A review on ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass

Shaolong WAN, Yong WANG

PDF(528 KB)
PDF(528 KB)
Front. Chem. Sci. Eng. ›› 2014, Vol. 8 ›› Issue (3) : 280-294. DOI: 10.1007/s11705-014-1436-8
REVIEW ARTICLE
REVIEW ARTICLE

A review on ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass

Author information +
History +

Abstract

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is deemed as the most promising way to convert biomass to transportation fuels or value added chemicals. Most works in literature so far have focused on the in situ CFP where the catalysts are packed or co-fed with the feedstock in the pyrolysis reactor. However, the ex situ CFP with catalysts separated from the pyrolyzer has attracted more and more attentions due to its unique advantages of individually optimizing the pyrolysis conditions and catalyst performances. This review compares the differences between the in situ and ex situ CFP operation, and summarizes the development and progress of ex situ CFP applications, including the rationale and performances of different catalysts, and the choices of suitable ex situ reactor systems. Due to the complex composition of bio-oil, no single approach was believed to be able to solve the problems completely among all those existing technologies. With the increased understanding of catalyst performances and reaction process, the recent trend toward an integration of biomass or bio-oil fractionation with subsequent thermo/bio-chemical conversion routes is also discussed.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

catalytic fast pyrolysis / ex situ / catalysts

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Shaolong WAN, Yong WANG. A review on ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2014, 8(3): 280‒294 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-014-1436-8

References

[1]
Lynd L R, Wyman C E, Gerngross T U. Biocommodity engineering. Biotechnology Progress, 1999, 15: 777–793
[2]
Wyman C E. Biomass ethanol: Technical progress, opportunities, and commercial challenges. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 1999, 24: 189–226
[3]
Wyman C E, Dale B E, Elander R T, Holtzapple M, Ladisch M R, Lee Y Y. Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies. Bioresource Technology, 2005, 96: 1959–1966
[4]
Klass D L. Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998
[5]
Leibbrandt N H, Knoetze J H, Gorgens J F. Comparing biological and thermochemical processing of sugarcane bagasse: An energy balance perspective. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011, 35: 2117–2126
[6]
Anex R P, Aden A, Kazi F K, Fortman J, Swanson R M, Wright M M, Satrio J A, Brown R C, Daugaard D E, Platon A, Kothandaraman G, Hsu D D, Dutta A. Techno-economic comparison of biomass-to-transportation fuels via pyrolysis, gasification, and biochemical pathways. Fuel, 2010, 89(Supplement 1): S29–S35
[7]
Zhou C H, Xia X, Lin C X, Tong D S, Beltramini J. Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fine chemicals and fuels. Chemical Society Reviews, 2011, 40: 5588–5617
[8]
Bridgwater A V. IEA Bioenergy 27th Update. Biomass pyrolysis. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2007, 31: VII–XVIII
[9]
Mullen C A, Boateng A A. Chemical composition of bio-oils produced by fast pyrolysis of two energy crops. Energy & Fuels, 2008, 22: 2104–2109
[10]
Mullen C A, Boateng A A. Catalytic pyrolysis-GC/MS of lignin from several sources. Fuel Processing Technology, 2010, 91: 1446–1458
[11]
Mohan D, Pittman C U, Steele P H. Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: A critical review. Energy & Fuels, 2006, 20: 848–889
[12]
Diebold J P. A review of the chemical and physical mechanisms of the storage stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oils. 2000
[13]
Czernik S, Johnson D K, Black S. Stability of wood fast pyrolysis oil. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1994, 7: 187–192
[14]
Mortensen P M, Grunwaldt J D, Jensen P A, Knudsen K G, Jensen A D. A review of catalytic upgrading of bio-oil to engine fuels. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2011, 407: 1–19
[15]
Huber G W, Iborra S, Corma A. Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chemical Reviews, 2006, 106: 4044–4098
[16]
Zhang Y, Brown T R, Hu G, Brown R C. Techno-economic analysis of two bio-oil upgrading pathways. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 225: 895–904
[17]
Vispute T P, Zhang H Y, Sanna A, Xiao R, Huber G W. Renewable chemical commodity feedstocks from integrated catalytic processing of pyrolysis oils. Science, 2010, 330: 1222–1227
[18]
Jones S B, Valkenburg C, Walton C W, Elliott D C, Holladay J E, Stevens D J, Kinchin C. Czernik S. Production of gasoline and diesel from biomass via fast pyrolysis, hydrotreating and hydrocracking: A design case. Washington: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, 2009
[19]
Brown T R, Zhang Y, Hu G, Brown R C. Techno-economic analysis of biobased chemicals production via integrated catalytic processing. Biofuels. Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2012, 6: 73–87
[20]
Regalbuto J R. Cellulosic biofuels—got gasoline? Science, 2009, 325: 822–824
[21]
Resasco D E. What should we demand from the catalysts responsible for upgrading biomass pyrolysis oil? Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2011, 2: 2294–2295
[22]
Czernik S, Bridgwater A V. Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil. Energy & Fuels, 2004, 18: 590–598
[23]
Mohan D, Pittman C U, Steele P H. Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: A critical review. Energy & Fuels, 2006, 20: 848–889
[24]
Huber G W, Iborra S, Corma A. Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: Chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chemical Reviews, 2006, 106: 4044–4098
[25]
Giudicianni P, Cardone G, Ragucci R. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin slow steam pyrolysis: Thermal decomposition of biomass components mixtures. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2013, 100: 213–222
[26]
Butlera E, Devlina G, Meierb D, McDonnella K. A review of recent laboratory research and commercial developments in fast pyrolysis and upgrading. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, 15: 4171–4186
[27]
Liu C, Wang H, Karim A, Sun J, Wang Y. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Chemical Society Reviews, 2014, submitted
CrossRef Google scholar
[28]
Yildiz G, Pronk M, Djokic M, van Geem K M, Ronsse F, van Duren R, Prins W. Validation of a new set-up for continuous catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass coupled with vapour phase upgrading. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2013, 103: 343–351
[29]
Nguyen T S, Zabeti M, Lefferts L, Brem G, Seshan K. Catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapours using faujasite zeolite catalysts. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2013, 48: 100–110
[30]
Güngör A, Önenç S, Uçar S, Yanik J. Comparison between the “one-step” and “two-step” catalytic pyrolysis of pine bark. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012, 97: 39–48
[31]
Wan S. Waters C, Jentoft R, Crossley S, Lobban L, Resasco D, Mallinson R. Deactivation of catalysts during upgrading of pyrolysis vapors. Presented at ACS National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, April 10, 2013
[32]
Wan S, Waters C, Stevens A, Jentoft R, Crossley S, Lobban L, Resasco D, Mallinson R. Decoupling HZSM-5 catalyst activity from deactivation during the upgrading of pyrolysis oil vapors: role of reaction temperature and acid site proximity. ChemSusChem, 2014, submitted
[33]
Adjaye J D, Bakhshi N N. Catalytic conversion of a biomass-derived oil to fuels and chemicals. I: Model compound studies and reaction pathways. Biomass and Bioenergy, 1995, 8: 131–149
[34]
Carlson T R, Jae J, Lin Y C, Tompsett G A, Huber G W. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of glucose with HZSM-5: The combined homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Journal of Catalysis, 2010, 270: 110–124
[35]
Carlson T R, Vispute T P, Huber G W. Green gasoline by catalytic fast pyrolysis of solid biomass derived compounds. ChemSusChem, 2008, 1: 397–400
[36]
Fanchiang W L, Lin Y C. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of furfural over H-ZSM-5 and Zn/H-ZSM-5 catalysts. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2012, 419–420: 102–110
[37]
Zhao Y, Pan T, Zuo Y, Guo Q X, Fu Y. Production of aromatic hydrocarbons through catalytic pyrolysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from biomass. Bioresource Technology, 2013, 147: 37–42
[38]
Foster A J, Jae J, Cheng Y T, Huber G W, Lobo R F. Optimizing the aromatic yield and distribution from catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass over ZSM-5. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2012, 423–424: 154–161
[39]
Cheng Y T, Jae J, Shi J, Fan W, Huber G W. Production of renewable aromatic compounds by catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with bifunctional Ga/ZSM-5 catalysts. Angewandte Chemie, 2012, 124: 1416–1419
[40]
French R, Czernik S. Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass for biofuels production. Fuel Processing Technology, 2010, 91: 25–32
[41]
Corma A, Huber G W, Sauvanaud L, Connor P O. Processing biomass-derived oxygenates in the oil refinery: Catalytic cracking (FCC) reaction pathways and role of catalyst. Journal of Catalysis, 2007, 247: 307–327
[42]
Jae J, Tompsett G A, Foster A J, Hammond K D. Auerbach S M, Lobo R F, Huber G W. Investigation into the shape selectivity of zeolite catalysts for biomass conversion. Journal of Catalysis, 2011, 279: 257–268
[43]
Carlson T R, Tompsett G A, Conner W C, Huber G W. Aromatic production from catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass-derived feedstocks. Topics in Catalysis, 2009, 52: 241–252
[44]
Carlson T R, Cheng Y T, Jae J, Huber G W. Production of green aromatics and olefins by catalytic fast pyrolysis of wood sawdust. Energy & Environmental Science, 2011, 4: 145–161
[45]
Zhang H, Cheng Y T, Vispute T P, Xiao R, Huber G W. Catalytic conversion of biomass-derived feedstocks into olefins and aromatics with ZSM-5: the hydrogen to carbon effective ratio. Energy & Environmental Science, 2011, 4: 2297–2307
[46]
Zhang H, Carlson T R, Xiao R. Huber G W. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of wood and alcohol mixtures in a fluidized bed reactor. Green Chemistry, 2012, 14: 98–110
[47]
Cheng Y T, Jae J, Shi J, Fan W, Huber G W. Production of renewable aromatic compounds by catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with bifunctional Ga/ZSM-5 catalysts. Angewandte Chemie, 2012, 124: 1416–1419
[48]
Cheng Y T, Wang Z P, Gilbert C J, Fan W, Huber G W. Production of p-xylene from biomass by catalytic fast pyrolysis using ZSM-5 catalysts with reduced pore openings. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2012, 51: 11097–11100
[49]
Wan S, Waters C, Stevens A, Gumidyala A, Jentoft R, Crossley S, Lobban L, Resasco D, Mallinson R. Deactivation of catalysts during upgrading of pyrolysis vapors. Div. Energy Fuels, 2014, 59(1): 345–346.
[50]
Williams P T, Horne P A. The influence of catalyst regeneration on the composition of zeolite-upgraded biomass pyrolysis oils. Fuel, 1995, 74: 1839–1851
[51]
Williams P T, Nugranad N. Comparison of products from the pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of rice husks. Energy, 2000, 25: 493–513
[52]
Giannakopoulou K, Lukas M, Vasiliev A, Brunner C, Schnitzer H. Conversion of rapeseed cake into bio-fuel in a batch reactor: Effect of catalytic vapor upgrading. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2010, 128: 126–135
[53]
Choi S J, Park S H, Jeon J K, Lee I G, Ryu C, Suh D J. Park Y K. Catalytic conversion of particle board over microporous catalysts. Renewable Energy, 2013, 54: 105–110
[54]
Zhao Y, Deng L, Liao B, Fu Y, Guo Q X. Aromatics production via catalytic pyrolysis of pyrolytic lignins from bio-oil. Energy & Fuels, 2010, 24: 5735–5740
[55]
Yu Y, Li X, Su L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang H. The role of shape selectivity in catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignin with zeolite catalysts. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2012, 447–448: 115–123
[56]
Lu Q, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Zhu X F. Catalytic upgrading of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors with Pd/SBA-15 catalysts. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2010, 49: 2573–2580
[57]
Park H J, Heo H S, Jeon J K, Kim J, Ryoo R, Jeong K E. Park Y K. Highly valuable chemicals production from catalytic upgrading of radiata pine sawdust-derived pyrolytic vapors over mesoporous MFI zeolites. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2010, 95: 365–373
[58]
Ma Z, Troussard E, van Bokhoven J A. Controlling the selectivity to chemicals from lignin via catalytic fast pyrolysis. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2012, 423–424: 130–136
[59]
Jackson M A, Compton D L, Boateng A A. Screening heterogeneous catalysts for the pyrolysis of lignin. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2009, 85: 226–230
[60]
Twaiq F A, Mohamed A R, Bhatia S. Liquid hydrocarbon fuels from palm oil by catalytic cracking over aluminosilicate mesoporous catalysts with various Si/Al ratios. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2003, 64: 95–107
[61]
Stöcker M. Biofuels and biomass-to-liquid fuels in the biorefinery: Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass using porous materials. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2008, 47: 9200–9211
[62]
Iliopoulou E F, Antonakou E V, Karakoulia S A, Vasalos I A, Lappas A A, Triantafyllidis K S. Catalytic conversion of biomass pyrolysis products by mesoporous materials: Effect of steam stability and acidity of Al-MCM-41 catalysts. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2007, 134: 51–57
[63]
Antonakou E, Lappas A, Nilsen M H, Bouzga A, Stöcker M. Evaluation of various types of Al-MCM-41 materials as catalysts in biomass pyrolysis for the production of bio-fuels and chemicals. Fuel, 2006, 85: 2202–2212
[64]
Stephanidis S, Nitsos C, Kalogiannis K, Iliopoulou E F, Lappas A A, Triantafyllidis K S. Catalytic upgrading of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis vapours: Effect of hydrothermal pre-treatment of biomass. Catalysis Today, 2011, 167: 37–45
[65]
Adam J, Blazsó M, Mészáros E, Stöcker M, Nilsen M H, Bouzga A, Hustad J E, Grønli M. Øye G. Pyrolysis of biomass in the presence of Al-MCM-41 type catalysts. Fuel, 2005, 84: 1494–1502
[66]
Adam J, Antonakou E, Lappas A, Stöcker M, Nilsen M H, Bouzga A, Hustad J E, Øye G. In situ catalytic upgrading of biomass derived fast pyrolysis vapours in a fixed bed reactor using mesoporous materials. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2006, 96: 93–101
[67]
Lu Q, Li W Z, Zhang D, Zhu X F. Analytical pyrolysis—gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) of sawdust with Al/SBA-15 catalysts. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2009, 84: 131–138
[68]
Triantafyllidis K S, Iliopoulou E F, Antonakou E V, Lappas A A, Wang H, Pinnavaia T J. Hydrothermally stable mesoporous aluminosilicates (MSU-S) assembled from zeolite seeds as catalysts for biomass pyrolysis. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2007, 99: 132–139
[69]
Stefanidis S D, Kalogiannis K G, Iliopoulou E F, Lappas A A, Pilavachi P A. In-situ upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors: Catalyst screening on a fixed bed reactor. Bioresource Technology, 2011, 102: 8261–8267
[70]
Lu Q, Xiong W M, Li W Z, Guo Q X, Zhu X F. Catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose with sulfated metal oxides: A promising method for obtaining high yield of light furan compounds. Bioresource Technology, 2009, 100: 4871–4876
[71]
Lu Q, Zhang Z F, Dong C Q, Zhu X F. Catalytic upgrading of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors with nano metal oxides: An analytical Py-GC/MS study. Energies, 2010, 3: 1805–1820
[72]
Nokkosmäki M, Kuoppala E, Leppämäki E, Krause A J. A novel test method for cracking catalysts. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 1998, 44: 193–204
[73]
Nokkosmäki M, Krause A, Leppämäki E, Kuoppala E. A novel test method for catalysts in the treatment of biomass pyrolysis oil. Catalysis Today, 1998, 45: 405–409
[74]
Nokkosmäki M, Kuoppala E, Leppämäki E, Krause A J. Catalytic conversion of biomass pyrolysis vapours with zinc oxide. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2000, 55: 119–131
[75]
Torri C, Reinikainen M, Lindfors C, Fabbri D, Oasmaa A, Kuoppala E. Investigation on catalytic pyrolysis of pine sawdust: Catalyst screening by Py-GC-MIP-AED. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2010, 88(1): 7–13
[76]
Sun J, Mei D, Karim A M, Datye A K, Wang Y. Minimizing the formation of coke and methane on Co nanoparticles in steam reforming of biomass-derived oxygenates. ChemCatChem, 2013, 5: 1299–1303
[77]
Marquevich M, Czernik S, Chornet E, Montané D. Hydrogen from biomass: Steam reforming of model compounds of fast-pyrolysis oil. Energy & Fuels, 1999, 13: 1160–1166
[78]
Nguyen T S, Zabeti M, Lefferts L, Brem G, Seshan K. Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to green fuel oil over sodium based catalysts. Bioresource Technology, 2013, 142: 353–360
[79]
Lu Q, Zhang Y, Tang Z, Li W, Zhu X. Catalytic upgrading of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors with titania and zirconia/titania based catalysts. Fuel, 2010, 89: 2096
[80]
Wan S, Pham T, Zhang S, Lobban L L, Resasco D E, Mallinson R G. Direct catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors by a dual function Ru/TiO2 catalyst. AIChE Journal. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2013, 59: 2275
[81]
Boonyasuwat S, Omotoso T, Resasco D E, Crossley S P. Conversion of guaiacol over supported Ru catalysts. Catalysis Letters, 2013, 143: 783–791
[82]
Omotoso T, Boonyasuwat S. Understanding the role of TiO2 crystal structure on the enhanced activity and stability of Ru/TiO2 catalysts for the conversion of lignin-derived oxygenates. Green Chemistry, 2014, 16: 645–652
[83]
Pham T N, Shi D, Sooknoi T, Resasco D E. Aqueous-phase ketonization of acetic acid over Ru/TiO2/carbon catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 2012, 295: 169–178
[84]
Pham T N, Sooknoi T, Crossley S P, Resasco D E. Ketonization of carboxylic acids: Mechanisms, catalysts, and implications for biomass conversion. ACS Catalysis, 2013, 3: 2456–2473
[85]
Marker T, Felix L, Linck M, Roberts M. Direct production of gasoline and diesel from biomass using integrated hydropyrolysis and hydroconversion (IH2). In: TCS 2010, Symposium on Thermal and Catalytic Sciences for Biofuels and Biobased Products
[86]
Marker T, Felix L, Linck M. Integrated hydropyrolysis and hydroconverstion process for production of gasoline and diesel fuel from biomass. AIChE annual meeting. Nashville, TN: AIChE, 2009
[87]
Pollard A S, Roverc M R, Brown R C. Characterization of bio-oil recovered as stage fractions with unique chemical and physical properties. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2012, 93: 129–138

Acknowledgements

We greatly appreciate the support from the Center for Biomass Refining of University of Oklahoma.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF(528 KB)

Accesses

Citations

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/