science, 2014, 49(20): 6862–6871

[26] Huq R, Mercier L, Kooyman P J. Incorporation of cyclodextrin into mesostructured silica. Chemistry of Materials, 2001, 13(12): 4512–4519

[27] Triki M, Tanazefti H, Kochkar H. Design of β-cyclodextrin modified TiO₂ nanotubes for the adsorption of Cu(II): Isotherms and kinetics study. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2017, 493: 77–84

[28] Liu L, Ding L, Liu Y, An W, Lin S, Liang Y, Cui W. Enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity by Cu₂O-coupled flower-like Bi₂WO₆ structures. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 364: 505–515

[29] Sun Q, Jia X, Wang X, Yu H, Yu J. Facile synthesis of porous Bi₂WO₆ nanosheets with high photocatalytic performance. Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England), 2015, 44(32): 14532–14539

[30] Li Y, Liu J, Huang X, Li G. Hydrothermal synthesis of Bi₂WO₆ uniform hierarchical microspheres. Crystal Growth & Design, 2007, 7(7): 1350–1355

[31] Tang J, Zou Z, Ye J. Photocatalytic decomposition of organic contaminants by Bi₂WO₆ under visible light irradiation. Catalysis Letters, 2004, 92(1): 53–56

[32] Zhang L, Wang W, Zhou L, Xu H. Bi₂WO₆ nano- and microstructures: Shape control and associated visible-light-driven photocatalytic activities. Small, 2007, 3(9): 1618–1625

[33] Zhang C, Zhu Y. Synthesis of square Bi₂WO₆ nanoplates as high-activity visible-light-driven photocatalysts. Chemistry of Materials, 2005, 17(13): 3537–3545

[34] Sugunan A, Warad H C, Boman M, Dutta J. Zinc oxide nanowires in chemical bath on seeded substrates: Role of hexamine. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2006, 39(1): 49–56

[35] Archana J, Sabarinathan M, Navaneethan M, Ponnusamy S, Muthamizhchelvan C, Hayakawa Y. Chemical synthesis and functional properties of hexamethylenetetramine capped ZnSe nanorods. Materials Letters, 2014, 125: 32–35

[36] Chen C, Cao S, Yu W, Xie X, Liu Q, Tsang Y, Xiao Y. Adsorption, photocatalytic and sunlight-driven antibacterial activity of Bi₂WO₆/graphene oxide nanoflakes. Vacuum, 2015, 116: 48–53

[37] Zhang L, Wang H, Chen Z, Wong P K, Liu J. Bi₂WO₆ micro/nano-structures: Synthesis, modifications and visible-light-driven photocatalytic applications. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2011, 106(1-2): 1–13

[38] Xu X, Shen X, Zhu G, Jing L, Liu X, Chen K. Magnetically recoverable Bi₂WO₆-Fe₃O₄ composite photocatalysts: Fabrication and photocatalytic activity. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2012, 200-202: 521–531

[39] Dong P, Hou G, Xi X, Shao R, Dong F. WO₃-based photocatalysts: Morphology control, activity enhancement and multifunctional applications. Environmental Science. Nano, 2017, 4(3): 539–557

[40] Pan M, Zhang H, Gao G, Liu L, Chen W. Facet-dependent catalytic activity of nanosheet-assembled bismuth oxyiodide microspheres in degradation of bisphenol A. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(10): 6240–6248

[41] Geng G, Chen P, Guan B, Jiang L, Xu Z, Di D, Tu Z, Hao W, Yi Y, Chen C, Shape-controlled metal-free catalysts: Facet-sensitive catalytic activity induced by the arrangement pattern of noncovalent supramolecular chains. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(5): 4866–4876

[42] Song G, Wu X, Xin F, Yin X. ZnFe₂O₄ deposited on BiOCl with exposed (001) and (010) facets for photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ in cyclohexanol. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 2017, 11(2): 197–204

