Synthesis of Ag and Cd nanoparticles by nanosecond-pulsed discharge in liquid nitrogen

Abstract

The synthesis of CdO, Ag₂O (5 nm) and Ag (~20‒30 nm) nano-objects is achieved simultaneously by nanosecond-pulsed discharges in liquid nitrogen between one cadmium electrode and one silver electrode. Oxidation occurs when liquid nitrogen is fully evaporated and nanoparticles are in contact with the air. No alloy is formed, whatever the conditions, even though both elements are present simultaneously, as showed by time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy. This lack of reactivity between elements is attributed to the high pressure within the discharge that keeps each metallic vapor around the electrode it comes from. Each element exhibits a specific behavior. Cubic Cd particles, formed at 4 kV, get elongated with filamentary tips when the applied voltage reaches 7 and 10 kV. Cd wires are formed by assembly in liquid nitrogen of Cd nanoparticles driven by dipole assembly, and not by dielectrophoresis. On the contrary, silver spherical particles get assembled into 2D dendritic structures. The anisotropic growth of these structures is assumed to be due to the existence of pressure gradients.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

spark discharges / submerged discharges / time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy / liquid nitrogen

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Acknowledgement

This work benefited from the support of the project CEENEMA ANR-15-CE05-0005-01 of the French National Research Agency (ANR).

Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-019-1802-7 and is accessible for authorized users.

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