Molecular dynamics study of water diffusion in an amphiphilic block copolymer with large difference in the blocks’ glass transition temperatures
Yang Zhou, Phillip Choi
Molecular dynamics study of water diffusion in an amphiphilic block copolymer with large difference in the blocks’ glass transition temperatures
Isothermal-isobaric molecular dynamics simulation was used to study the diffusion mechanism of water in polyurethane-block-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PU-block-PNIPAm) with a hydrophobic PU/hydrophilic PNIPAm mass ratio of 1.4 to 1 at 298 K and 450 K. Here, the experimental glass transition temperature (Tg) of PU is 243 K while that of PNIPAm is 383 K. Different amounts of water up to 15 wt-% were added to PU-block-PNIPAm. We were able to reproduce the specific volumes and glass transition temperatures (250 K and 390 K) of PU-block-PNIPAm. The computed self-diffusion coefficient of water increased exponentially with increasing water concentration at both temperatures (i.e., following the free volume model of Fujita). It suggested that water diffusion in PU-block-PNIPAm depends only on its fractional free volume despite the free volume inhomogeneity. It is noted that at 298 K, PU is rubbery while PNIPAm is glassy. Regardless of temperature, radial distribution functions showed that water formed clusters with sizes in the range of 0.2–0.4 nm in PU-block-PNIPAm. At low water concentrations, more clusters were found in the PU domain but at high water concentrations, more in the PNIPAm domain. It is believed that water molecules diffuse as clusters rather than as individual molecules.
molecular dynamics simulation / amphiphilic block copolymer / free volume / water diffusivity / fujita model
[1] |
Mathews A S, Narine S. Poly[N-isopropyl acrylamide]-co-polyurethane copolymers for controlled release of urea. Journal of Polymer Science. Part A, Polymer Chemistry, 2010, 48(15): 3236–3243
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Seo Y, Brown J R, Hall L M. Effect of tapering on morphology and interfacial behavior of diblock copolymers from molecular dynamics simulations. Macromolecules, 2015, 48(14): 4974–4982
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Srinivas G, Discher D E, Klein M L. Self-assembly and properties of diblock copolymers by coarse-grain molecular dynamics. Nature Materials, 2004, 3(9): 638–644
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Fujita H, Kishimoto A, Matsumoto K. Concentration and temperature dependence of diffusion coefficients for systems polymethyl acrylate and n-alkyl acetates. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 1960, 56: 424–437
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Fujita H. Free-volume model of diffusion in polymer solutions. Advances in Polymer Science, 1961, 3: 1–47
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Fujita H. Notes on free volume theories. Polymer Journal, 1991, 23(12): 1499–1506
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Fujita H. Comments on free volume theories for plymer-solvent systems. Chemical Engineering Science, 1993, 48(17): 3037–3042
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Williams M L, Landel R F, Ferry J D. The temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass-forming liquids. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1955, 77(14): 3701–3707
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Hess B, Kutzner C, van der Spoel D, Lindahl E. GROMACS 4: Algorithms for highly efficient, load-balanced, and scalable molecular simulation. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 2008, 4(3): 435–447
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[10] |
van der Spoel D, Lindahl E, Hess B, Groenhof G, Mark A E, Berendsen H J C. GROMACS: Fast, flexible, and free. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 2005, 26(16): 1701–1718
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Lindahl E, Hess B, van der Spoel D. GROMACS 3.0: A package for molecular simulation and trajectory analysis. Journal of Molecular Modeling, 2001, 7(8): 306–317
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Berendsen H J, van der Spoel D, van Drunen R. GROMACS: A message-passing parallel molecular dynamics implementation. Computer Physics Communications, 1995, 91(1-3): 43–56
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Ostenbrink C, Villa A, Mark A E, van Gunsteren W F. A biomolecular force field based on the free enthalpy of hydration and solvation: The GROMOS force-field parameter sets 53A5 and 53A6. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 2004, 25(13): 1656–1676
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Daura X, Mark A E, van Gunsteren W F. Parametrization of aliphatic CHn united atoms of GROMOS96 force field. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 1998, 19(5): 535–547
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Berendsen H J, Postma J P, van Gunsteren W F, Hermans J. Interaction models for water in relation to protein hydration. Intermolecular Forces, 1981, 331–342
|
[16] |
Theodorou D N, Suter U W. Detailed molecular structure of a vinyl polymer glass. Macromolecules, 1985, 18(7): 1467–1478
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Hoover W G. Canonical dynamics: Equilibrium phase-space distributions. Physical Review A., 1985, 31(3): 1695–1697
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Parrinello M, Rahman A. Polymorphic transitions in single crystals: A new molecular dynamics method. Journal of Applied Physics, 1981, 52(12): 7182–7190
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Zhang Q G, Liu Q L, Chen Y, Wu J Y, Zhu A M. Microstructure dependent diffusion of water-ethanol in swollen poly (vinyl alcohol): A molecular dynamics simulation study. Chemical Engineering Science, 2009, 64(2): 334–340
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Bondi A. van der Waals volumes and radii. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1964, 68(3): 441–451
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Raghu A V, Gadaginamath G S, Jawalkar S S, Halligudi S B, Aminabhavi T M. Synthesis, characterization, and molecular modeling studies of novel polyurethanes based on 2,2′-[ethane-1,2-diylbis (nitrilomethylylidene)] diphenol and 2,2′-[hexane-1,6-diylbis (nitrilomethylylidene)] diphenol hard segments. Journal of Polymer Science. Part A, Polymer Chemistry, 2006, 44(20): 6032–6046
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Zhou D, Bayati F, Choi P. On the weak dependence of water diffusivity on the degree of hydrophobicity of acetylated hydroxypropyl xylan. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2013, 98(1): 644–649
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Schild H G. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): Experiment, theory and application. Progress in Polymer Science, 1992, 17(2): 163–249
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Harmandaris V, Mavrantzas V, Theodorou D, Kröger M, Ramírez J, Öttinger H C, Vlassopoulos D. Crossover from the rouse to the entangled polymer melt regime: Signals from long, detailed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, supported by rheological experiments. Macromolecules, 2003, 36(4): 1376–1387
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Cohen M H, Turnbull D. Molecular transport in liquids and glasses. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1959, 31(5): 1164–1169
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Sreenivasan K. Diffusion of water and alcohol in chemically modified polyurethane. Polymer International, 1993, 30(3): 363–365
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Pulat M, Akdoğan A. The diffusion and bulk properties of polyurethane (PU)-based hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2002, 85: 193–198
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[28] |
McNeill M E, Graham N B. Properties controlling the diffusion and release of water-soluble solutes from poly(ethylene oxide) hydrogels 1. Polymer composition. Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition, 1993, 4(3): 305–322
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Costa L, Storti G. Self-diffusion of small molecules into rubbery polymers: A lattice free-volume theory. Journal of Polymer Science. Part B, Polymer Physics, 2010, 48(5): 529–540
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Scholfield M R, Ford M C, van der Zanden C M, Billman M M, Ho P S, Rappé A K. Force field model of periodic trends in biomolecular halogen bonds. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2015, 119(29): 9140–9149
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Tamai Y, Tanaka H, Nakanishi K. Molecular dynamics study of water in hydrogels. Molecular Simulation, 1996, 16(4-6): 359–374
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
/
〈 | 〉 |