Isolation, identification and primary application of bacteria from putrid alkaline silica sol

Abstract

The putrefaction of alkaline silica sol was investigated in this paper. The total colony numbers in three alkaline silica sol samples were 1.47×10⁵, 1.25×10⁴, and 9.45×10⁴ cfu·mL^–1, respectively. The salt- and alkali-tolerant strains were isolated and selected using nutrient agar medium at 2.5% salinity and pH 9.5. Basic morphological, physiological and biochemical tests were conducted to confirm the preliminary characterizations of the strains. Based on API 50 CH test and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, the isolated strains were finally identified as Exiguobacterium aurantiacum, Cyclobacteriaceae bacterium, Microbacterium sp., Acinetobacter sp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Bacillus thuringiensis. The survivability of the strains under different conditions such as salinities, acidities and temperatures was also studied. Some suitable methods for degerming, such as product pipe steam sterilization and regular canister cleaning, were proposed. To explore the possibility of isolates in industrial application, their alkaline protease and amylase production abilities were preliminarily studied. Five strains produced alkaline protease, whereas two strains produced alkaline amylase. Thus, understanding of the putrefaction on alkaline silica sol would be beneficial for improving industrial production.

Keywords

putrid alkaline silica sol / alkaliphile / isolation and identification / sterilization / alkaline protease and alkaline amylase

References

[1] Axelsson M. Mechanical tests on a new non-cementitious grout, silica sol: a laboratory study of the material characteristics. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2006, 21(5): 554–560

[2] Butrón C, Axelsson M, Gustafson G. Silica sol for rock grouting: laboratory testing of strength, fracture behavior and hydraulic conductivity. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2009, 24(6): 603–607

[3] Schwerin. Manufacture of chemically pure soluble silica acid. US Patent, 1132394, 1915–<month>03</month>–<day>16</day>

[4] Bird. Colloidal solutions of inorganic oxides. US 2244325, 1941–<month>06</month>–<day>03</day>

[5] Yin X, Dai Y J. Properties, preparations and applications of silica sol. Chemical Propellants & Polymeric Materials, 2005, 3(6): 27–32

[6] Zhang H N, Zhao Y, Akins D L. Synthesis and new structure shaping mechanism of silica particles formed at high pH. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 2012, 194: 277–281

[7] Patwardhan S V, Clarson S J. Silicification and biosilicification: Part 5-An investigation of the silica structures formed at weakly acidic pH and neutral pH as facilitated by cationically charged macromolecules. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2003, 23(4): 495–499

[8] van den Burg B. Extremophiles as a source for novel enzymes. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2003, 6(3): 213–218

[9] Horikoshi K. Alkaliphiles: some applications of their products for biotechnology. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 1999, 63(4): 735–750

[10] Grant W D, Mwatha W E, Jones B E. Alkaliphiles: ecology, diversity and applications. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 1990, 75(2–3): 255–269

[11] Demirjian D C, Morís-Varas F, Cassidy C S. Enzymes from extremophiles. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 2001, 5(2): 144–151

[12] Meek C S, Lipman C B. The relation of the reactions of the salt concentration of the medium to nitrifying bacteria. Journal of General Physiology, 1922, 5(2): 195–204

[13] Vedder A. Bacillus alcalophilus nov. sp. benevens enkle ervaringen met sterk alcalische voedingsbodems. Antonie van Leevenhoek. Journal of Microbiology Serology, 1934, 1: 141–147

[14] Horikoshi K. Production of alkaline enzymes by alkalophilic microorganisms. Part I. Alkaline protease produced by Bacillus No. 221. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 1971, 36(9): 1407–1414

[15] Yang Y X, Wu Q Y, Chen R S. Growth of algae in silica sol and the selection of algaecide. Journal of Nanjing University, 1989, 25(3): 92–97 (in Chinese)

[16] Chen G Y, Chen J. Stability of acid silica sol and the microorganisms in silica sol. China Inorganic Salt (special issue), 2006, 25–28 (in Chinese)

[17] Zhao B, He S J. Microbiology Experiment. China: Science press, 2003, 145–152 (in Chinese)

[18] Rath A C, Carr C J, Graham B R. Characterization of metarhizium anisopliae strains by carbohydrate utilization (API 50 CH). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 1995, 65(2): 152–161

[19] Liu S N. Clone and expression of pediocin pedA gene from pediococcus acidilactici. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2009, 29–30 (in Chinese)

[20] Ma C C, Zheng D M. Manufacture and application of silica sols. Shandong Chemical Industry, 2008, 37(5): 26–29 (in Chinese)

[21] Besbes M, Fakhfakh N, Benzina M. Characterization of silica gel prepared by using sol-gel process. Physics Procedia, 2009, 2(3): 1087–1095

[22] Tang Y L. An overview on manufacture methods of the silica sols. Zhejiang Chemical Industry, 2003, 34(5): 4–6 (in Chinese)

[23] Kaide A, Saeki T. Development of preparation method to control silica sol-gel synthesis with rheological and morphological measurements. Advanced Powder Technology, 2014, 25(2): 773–779

[24] Jeswani H, Mukherji S. Batch studies with Exiguobacterium aurantiacum degrading structurally diverse organic compounds and its potential for treatment of biomass gasification wastewater. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2013, 80: 1–9

[25] Mohanty G, Mukherji S. Biodegradation rate of diesel range n-alkanes by bacterial cultures Exiguobacterium aurantiacum and Burkholderia cepacia. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2008, 61(3): 240–250

[26] Kulshreshtha N M, Kumar A, Dhall P, Gupta S, Bisht G, Pasha S, Singh V P, Kumar R. Neutralization of alkaline industrial wastewaters using Exiguobacterium sp. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2010, 64(3): 191–196

[27] Jiang X, Xue Y, Wang A, Wang L, Zhang G, Zeng Q, Yu B, Ma Y. Efficient production of polymer-grade L-lactate by an alkaliphilic Exiguobacterium sp. strain under nonsterile open fermentation conditions. Bioresource Technology, 2013, 143: 665–668

[28] Nowicka D, Ginter-Kramarczyk D, Holderna-Odachowska A, Budnik I, Kaczorek E, Lukaszewski Z. Biodegradation of oxyethylated fatty alcohols by bacteria Microbacterium strain E19. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2013, 91: 32–38

[29] Zhang D, Li W, Huang X, Qin W, Liu M. Removal of ammonium in surface water at low temperature by a newly isolated Microbacterium sp. strain SFA13. Bioresource Technology, 2013, 137: 147–152

[30] Koma D, Hasumi F, Yamamoto E, Ohta T, Chung S Y, Kubo M. Biodegradation of long-chain n-paraffins from waste oil of car engine by Acinetobacter sp. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2001, 91(1): 94–96

[31] Liu Y J, Zhang A N, Wang X C. Biodegradation of phenol by using free and immobilized cells of Acinetobacter sp. XA05 and Sphingomonas sp. FG03. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2009, 44(2–3): 187–192

[32] Göttsching A, Schmidt S. Productive degradation of the biocide benzylbenzoate by Acinetobacter sp. strain AG1 isolated from the River Elbe. Research in Microbiology, 2007, 158(3): 251–257

[33] Anil Kumar P, Aravind R, Francis K, Bhumika V, Ritika C, Priyashanth P, Srinivas T N R. Shivajiella indica gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family “Cyclobacteriaceae” with nitrate reducing activity. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 2012, 35(5): 320–325

[34] Kumar P A, Bhumika V, Ritika C, Bhaskar Y V, Priyashanth P, Aravind R, Bindu E, Srinivas T N R. Algoriphagus shivajiensis sp. nov., isolated from Cochin back water, India. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 2013, 36(2): 106–111

[35] Gao S, Seo J S, Wang J, Keum Y S, Li J, Li Q X. Multiple degradation pathways of phenanthrene by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia C6. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2013, 79: 98–104

[36] Kanekar P P, Nilegaonkar S S, Sarnaik S S, Kelkar A S. Optimization of protease activity of alkaliphilic bacteria isolated from an alkaline lake in India. Bioresource Technology, 2002, 85(1): 87–93

[37] Kohli N, Sahoo D K. A novel organic solvent-stable alkaline protease from newly isolated Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: production, purification and characterization. Journal of Biotechnology, 2010, 150(1): S362

[38] Lee S H, Chung C W, Yu Y J, Rhee Y H. Effect of alkaline protease-producing Exiguobacterium sp. YS1 inoculation on the solubilization and bacterial community of waste activated sludge. Bioresource Technology, 2009, 100(20): 4597–4603

[39] Shi H, Cui Q, Deng H H, Zhou Z J, Han Y. Optimization of alkaline protease-producing Exiguobacterium aurantiacum on medium compositions and fermentation process. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2012, 33(18): 205–213

[40] Roberta C S, Thys R, Guzzon S, Cladera-Olivera F, Brandelli A. Optimization of protease production by Microbacterium sp. in feather meal using response surface methodology. Process Biochemistry, 2006, 41(1): 67–73

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University for providing researching grants, whose invaluable supports made this study possible.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg