An overview of carbon nanotubes role in heavy metals removal from wastewater

Abstract

The scarcity of water, mainly in arid and semi-arid areas of the world is exerting exceptional pressure on sources and necessitates offering satisfactory water for human and different uses. Water recycle/reuse has confirmed to be successful and promising in reliable water delivery. For that reason, attention is being paid to the effective treatment of alternative resources of water (other than fresh water) which includes seawater, storm water, wastewater (e.g., dealt with sewage water), and industrial wastewater. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are called the technology of 21st century. Nowadays CNTs have been widely used for adsorption of heavy metals from water/wastewater due to their unique physical and chemical properties. This paper reviews some recent progress (from 2013 to 2018) in the application of CNTs for the adsorption of heavy metals in order to remove toxic pollutants from contaminated water. CNTs are expected to be a promising adsorbent in the future because of its high adsorption potential in comparison to many traditional adsorbents.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

carbon nanotubes / heavy metals removal / water treatment

References

[1] Marques P, Rosa M, Pinheiro H. pH effects on the removal of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ from aqueous solution by waste brewery biomass. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 2000, 23(2): 135–141

[2] Dubey R, Xavier R. Study on removal of toxic metals using various adsorbents from aqueous environment: A review. Scinzer Journal of Engineering, 2015, 1(1): 30–36

[3] Zahra N. Lead removal from water by low cost adsorbents: A review. Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry, 2012, 13(1): 8

[4] Sadegh H, Shahryari-ghoshekandi R, Tyagi I, Agarwal S, Gupta V K. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies for alizarin removal from liquid phase using poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA). Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2015, 207: 21–27

[5] Gupta V, Tyagi I, Sadegh H, Shahryari-Ghoshekandi R, Makhlouf A, Maazinejad B. Nanoparticles as adsorbent: A positive approach for removal of noxious metal ions: A review. Science. Technology and Development, 2015, 34(3): 195–214

[6] Taghavi Fardood S, Atrak K, Ramazani A. Green synthesis using tragacanth gum and characterization of Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite nanoparticles as a magnetically separable photocatalyst for organic dyes degradation from aqueous solution under visible light. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics, 2017, 28(14): 10739–10746

[7] Taghavi Fardood S, Golfar Z, Ramazani A. Novel sol-gel synthesis and characterization of superparamagnetic magnesium ferrite nanoparticles using tragacanth gum as a magnetically separable photocatalyst for degradation of reactive blue 21 dye and kinetic study. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics, 2017, 28(22): 17002–17008

[8] Shayegan M E, Sorbiun M, Ramazani A, Taghavi Fardood S. Plant-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles by using ferulago angulata (schlecht) boiss extract and comparison of their photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics, 2017, 29(2): 1333–1340

[9] Sorbiun M, Shayegan M E, Ramazani A, Taghavi Fardood S. Biosynthesis of Ag, ZnO and bimetallic Ag/ZnO alloy nanoparticles by aqueous extract of oak fruit hull (Jaft) and investigation of photocatalytic activity of ZnO and bimetallic Ag/ZnO for degradation of basic violet 3 dye. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics, 2018, 29(4): 2806–2814

[10] Duruibe J, Ogwuegbu M, Egwurugwu J. Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2007, 2(5): 112–118

[11] Järup L. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 2003, 68(1): 167–182

[12] Zahir F, Rizwi S J, Haq S K, Khan R H. Low dose mercury toxicity and human health. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2005, 20(2): 351–360

[13] Langford N, Ferner R. Toxicity of mercury. Journal of Human Hypertension, 1999, 13(10): 651–656

[14] Babel S, Kurniawan T A. Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2003, 97(1): 219–243

[15] Ernhart C B. A critical review of low-level prenatal lead exposure in the human: 1. Effects on the fetus and newborn. Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), 1992, 6(1): 9–19

[16] Gupta V K, Tyagi I, Agarwal S, Sadegh H, Shahryari-ghoshekandi R, Yari M, Yousefi-nejat O. Experimental study of surfaces of hydrogel polymers HEMA, HEMA-EEMA-MA, and PVA as adsorbent for removal of azo dyes from liquid phase. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2015, 206: 129–136

[17] Wang X, Guo Y, Yang L, Han M, Zhao J, Cheng X. Nanomaterials as sorbents to remove heavy metal ions in wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 2012, 2(7): 1000154

[18] Zhao G, Li J, Ren X, Chen C, Wang X. Few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets as superior sorbents for heavy metal ion pollution management. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(24): 10454–10462

[19] Lu C, Chiu H. Adsorption of zinc (II) from water with purified carbon nanotubes. Chemical Engineering Science, 2006, 61(4): 1138–1145

[20] Tuzen M, Soylak M. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes for speciation of chromium in environmental samples. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 147(1): 219–225

[21] Taghavi Fardood S, Ramazani A, Moradi S, Azimzadeh A P. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using arabic gum and photocatalytic degradation of direct blue 129 dye under visible light. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics, 2017, 28(18): 13596–13601

[22] Sorbiun M, Shayegan M E, Ramazani A, Taghavi Fardood S. Green synthesis of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of oak fruit hull (jaft) and comparing their photocatalytic degradation of basic violet 3. International Journal of Environmental of Research, 2018, 12(1): 29–37

[23] Luke C. Photometric determination of antimony and thallium in lead. Analytical Chemistry, 1959, 31(10): 1680–1682

[24] Shah K, Gupta K, Sengupta B. Selective separation of copper and zinc from spent chloride brass pickle liquors using solvent extraction and metal recovery by precipitation-stripping. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2017, 5(5): 5260–5269

[25] Reynier N, Coudert L, Blais J F, Mercier G, Besner S. Treatment of contaminated soil leachate by precipitation, adsorption and ion exchange. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2015, 3(2): 977–985

[26] Means J L, Crerar D A, Borcsik M P, Duguid J O. Adsorption of Co and selected actinides by Mn and Fe oxides in soils and sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1978, 42(12): 1763–1773

[27] Nozaki T. Indirect colorimetric determination of Thallium. Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan. Pure Chemistry Section, 1956, 77: 493–498

[28] Strelow F, Victor A. Quantitative separation of Al, Ga, In, and Tl by cation exchange chromatography in hydrochloric acid-acetone. Talanta, 1972, 19(9): 1019–1023

[29] Matthews A, Kiley J P. The determination of thallium in silicate rocks, marine sediments and sea water. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1969, 48(1): 25–34

[30] Fu F, Wang Q. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 2011, 92(3): 407–418

[31] Sato T, Sato K. Liquid-liquid extraction of indium (III) from aqueous acid solutions by acid organophosphorus compounds. Hydrometallurgy, 1992, 30(1-3): 367–383

[32] Zhang Y, Jin B, Ma B, Feng X. Separation of indium from lead smelting hazardous dust via leaching and solvent extraction. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2017, 5(3): 2182–2188

[33] Bidari E, Irannejad M, Gharabaghi M. Solvent extraction recovery and separation of cadmium and copper from sulphate solution. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2013, 1(4): 1269–1274

[34] Cheng C Y, Barnard K R, Zhang W, Zhu Z, Pranolo Y. Recovery of nickel, cobalt, copper and zinc in sulphate and chloride solutions using synergistic solvent extraction. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2016, 24(2): 237–248

[35] Yamini Y, Ashtari P, Khanchi A, Ghannadi-Maragheh M, Shamsipur M. Preconcentration of trace amounts of uranium in water samples on octadecyl silica membrane disks modified by bis (2-ethylhexyl) hydrogen phosphate and its determination by alpha-spectrometry without electrodeposition. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 1999, 242(3): 783–786

[36] Shamsipur M, Yamini Y, Ashtari P, Khanchi A R, Ghannadi-Marageh M. A rapid method for the extraction and separation of uranium from thorium and other accompanying elements using octadecyl silica membrane disks modified by tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide. Separation Science and Technology, 2000, 35(7): 1011–1019

[37] Ashtari P, Wang K, Yang X, Ahmadi S J. Preconcentration and separation of ultra-trace beryllium using quinalizarine-modified magnetic microparticles. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2009, 646(1): 123–127

[38] Knyazkova T, Kavitskaya A. Improved performance of reverse osmosis with dynamic layers onto membranes in separation of concentrated salt solutions. Desalination, 2000, 131(1-3): 129–136

[39] Ersahin M E, Ozgun H, Dereli R K, Ozturk I, Roest K, van Lier J B. A review on dynamic membrane filtration: Materials, applications and future perspectives. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 122: 196–206

[40] Khosravi J, Alamdari A. Copper removal from oil-field brine by coprecipitation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 166(2): 695–700

[41] Al-Rashdi B, Somerfield C, Hilal N. Heavy metals removal using adsorption and nanofiltration techniques. Separation and Purification Reviews, 2011, 40(3): 209–259

[42] Elsehly E, Chechenin N, Makunin A, Vorobyeva E, Motaweh H. Oxidized carbon nanotubes filters for iron removal from aqueous solutions. International Journal of New Technologies in Science and Engineering, 2015, 2(2): 14–18

[43] Hossini H, Rezaee A, Mohamadiyan G. Hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solution using functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube: Optimization of parameters by response surface methodology. Health Scope, 2015, 4(1): e19892

[44] Mohammadi T, Razmi A, Sadrzadeh M. Effect of operating parameters on Pb²⁺ separation from wastewater using electrodialysis. Desalination, 2004, 167: 379–385

[45] Barakat M. New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2011, 4(4): 361–377

[46] Deliyanni E, Peleka E, Matis K. Removal of zinc ion from water by sorption onto iron-based nanoadsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 141(1): 176–184

[47] Mobasherpour I, Salahi E, Ebrahimi M. Removal of divalent nickel cations from aqueous solution by multi-walled carbon nano tubes: Equilibrium and kinetic processes. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 2012, 38(9): 2205–2222

[48] Liu C, Bai R, San Ly Q. Selective removal of copper and lead ions by diethylenetriamine-functionalized adsorbent: Behaviors and mechanisms. Water Research, 2008, 42(6): 1511–1522

[49] Gupta V, Moradi O, Tyagi I, Agarwal S, Sadegh H, Shahryari-Ghoshekandi R, Makhlouf A, Goodarzi M, Garshasbi A. Study on the removal of heavy metal ions from industry waste by carbon nanotubes: effect of the surface modification: A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2016, 46(2): 93–118

[50] Li Y H, Di Z, Ding J, Wu D, Luan Z, Zhu Y. Adsorption thermodynamic, kinetic and desorption studies of Pb²⁺ on carbon nanotubes. Water Research, 2005, 39(4): 605–609

[51] Imamoglu M, Tekir O. Removal of copper (II) and lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption on activated carbon from a new precursor hazelnut husks. Desalination, 2008, 228(1-3): 108–113

[52] Ihsanullah, Al-Khaldi F A, Abu-Sharkh B, Abulkibash A M, Qureshi M I, Laoui T, Atieh M A. Effect of acid modification on adsorption of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) from aqueous solution by activated carbon and carbon nanotubes. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2016, 57(16): 7232–7244

[53] Hasar H. Adsorption of nickel (II) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from almond husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2003, 97(1): 49–57

[54] Kadirvelu K, Thamaraiselvi K, Namasivayam C. Adsorption of nickel (II) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from coirpith. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001, 24(3): 497–505

[55] Sekar M, Sakthi V, Rengaraj S. Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption study of lead (II) onto activated carbon prepared from coconut shell. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2004, 279(2): 307–313

[56] Shamsijazeyi H, Kaghazchi T. Investigation of nitric acid treatment of activated carbon for enhanced aqueous mercury removal. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2010, 16(5): 852–858

[57] Goyal M, Bhagat M, Dhawan R. Removal of mercury from water by fixed bed activated carbon columns. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 171(1): 1009–1015

[58] Di Natale F, Erto A, Lancia A, Musmarra D. Mercury adsorption on granular activated carbon in aqueous solutions containing nitrates and chlorides. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 192(3): 1842–1850

[59] Biškup B, Subotić B. Removal of heavy metal ions from solutions using zeolites. III. Influence of sodium ion concentration in the liquid phase on the kinetics of exchange processes between cadmium ions from solution and sodium ions from zeolite A. Separation Science and Technology, 2005, 39(4): 925–940

[60] Bottero J Y, Rose J, Wiesner M R. Nanotechnologies: Tools for sustainability in a new wave of water treatment processes. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2006, 2(4): 391–395

[61] Justi K C, Fávere V T, Laranjeira M C, Neves A, Peralta R A. Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption of Cu (II), Cd (II), and Ni (II) ions by chitosan functionalized with 2 [-bis-(pyridylmethyl) aminomethyl]-4-methyl-6-formylphenol. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2005, 291(2): 369–374

[62] Ngah W W, Teong L, Hanafiah M. Adsorption of dyes and heavy metal ions by chitosan composites: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011, 83(4): 1446–1456

[63] Hawari A H, Mulligan C N. Biosorption of lead (II), cadmium (II), copper (II) and nickel (II) by anaerobic granular biomass. Bioresource Technology, 2006, 97(4): 692–700

[64] Brown P, Jefcoat I A, Parrish D, Gill S, Graham E. Evaluation of the adsorptive capacity of peanut hull pellets for heavy metals in solution. Advances in Environmental Research, 2000, 4(1): 19–29

[65] Diniz C V, Doyle F M, Ciminelli V S. Effect of pH on the adsorption of selected heavy metal ions from concentrated chloride solutions by the chelating resin Dowex M-4195. Separation Science and Technology, 2002, 37(14): 3169–3185

[66] Yavuz Ö, Altunkaynak Y, Güzel F. Removal of copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese from aqueous solution by kaolinite. Water Research, 2003, 37(4): 948–952

[67] Kim E J, Lee C S, Chang Y Y, Chang Y S. Hierarchically structured manganese oxide-coated magnetic nanocomposites for the efficient removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous systems. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013, 5(19): 9628–9634

[68] Ekmekyapar F, Aslan A, Bayhan Y K, Cakici A. Biosorption of copper (II) by nonliving lichen biomass of Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2006, 137(1): 293–298

[69] Ekmekyapar F, Aslan A, Bayhan Y, Cakici A. Biosorption of Pb (II) by nonliving lichen biomass of Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. International Journal of Environmental of Research, 2012, 6(2): 417–424

[70] Li Q, Wu S, Liu G, Liao X, Deng X, Sun D, Hu Y, Huang Y. Simultaneous biosorption of cadmium (II) and lead (II) ions by pretreated biomass of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Separation and Purification Technology, 2004, 34(1): 135–142

[71] Ho Y, McKay G. The sorption of lead (II) ions on peat. Water Research, 1999, 33(2): 578–584

[72] Fiol N, Villaescusa I, Martínez M, Miralles N, Poch J, Serarols J. Sorption of Pb (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) from aqueous solution by olive stone waste. Separation and Purification Technology, 2006, 50(1): 132–140

[73] Karnitz O Jr, Gurgel L V A, De Melo J C P, Botaro V R, Melo T M S, de Freitas Gil R P, Gil L F. Adsorption of heavy metal ion from aqueous single metal solution by chemically modified sugarcane bagasse. Bioresource Technology, 2007, 98(6): 1291–1297

[74] An H, Park B, Kim D. Crab shell for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Water Research, 2001, 35(15): 3551–3556

[75] Huang J, Li Y, Cao Y, Peng F, Cao Y, Shao Q, Liu H, Guo Z. Hexavalent chromium removal over magnetic carbon nanoadsorbent: Synergistic effect of fluorine and nitrogen Co-doping. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2018, 6(27): 13062–13074

[76] Gong K, Hu Q, Yao L, Li M, Sun D, Shao Q, Qiu B, Guo Z. Ultrasonic pretreated sludge derived stable magnetic active carbon for Cr (VI) removal from wastewater. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2018, 6(6): 7283–7291

[77] Gong K, Hu Q, Xiao Y, Cheng X, Liu H, Wang N, Qiu B, Guo Z. Triple layered core–shell ZVI@ carbon@ polyaniline composite enhanced electron utilization in Cr (VI) reduction. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2018, 6(24): 11119–11128

[78] Wang Y P, Zhou P, Luo S Z, Liao X P, Wang B, Shao Q, Guo X, Guo Z. Controllable synthesis of monolayer poly (acrylic acid) on channel surface of mesoporous alumina for Pb (II) adsorption. Langmuir, 2018, 34(26): 7859–7868

[79] Huang J, Cao Y, Shao Q, Peng X, Guo Z. Magnetic nanocarbon adsorbents with enhanced hexavalent chromium removal: Morphology dependence of fibrillar vs. particulate structures. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017, 56(38): 10689–10701

[80] Wang Y P, Zhou P, Luo S Z, Guo S, Lin J, Shao Q, Guo X, Liu Z, Shen J, Wang B, Guo Z. In situ polymerized poly (acrylic acid)/alumina nanocomposites for Pb²⁺ adsorption. Advances in Polymer Technology, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.21969

[81] Ma Y, Lv L, Guo Y, Fu Y, Shao Q, Wu T, Guo S, Sun K, Guo X, Wujcik E K, Guo Z. Porous lignin based poly (acrylic acid)/organo-montmorillonite nanocomposites: Swelling behaviors and rapid removal of Pb (II) ions. Polymer, 2017, 128: 12–23

[82] Abdel G. H H, Ali G A, Fouad O A, Makhlouf S A. Enhancement of adsorption efficiency of methylene blue on Co₃O₄/SiO₂ nanocomposite. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2015, 53(11): 2980–2989

[83] Arias M, Barral M, Mejuto J. Enhancement of copper and cadmium adsorption on kaolin by the presence of humic acids. Chemosphere, 2002, 48(10): 1081–1088

[84] Rao M M, Ramesh A, Rao G P C, Seshaiah K. Removal of copper and cadmium from the aqueous solutions by activated carbon derived from Ceiba pentandra hulls. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2006, 129(1): 123–129

[85] Cao C Y, Cui Z M, Chen C Q, Song W G, Cai W. Ceria hollow nanospheres produced by a template-free microwave-assisted hydrothermal method for heavy metal ion removal and catalysis. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2010, 114(21): 9865–9870

[86] Nakamoto K, Ohshiro M, Kobayashi T. Mordenite zeolite-Polyethersulfone composite fibers developed for decontamination of heavy metal ions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2017, 5(1): 513–525

[87] Mudasir M, Karelius K, Aprilita N H, Wahyuni E T. Adsorption of mercury (II) on dithizone-immobilized natural zeolite. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2016, 4(2): 1839–1849

[88] Nguyen T C, Loganathan P, Nguyen T V, Vigneswaran S, Kandasamy J, Naidu R. Simultaneous adsorption of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn by an iron-coated Australian zeolite in batch and fixed-bed column studies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 270: 393–404

[89] Ren X, Chen C, Nagatsu M, Wang X. Carbon nanotubes as adsorbents in environmental pollution management: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011, 170(2): 395–410

[90] Yang S T, Wang X, Jia G, Gu Y, Wang T, Nie H, Ge C, Wang H, Liu Y. Long-term accumulation and low toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes in intravenously exposed mice. Toxicology Letters, 2008, 181(3): 182–189

[91] Qin L, Huang Q, Wei Z, Wang L, Wang Z. The influence of hydroxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and pH levels on the toxicity of lead to daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2014, 38(1): 199–204

[92] Hu C, Zhang L, Wang W, Cui Y, Li M. Evaluation of the combined toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and sodium pentachlorophenate on the earthworm Eisenia fetida using avoidance bioassay and comet assay. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2014, 70: 123–130

[93] Deng X, Jia G, Wang H, Sun H, Wang X, Yang S, Wang T, Liu Y. Translocation and fate of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in vivo. Carbon, 2007, 45(7): 1419–1424

[94] Alagappan P N, Heimann J, Morrow L, Andreoli E, Barron A R. Easily regenerated readily deployable absorbent for heavy metal removal from contaminated water. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 6682

[95] Wang T, Weissman J, Ramesh G, Varadarajan R, Benemann J. Parameters for removal of toxic heavy metals by water milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1996, 57(5): 779–786

[96] Bhattacharya K, Mukherjee S P, Gallud A, Burkert S C, Bistarelli S, Bellucci S, Bottini M, Star A, Fadeel B. Biological interactions of carbon-based nanomaterials: From coronation to degradation. Nanomedicine; Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine, 2016, 12(2): 333–351

[97] Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature, 1991, 354(6348): 56–58

[98] Sadegh H, Ali G A, Gupta V K, Makhlouf A S H, Shahryari-ghoshekandi R, Nadagouda M N, Sillanpää M, Megiel E. The role of nanomaterials as effective adsorbents and their applications in wastewater treatment. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 2017, 7(1): 1–14

[99] Wiesner M, Bottero J Y. Environmental Nanotechnology. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2007

[100] Khan Z H, Husain M. Carbon nanotube and its possible applications. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences, 2005, 12(6): 529–551

[101] Sun K, Xie P, Wang Z, Su T, Shao Q, Ryu J, Zhang X, Guo J, Shankar A, Li J, Fan R, Cao D, Guo Z. Flexible polydimethylsiloxane/multi-walled carbon nanotubes membranous metacomposites with negative permittivity. Polymer, 2017, 125: 50–57

[102] Luo Q, Ma H, Hao F, Hou Q, Ren J, Wu L, Yao Z, Zhou Y, Wang N, Jiang K, Lin H, Guo Z. Carbon nanotube based inverted flexible perovskite solar cells with all-inorganic charge contacts. Advanced Functional Materials, 2017, 27(42): 1703068

[103] Wu Z, Gao S, Chen L, Jiang D, Shao Q, Zhang B, Zhai Z, Wang C, Zhao M, Ma Y, Zhang X, Weng L, Zhang M, Guo Z. Electrically insulated epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with synergistic core–shell SiO₂@ MWCNTs and montmorillonite bifillers. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 2017, 218(23): 1700357

[104] Zhang K, Li G H, Feng L M, Wang N, Guo J, Sun K, Yu K X, Zeng J B, Li T, Guo Z, Wang M. Ultralow percolation threshold and enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding in poly (L-lactide)/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites with electrically conductive segregated networks. Journal of Materials Chemistry. C, Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices, 2017, 5(36): 9359–9369

[105] Guan X, Zheng G, Dai K, Liu C, Yan X, Shen C, Guo Z. Carbon nanotubes-adsorbed electrospun PA66 nanofiber bundles with improved conductivity and robust flexibility. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8(22): 14150–14159

[106] He Y, Yang S, Liu H, Shao Q, Chen Q, Lu C, Jiang Y, Liu C, Guo Z. Reinforced carbon fiber laminates with oriented carbon nanotube epoxy nanocomposites: Magnetic field assisted alignment and cryogenic temperature mechanical properties. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2018, 517: 40–51

[107] Hu C, Li Z, Wang Y, Gao J, Dai K, Zheng G, Liu C, Shen C, Song H, Guo Z. Comparative assessment of the strain-sensing behaviors of polylactic acid nanocomposites: Reduced graphene oxide or carbon nanotubes. Journal of Materials Chemistry. C, Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices, 2017, 5(9): 2318–2328

[108] Li Y, Zhou B, Zheng G, Liu X, Li T, Yan C, Cheng C, Dai K, Liu C, Shen C, Guo Z. Continuously prepared highly conductive and stretchable SWNT/MWNT synergistically composited electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane yarns for wearable sensing. Journal of Materials Chemistry. C, Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices, 2018, 6(9): 2258–2269

[109] Zhou B, Li Y, Dai K, Zheng G, Liu C, Ma Y, Zhang J X, Wang N, Shen C, Guo Z. Continuously fabricated transparent conductive polycarbonate/carbon nanotube nanocomposite film for switchable thermochromic applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry. C, Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices, 2018, 6(31): 8360–8371

[110] Lin C, Hu L, Cheng C, Sun K, Guo X, Shao Q, Li J, Wang N, Guo Z. Nano-TiNb₂O₇/carbon nanotubes composite anode for enhanced lithium-ion storage. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 260: 65–72

[111] Zhao M, Meng L, Ma L, Ma L, Yang X, Huang Y, Ryu J E, Shankar A, Li T, Yan C, Guo Z. Layer-by-layer grafting CNTs onto carbon fibers surface for enhancing the interfacial properties of epoxy resin composites. Composites Science and Technology, 2018, 154: 28–36

[112] Zheng F, Baldwin D L, Fifield L S, Anheier N C, Aardahl C L, Grate J W. Single-walled carbon nanotube paper as a sorbent for organic vapor preconcentration. Analytical Chemistry, 2006, 78(7): 2442–2446

[113] Zhou Q, Wang W, Xiao J. Preconcentration and determination of nicosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl and metsulfuron-methyl in water samples using carbon nanotubes packed cartridge in combination with high performance liquid chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2006, 559(2): 200–206

[114] Liang P, Ding Q, Song F. Application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes as solid phase extraction sorbent for preconcentration of trace copper in water samples. Journal of Separation Science, 2005, 28(17): 2339–2343

[115] Liang P, Liu Y, Guo L, Zeng J, Lu H. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the preconcentration of trace metal ions and their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2004, 19(11): 1489–1492

[116] Li Y H, Wang S, Luan Z, Ding J, Xu C, Wu D. Adsorption of cadmium (II) from aqueous solution by surface oxidized carbon nanotubes. Carbon, 2003, 41(5): 1057–1062

[117] Tavallali H, Fakhraee V. Preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of Cd²⁺ using multiwalled carbon nanotubes by solid phase extraction-flame atomic absorption spectrometry. International Journal of Chemtech Research, 2011, 3(3): 1628–1634

[118] Pu Y, Yang X, Zheng H, Wang D, Su Y, He J. Adsorption and desorption of thallium (I) on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 219: 403–410

[119] Tavallali H. Preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of Ag⁺ and Pb²⁺ using multiwalled carbon nanotubes by solid phase extraction-flame atomic absorption spectrometry. International Journal of Chemtech Research, 2013, 5(1): 105–108

[120] Ouyang M, Huang J L, Lieber C M. One-dimensional energy dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes by resonant electron scattering. Physical Review Letters, 2002, 88(6): 066804

[121] Wan X, Dong J, Xing D. Optical properties of carbon nanotubes. Physical Review. B, 1998, 58(11): 6756–6759

[122] Chen C, Wang X. Adsorption of Ni (II) from aqueous solution using oxidized multiwall carbon nanotubes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2006, 45(26): 9144–9149

[123] Al-Hakami S M, Khalil A B, Laoui T, Atieh M A. Fast disinfection of Escherichia coli bacteria using carbon nanotubes interaction with microwave radiation. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 2013, 2013: 1–9

[124] Hou P X, Liu C, Cheng H M. Purification of carbon nanotubes. Carbon, 2008, 46(15): 2003–2025

[125] Ngo C L, Le Q T, Ngo T T, Nguyen D N, Vu M T. Surface modification and functionalization of carbon nanotube with some organic compounds. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2013, 4(3): 035017

[126] Ouni L, Mirzaei M, Ashtari P, Ramazani A, Rahimi M, Bolourinovin F. Isocyanate functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for separation of lead from cyclotron production of thallium-201. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2016, 310(2): 633–643

[127] Huang Y Y, Terentjev E M. Dispersion of carbon nanotubes: Mixing, sonication, stabilization, and composite properties. Polymers, 2012, 4(1): 275–295

[128] Tasis D, Tagmatarchis N, Bianco A, Prato M. Chemistry of carbon nanotubes. Chemical Reviews, 2006, 106(3): 1105–1136

[129] Popuri S R, Frederick R, Chang C Y, Fang S S, Wang C C, Lee L C. Removal of copper (II) ions from aqueous solutions onto chitosan/carbon nanotubes composite sorbent. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2014, 52(4-6): 691–701

[130] Koh B, Cheng W. Mechanisms of carbon nanotube aggregation and the reversion of carbon nanotube aggregates in aqueous medium. Langmuir, 2014, 30(36): 10899–10909

[131] Es’haghi Z, Golsefidi M A, Saify A, Tanha A A, Rezaeifar Z, Alian-Nezhadi Z. Carbon nanotube reinforced hollow fiber solid/liquid phase microextraction: A novel extraction technique for the measurement of caffeic acid in Echinacea purpurea herbal extracts combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography. A, 2010, 1217(17): 2768–2775

[132] Fu L, Yu A. Carbon nanotubes based thin films: Fabrication, characterization and applications. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 2014, 36: 40–61

[133] Chen C, Liang B, Ogino A, Wang X, Nagatsu M. Oxygen functionalization of multiwall carbon nanotubes by microwave-excited surface-wave plasma treatment. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2009, 113(18): 7659–7665

[134] Nair L G, Mahapatra A S, Gomathi N, Joseph K, Neogi S, Nair C R. Radio frequency plasma mediated dry functionalization of multiwall carbon nanotube. Applied Surface Science, 2015, 340: 64–71

[135] Mishra P, Islam S. Surface modification of MWCNTs by O₂ plasma treatment and its exposure time dependent analysis by SEM, TEM and vibrational spectroscopy. Superlattices and Microstructures, 2013, 64: 399–407

[136] Saka C. Overview on the surface functionalization mechanism and determination of surface functional groups of plasma treated carbon nanotubes. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 2018, 48(1): 1–14

[137] Babu D J, Yadav S, Heinlein T, Cherkashinin G, Schneider J J. Schneider Jr J. Carbon dioxide plasma as a versatile medium for purification and functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2014, 118(22): 12028–12034

[138] Talapatra S, Zambano A, Weber S, Migone A. Gases do not adsorb on the interstitial channels of closed-ended single-walled carbon nanotube bundles. Physical Review Letters, 2000, 85(1): 138–141

[139] Byl O, Kondratyuk P, Forth S T, FitzGerald S A, Chen L, Johnson J K, Yates J T. Adsorption of CF₄ on the internal and external surfaces of opened single-walled carbon nanotubes: A vibrational spectroscopy study. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2003, 125(19): 5889–5896

[140] Muris M, Dupont-Pavlovsky N, Bienfait M, Zeppenfeld P. Where are the molecules adsorbed on single-walled nanotubes? Surface Science, 2001, 492(1): 67–74

[141] Fujiwara A, Ishii K, Suematsu H, Kataura H, Maniwa Y, Suzuki S, Achiba Y. Gas adsorption in the inside and outside of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters, 2001, 336(3): 205–211

[142] Muris M, Dufau N, Bienfait M, Dupont-Pavlovsky N, Grillet Y, Palmari J. Methane and krypton adsorption on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Langmuir, 2000, 16(17): 7019–7022

[143] Rawat D S, Calbi M M, Migone A D. Equilibration time: Kinetics of gas adsorption on closed-and open-ended single-walled carbon nanotubes. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007, 111(35): 12980–12986

[144] Wang H, Zhou A, Peng F, Yu H, Chen L. Adsorption characteristic of acidified carbon nanotubes for heavy metal Pb (II) in aqueous solution. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2007, 466(1): 201–206

[145] Ulbricht H, Kriebel J, Moos G, Hertel T. Desorption kinetics and interaction of Xe with single-wall carbon nanotube bundles. Chemical Physics Letters, 2002, 363(3): 252–260

[146] Babaa M, Stepanek I, Masenelli-Varlot K, Dupont-Pavlovsky N, McRae E, Bernier P. Opening of single-walled carbon nanotubes: Evidence given by krypton and xenon adsorption. Surface Science, 2003, 531(1): 86–92

[147] Kosa S A, Al-Zhrani G, Salam M A. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with 8-hydroxyquinoline. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2012, 181: 159–168

[148] Chandra V, Park J, Chun Y, Lee J W, Hwang I C, Kim K S. Water-dispersible magnetite-reduced graphene oxide composites for arsenic removal. ACS Nano, 2010, 4(7): 3979–3986

[149] Saeidi N, Parvini M, Niavarani Z. High surface area and mesoporous graphene/activated carbon composite for adsorption of Pb (II) from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2015, 3(4): 2697–2706

[150] Ansari M O, Kumar R, Ansari S A, Ansari S P, Barakat M, Alshahrie A, Cho M H. Anion selective pTSA doped polyaniline@graphene oxide-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite for Cr (VI) and Congo red adsorption. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2017, 496: 407–415

[151] Hayati B, Maleki A, Najafi F, Daraei H, Gharibi F, McKay G. Super high removal capacities of heavy metals (Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺) using CNT dendrimer. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2017, 336: 146–157

[152] Tofighy M A, Mohammadi T. Copper ions removal from aqueous solutions using acid-chitosan functionalized carbon nanotubes sheets. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2016, 57(33): 15384–15396

[153] Kanthapazham R, Ayyavu C, Mahendiradas D. Removal of Pb²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions in aqueous media using functionalized MWCNT wrapped polypyrrole nanocomposite. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2016, 57(36): 16871–16885

[154] Lasheen M, El-Sherif I Y, Sabry D Y, El-Wakeel S, El-Shahat M. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by multiwalled carbon nanotubes: Equilibrium, isotherms, and kinetics. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2015, 53(13): 3521–3530

[155] Jiang L, Yu H, Zhou X, Hou X, Zou Z, Li S, Li C, Yao X. Preparation, characterization, and adsorption properties of magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes for simultaneous removal of lead (II) and zinc (II) from aqueous solutions. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2016, 57(39): 18446–18462

[156] Alimohammady M, Jahangiri M, Kiani F, Tahermansouri H. A new modified MWCNTs with 3-aminopyrazole as a nanoadsorbent for Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2017, 5(4): 3405–3417

[157] Mubarak N, Alicia R, Abdullah E, Sahu J, Haslija A A, Tan J. Statistical optimization and kinetic studies on removal of Zn²⁺ using functionalized carbon nanotubes and magnetic biochar. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2013, 1(3): 486–495

[158] Park W K, Yoon Y, Kim S, Yoo S, Do Y, Kang J W, Yoon D H, Yang W S. Feasible water flow filter with facilely functionalized Fe₃O₄-non-oxidative graphene/CNT composites for arsenic removal. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2016, 4(3): 3246–3252

[159] Varghese S S, Varghese S H, Swaminathan S, Singh K K, Mittal V. Two-dimensional materials for sensing: Graphene and beyond. Electronics (Basel), 2015, 4(3): 651–687

[160] Mu C, Song J, Wang B, Zhang C, Xiang J, Wen F, Liu Z. Two-dimensional materials and one-dimensional carbon nanotube composites for microwave absorption. Nanotechnology, 2017, 29(2): 025704

[161] Saadat S, Karimi-Jashni A, Doroodmand M M. Synthesis and characterization of novel single-walled carbon nanotubes-doped walnut shell composite and its adsorption performance for lead in aqueous solutions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2014, 2(4): 2059–2067

[162] Sankararamakrishnan N, Gupta A, Vidyarthi S R. Enhanced arsenic removal at neutral pH using functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2014, 2(2): 802–810

[163] Sobhanardakani S, Zandipak R, Cheraghi M. Adsorption of Cu²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions using oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Avicenna Journal of Environmental Health Engineering, 2015, 2(1): e790

[164] AlOmar M K, Alsaadi M A, Hayyan M, Akib S, Hashim M A. Functionalization of CNTs surface with phosphonuim based deep eutectic solvents for arsenic removal from water. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 389: 216–226

[165] Hayati B, Maleki A, Najafi F, Daraei H, Gharibi F, McKay G. Synthesis and characterization of PAMAM/CNT nanocomposite as a super-capacity adsorbent for heavy metal (Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, As³⁺, Co²⁺) removal from wastewater. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2016, 224(Part A): 1032–1040

[166] Asadollahi N, Yavari R, Ghanadzadeh H. Preparation, characterization and analytical application of stannic molybdophosphate immobilized on multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a new adsorbent for the removal of strontium from wastewater. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2015, 303(3): 2445–2455

[167] Al Hamouz O C S, Adelabu I O, Saleh T A. Novel cross-linked melamine based polyamine/CNT composites for lead ions removal. Journal of Environmental Management, 2017, 192: 163–170

[168] Yang W, Ding P, Zhou L, Yu J, Chen X, Jiao F. Preparation of diamine modified mesoporous silica on multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the adsorption of heavy metals in aqueous solution. Applied Surface Science, 2013, 282: 38–45

[169] Bandaru N M, Reta N, Dalal H, Ellis A V, Shapter J, Voelcker N H. Enhanced adsorption of mercury ions on thiol derivatized single wall carbon nanotubes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 261: 534–541

[170] Sankararamakrishnan N, Jaiswal M, Verma N. Composite nanofloral clusters of carbon nanotubes and activated alumina: An efficient sorbent for heavy metal removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 235: 1–9

[171] Saadi R, Saadi Z, Fazaeli R, Fard N E. Monolayer and multilayer adsorption isotherm models for sorption from aqueous media. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2015, 32(5): 787–799

[172] Moghaddam H K, Pakizeh M. Experimental study on mercury ions removal from aqueous solution by MnO₂/CNTs nanocomposite adsorbent. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2015, 21: 221–229

[173] Dada A, Olalekan A, Olatunya A, Dada O. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms studies of equilibrium sorption of Zn²⁺ unto phosphoric acid modified rice husk. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2012, 3(1): 38–45

[174] Veličković Z S, Marinković A D, Bajić Z J, Marković J M, Perić-Grujić A A, Uskokovic P S, Ristic M D. Oxidized and ethylenediamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the separation of low concentration arsenate from water. Separation Science and Technology, 2013, 48(13): 2047–2058

[175] Ren X, Li J, Tan X, Wang X. Comparative study of graphene oxide, activated carbon and carbon nanotubes as adsorbents for copper decontamination. Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England), 2013, 42(15): 5266–5274

[176] Jung C, Heo J, Han J, Her N, Lee S J, Oh J, Ryu J, Yoon Y. Hexavalent chromium removal by various adsorbents: Powdered activated carbon, chitosan, and single/multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Separation and Purification Technology, 2013, 106: 63–71

[177] Liu Z, Chen L, Zhang Z, Li Y, Dong Y, Sun Y. Synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotube–hydroxyapatite composites and its application in the sorption of Co (II) from aqueous solutions. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2013, 179: 46–53

