State synchronization in process-oriented chaincode
Lian YU, Wei-Tek TSAI
State synchronization in process-oriented chaincode
Business processes often involve operational processes, contracts, and regulations. The modeling of such processes must address regulation monitoring and enforcement and maintain a reliable history of data for evidence. This study proposes modeling business processes as chaincode (CC) on permissioned blockchains (BCs). The challenges encountered by the proposed approach are state synchronizations among distributed nodes (called authnodes)and realtime requirements. This study separates CC executions from the state management of multiple BCs and demonstrates the validity of the proposed approach with a payment authorization system at a Chinese bank.
blockchains / state synchronization / chaincode / permissioned blockchains / concurrent block building
[1] |
Szabo N. Formalizing and securing relationships on public networks. First Monday, 1997, 2(9): 1–21
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Szabo N. A formal language for analyzing contracts. Satoshi Nakamoto Institute, 2002
|
[3] |
Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Bitcoin Website, 2008
|
[4] |
Buterin V. A next-generation generalized smart contract and decentralized application platform. White Paper, 2014
|
[5] |
Eyal I, Sirer E G. Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. 2014, 436–454
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Garay J, Kiayias A, Leonardos N. The Bitcoin backbone protocol: analysis and applications. In: Proceedings of Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques. 2015, 281–310
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Babaioff M, Dobzinski S, Oren S, Zohar A. On Bitcoin and red balloons. ACM SIGecom Exchanges, 2011, 10(3): 5–9
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Johnson B, Laszka A, Grossklags J, Vasek M, Moore T. Gametheoretic analysis of DDoS attacks against Bitcoin mining pools. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. 2014, 72–86
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Laszka A, Johnson B, Grossklags J. When Bitcoin mining pools run dry: a game-theoretic analysis of the long-term impact of attacks between mining pools. Financial Cryptography and Data Security, 2015: 63–77
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Karame G, Androulaki E, Capkun S. Double-spending fast payments in Bitcoin. In: Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2012, 906–917
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Rosenfeld M. Analysis of hashrate-based double-spending. 2014, arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.2009
|
[12] |
Gervais A, Karame G O, Capkun S, Capkun V. Is Bitcoin a decentralized currency? IEEE Security & Privacy, 2014, 12(3): 54–60
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Kroll J A, Davey I C, Felten E W. The economics of Bitcoin mining, or Bitcoin in the presence of adversaries. In: Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on the Economics of Information Security. 2013
|
[14] |
Laurie B. An efficient distributed currency. Practice, 2011, 100
|
[15] |
Schwartz D, Youngs N, Britto A. The ripple protocol consensus algorithm. Ripple Labs Inc White Paper, 2014
|
[16] |
Mazieres D. The stellar consensus protocol: a federated model for Internet-level consensus. Stellar Development Foundation, 2015
|
[17] |
Bonneau J, Miller A, Clark J, Narayanan A, Kroll J A, Felten E W. Research perspectives and challenges for Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. 2015
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Laurie B. Certificate transparency. Communication of ACM, 2014, 57(10): 40–46
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Tsai W T, Blower R, Zhu Y, Yu L. A system view of financial blockchains. In: Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Service-Oriented System Engineering. 2016, 450–457
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Tsai W T, Feng L, Zhang H, You Y, Wang L, Zhong Y. Intellectualproperty blockchain-based protection model for microfilm. In: Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Service-Oriented System Engineering. 2017, 174–178
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Tapscott D, Tapscott A. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Portfolio, 2016
|
[22] |
Miller M S, Van Cutsem T, Tulloh B. Distributed electronic rights in JavaScript. In: Proceedings of the 22nd European Conference on Programming Languages and Systems. 2013, 1–20
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Szabo N. Secure property titles with owner authority. Satoshi Nakamoto Institute, 1998
|
[24] |
Smart Property. Bitcoin Wiki Website, 1994
|
[25] |
Accesswire. Bitcoin descendant NXT features 100% new code, green mining, decentralized trading, more. Yahoo Finance, 2013
|
[26] |
Treat D, McGraw L, Helbing C, Brodersen C. Blockchain technology: preparing for change. Accenture Website, 2017
|
[27] |
Ross R. Smart money: blockchains are the future of the Internet. Newsweek, 2015
|
[28] |
Wigan D. Bitcoin technology will disrupt derivatives, says banker. IFR Asia, 2015
|
[29] |
Cassano J. What are smart contracts? Cryptocurrency’s Killer App. Fast Company Website, 2014
|
[30] |
Ethereum Homestead. Create and deploy a contract. the Docs Website
|
[31] |
van der Aalst W M P. Business process management demystified: a tutorial on models, systems and standards for workflow management. Lectures on Concurrency and Petri Nets, 2004, 21–58
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[32] |
Weske M. Business process management: concepts, languages, architectures. Springer-Verlag, 2007
|
[33] |
van der Aalst W M P. Business process management: a comprehensive survey. ISRN Software Engineering, 2013, 1–37
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[34] |
Ream J, Chu Y, Schatsky D. Upgrading blockchains, smart contract use cases in industry. Retrieved December, 2016, 12: 2017
|
[35] |
BPMN specification, business process model and notation. NASA Technical Reports Server, 2005
|
/
〈 | 〉 |