[43] Wang H, Liu Y G, Zeng G M, Hu X J, Hu X, Li T T, Li H Y, Wang Y Q, Jiang L H. Grafting of β-cyclodextrin to magnetic graphene oxide via ethylenediamine and application for Cr(VI) removal. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014, 113: 166–173

[44] Fan L, Zhang Y, Luo C, Lu F, Qiu H, Sun M. Synthesis and characterization of magnetic β-cyclodextrin-chitosan nanoparticles as nano-adsorbents for removal of methyl blue. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2012, 50(2): 444–450

[45] Wong Y C, Szeto Y S, Cheung W H, McKay G. Pseudo-first-order kinetic studies of the sorption of acid dyes onto chitosan. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2004, 92(3): 1633–1645

[46] Jiang L, Liu Y, Liu S, Hu X, Zeng G, Hu X, Liu S, Liu S, Huang B, Li M. Fabrication of b-cyclodextrin/poly (L-glutamic acid) supported magnetic graphene oxide and its adsorption behavior for 17b-estradiol. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 308: 597–605

[47] Darwish M, Mohammadi A, Assi N. Integration of nickel doping with loading on graphene for enhanced adsorptive and catalytic properties of CdS nanoparticles towards visible light degradation of some antibiotics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 320: 304–314

[48] Liu Y, Wei B, Xu L, Gao H, Zhang M. Generation of oxygen vacancy and OH radicals: A comparative study of Bi₂WO₆ and Bi₂WO_6-x nanoplates. ChemCatChem, 2015, 7(24): 4076–4084

[49] Zhang Y, Zhang N, Tang Z R, Xu Y J. Identification of Bi₂WO₆ as a highly selective visible-light photocatalyst toward oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone in water. Chemical Science (Cambridge), 2013, 4(4): 1820–1824

[50] Kumar A, Guo C, Sharma G, Pathania D, Naushad M, Kalia S, Dhiman P. Magnetically recoverable ZrO₂/Fe₃O₄/chitosan nanomaterials for enhanced sunlight driven photoreduction of carcinogenic Cr(vi) and dechlorination & mineralization of 4-chlorophenol from simulated waste water. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(16): 13251–13263

[51] Wu W, Changzhong J, Roy V A. Recent progress in magnetic iron oxide-semiconductor composite nanomaterials as promising photocatalysts. Nanoscale, 2015, 7(1): 38–58

[52] Yang Z, Zhang X, Cui J. Self-assembly of bioinspired catecholic cyclodextrin TiO₂ heterosupramolecule with high adsorption capacity and efficient visible-light photoactivity. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 148-149: 243–249

[53] Chalasani R, Vasudevan S. Cyclodextrin-functionalized Fe₃O₄@TiO₂: Reusable, magnetic nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in water supplies. ACS Nano, 2013, 7(5): 4093–4104

[54] Meng X, Qin H, Zhang Z. New insight into the enhanced visible light-driven photocatalytic activity of Pd/PdCl₂-doped Bi₂WO₆ photocatalysts. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2018, 513: 877–890

[55] Meng X, Li Z, Zeng H, Chen J, Zhang Z. MoS₂ quantum dots-interspersed Bi₂WO₆ heterostructures for visible light-induced detoxification and disinfection. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 210: 160–172

[56] Zhou Y X, Tong L, Zeng X H, Chen X B. Fe₃O₄@Bi₂WO₆ core-shell structured microspheres: Facile construction and magnetically recyclable photocatalytic activity under visible-light. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2015, 15(12): 9868–9873

[57] Chen S H, Yin Z, Luo S L, Au C T, Li X J. Preparation of magnetic Fe₃O₄/SiO₂/Bi₂WO₆ microspheres and their application in photocatalysis. Materials Research Bulletin, 2013, 48(2): 725–729

[58] Zhang L, Wang W, Shang M, Sun S, Xu J. Bi₂WO₆@carbon/Fe₃O₄ microspheres: Preparation, growth mechanism and application in water treatment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 172(2): 1193–1197

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press