[178] Pillay K, Cukrowska E, Coville N. Improved uptake of mercury by sulphur-containing carbon nanotubes. Microchemical Journal, 2013, 108: 124–130

[179] Ramana D V, Yu J S, Seshaiah K. Silver nanoparticles deposited multiwalled carbon nanotubes for removal of Cu (II) and Cd (II) from water: Surface, kinetic, equilibrium, and thermal adsorption properties. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 223: 806–815

[180] Chen B, Zhu Z, Ma J, Qiu Y, Chen J. Surfactant assisted Ce-Fe mixed oxide decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes and their arsenic adsorption performance. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2013, 1(37): 11355–11367

[181] Gupta A, Vidyarthi S, Sankararamakrishnan N. Enhanced sorption of mercury from compact fluorescent bulbs and contaminated water streams using functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 274: 132–144

[182] Hadavifar M, Bahramifar N, Younesi H, Li Q. Adsorption of mercury ions from synthetic and real wastewater aqueous solution by functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube with both amino and thiolated groups. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 237: 217–228

[183] Ge Y, Li Z, Xiao D, Xiong P, Ye N. Sulfonated multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the removal of copper (II) from aqueous solutions. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2014, 20(4): 1765–1771

[184] Chen P H, Hsu C F, Tsai D D W, Lu Y M, Huang W J. Adsorption of mercury from water by modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Adsorption behaviour and interference resistance by coexisting anions. Environmental Technology, 2014, 35(15): 1935–1944

[185] Liang J, Liu J, Yuan X, Dong H, Zeng G, Wu H, Wang H, Liu J, Hua S, Zhang S, Yu Z, He X, He Y. Facile synthesis of alumina-decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes for simultaneous adsorption of cadmium ion and trichloroethylene. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 273: 101–110

[186] Kumar A S K, Jiang S J, Tseng W L. Effective adsorption of chromium (VI)/Cr (III) from aqueous solution using ionic liquid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a super sorbent. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2015, 3(13): 7044–7057

[187] Al-Khaldi F A, Abu-Sharkh B, Abulkibash A M, Atieh M A. Cadmium removal by activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and carbon fly ash: A comparative study. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2015, 53(5): 1417–1429

[188] Ma X, Yang S T, Tang H, Liu Y, Wang H. Competitive adsorption of heavy metal ions on carbon nanotubes and the desorption in simulated biofluids. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2015, 448: 347–355

[189] Al Khaldi F A, Abusharkh B, Khaled M, Atieh M A, Nasser M, Saleh T A, Agarwal S, Tyagi I, Gupta V K. Adsorptive removal of cadmium (II) ions from liquid phase using acid modified carbon-based adsorbents. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2015, 204: 255–263

[190] Yaghmaeian K, Mashizi R K, Nasseri S, Mahvi A H, Alimohammadi M, Nazmara S. Removal of inorganic mercury from aquatic environments by multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 2015, 13(1): 55

[191] Zhao X H, Jiao F P, Yu J G, Xi Y, Jiang X Y, Chen X Q. Removal of Cu (II) from aqueous solutions by tartaric acid modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2015, 476: 35–41

[192] Karkeh-abadi F, Saber-Samandari S. The impact of functionalized CNT in the network of sodium alginate-based nanocomposite beads on the removal of Co (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 312: 224–233

[193] Jiang L, Li S, Yu H, Zou Z, Hou X, Shen F, Li C, Yao X. Amino and thiol modified magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the simultaneous removal of lead, zinc, and phenol from aqueous solutions. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 369: 398–413

[194] Diva T N, Zare K, Taleshi F, Yousefi M. Synthesis, characterization, and application of nickel oxide/CNT nanocomposites to remove Pb²⁺ from aqueous solution. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 2017, 7(3): 273–281

[195] Farghali A, Tawab H A, Moaty S A, Khaled R. Functionalization of acidified multi-walled carbon nanotubes for removal of heavy metals in aqueous solutions. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 2017, 7(2): 101–111

[196] Zhang D, Yin Y, Liu J. Removal of Hg²⁺ and methylmercury in waters by functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Adsorption behavior and the impacts of some environmentally relevant factors. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 2017, 29(1): 161–169

[197] Elmi F, Hosseini T, Taleshi M S, Taleshi F. Kinetic and thermodynamic investigation into the lead adsorption process from wastewater through magnetic nanocomposite Fe₃O₄/CNT. Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering, 2017, 2(1): 13

[198] Abdel Ghani N T, El Chaghaby G A, Helal F S. Individual and competitive adsorption of phenol and nickel onto multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Journal of Advanced Research, 2015, 6(3): 405–415

[199] Khedr S, Shouman M, Fathy N, Attia A. Effect of physical and chemical activation on the removal of hexavalent chromium ions using palm tree branches. ISRN Environmental Chemistry, 2014, 2014: 1–11

[200] Dawodu F A, Akpomie K G. Simultaneous adsorption of Ni (II) and Mn (II) ions from aqueous solution unto a Nigerian kaolinite clay. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2014, 3(2): 129–141

[201] Mubarak N, Sahu J, Abdullah E, Jayakumar N. Removal of heavy metals from wastewater using carbon nanotubes. Separation and Purification Reviews, 2014, 43(4): 311–338

[202] Rao G P, Lu C, Su F. Sorption of divalent metal ions from aqueous solution by carbon nanotubes: A review. Separation and Purification Technology, 2007, 58(1): 224–231

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2019 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature