CO₂ capture by aqueous ammonia process in the clean development mechanism for Nigerian oil industry

Abstract

The clean development mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol offers developing countries the opportunity to participate in the effort to reduce global greenhouse gas levels and also benefit from sustainable development opportunities. To date, the majority of CDM investments have gone to emerging markets such as China, India, Brazil, and Mexico, while developing countries such as Nigeria have largely been absent from the program. Chemical sequestration using aqueous ammonia process (AAP) offers a clean low carbon technology for the efficient conversion of captured CO₂ into clean CO₂ which could be injected into oil field for enhanced oil recovery or as fertilizer source. CDM-CCS (carbon capture and storage) project with AAP has the potential as intervention for leveraging sustainable livelihood development (organic fertilizer for food production) as well as for tackling local (land air and water) and global pollution (reduce methane, SO_x and NO_x emissions).

Keywords

CO₂ capture / CDM / AAP / EOR / fertilizer

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Acknowledgements

The author acknowledges the full support of Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND) of Nigeria for making it possible for me to attend the International Conference of WRF-2012 organized in Beijing, China.

Nomenclature

CCS	Carbon capture and storage
CO2	Carbon dioxide
CDM	Clean development mechanism
AAP	Aqueous ammonia process
EOR	Enhanced oil recovery
EGR	Enhanced gas recovery
ECBM	Enhanced coal-bed methane
CH4	Methane
GHG	Green house gas
N2O	Nitrous oxide
PFC	Perfluorocarbons
HFC	Hydrofluorocarbons
SF6	Sulfur hexafluoride
KPs	Kyoto protocols
CERs	Certified emissions reduction
PCC	Post-combustion capture
MEA	Monoethanol amine
MDEA	Methyldiethanolamine
DGA	Diglycolamine
NH3	Ammonia
NH4HCO3	Ammonium bicarbonate
NNPC	Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
BINGOs	Business and industry non-governmental organizations
UNFCCC	United Nations framework convention on climate change
ENGOs	Environmental non-governmental organizations
WAPCO	West Africa Portland cement company
CLN	Carbon limits Nigeria
SPDC	Shell petroleum development corporation
NERC	Nigerian electricity regulatory commission
LASEPA	Lagos state environmental protection agency

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