Review on partially coherent vortex beams

Jun ZENG, Rong LIN, Xianlong LIU, Chengliang ZHAO, Yangjian CAI

Front. Optoelectron. ›› 2019, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (3) : 229-248.

PDF(9863 KB)
Front. Optoelectron. All Journals
PDF(9863 KB)
Front. Optoelectron. ›› 2019, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (3) : 229-248. DOI: 10.1007/s12200-019-0901-x
REVIEW ARTICIE
REVIEW ARTICIE

Review on partially coherent vortex beams

Author information +
History +

Abstract

Ever since vortex beams were proposed, they are known for owning phase singularity and carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). In the past decades, coherent optics developed rapidly. Vortex beams have been extended from fully coherent light to partially coherent light, from scalar light to vector light, from integral topological charge (TC) to fractional TC. Partially coherent vortex beams have attracted tremendous interest due to their hidden correlation singularity and unique propagation properties (e.g., beam shaping, beam rotation and self-reconstruction). Based on the sufficient condition for devising a genuine correlation function of partially coherent beam, partially coherent vortex beams with nonconventional correlation functions (i.e., non-Gaussian correlated Schell-model functions) were introduced recently. This timely review summarizes basic concepts, theoretical models, generation and propagation of partially coherent vortex beams.

Keywords

partially coherent vortex beam / phase singularity / correlation singularity / topological charge (TC) / coherence length / correlation function

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Jun ZENG, Rong LIN, Xianlong LIU, Chengliang ZHAO, Yangjian CAI. Review on partially coherent vortex beams. Front. Optoelectron., 2019, 12(3): 229‒248 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-019-0901-x

1 Introduction

A beam of light, besides energy and momentum, can also carry angular momentum. In particular, the angular momentum of light is associated with its polarization, and more specifically with its circularly polarized components. An optical beam traveling in the direction of the+z axis that is circularly polarized carries an angular momentum of Sz = ± per photon ( being the Planck constant divided by 2p), which is positive/negative if the circular polarization is left-handed/right-handed. This angular momentum content has significant mechanical effects: it can be transferred to a material particle (e.g., by absorption) and to set it in rotation [ 1, 2].
Less widely known is the fact that there is another way a light beam can carry angular momentum, in addition to polarization, which is associated with the transverse spatial structure of the wavefront. More precisely, this angular momentum appears when the wavefront acquires a “helical” structure, and its field spatial dependence contains a helical phase factor having the form exp(ilq), where q is the azimuthal angle of the position vector r around the beam axis z, and l is any integer. It can be shown that in this case the optical beam carries an angular momentum that is given by l per photon, in addition to the polarization one. By analogy with the case of elementary material particles such as electrons, this second form of angular momentum is called orbital angular momentum (OAM), while the first form associated with polarization is referred to as spin angular momentum (SAM).
OAM of light and its applications was established as an actual research field only in 1992 [ 3]. In the years from around 1992 until today, many important results have been achieved. For example, we would mention the introduction of several methods for the generation of light beams carrying OAM [ 46], the successful transfer of OAM to matter and the related manipulation of optically trapped particles exploiting the mechanical properties of OAM [ 79], the proof-of-principle examples of classical and quantum communication based on OAM-encoding of the information [ 1016], the demonstration of methods for the generation and detection of OAM-carrying single photons and correlated photon pairs and their exploitation for quantum information [ 1725], the conversion of angular momentum from SAM to OAM [ 2629], the generation and manipulation of vector vortices with inhomogeneous states of polarization [ 3033], the demonstration of exploring OAM to realize multi-channel optical communication [ 3437], etc.
In general, OAM can be regarded as an additional degree of freedom of a light beam or even of a single photon, to be added to the standard ones ordinarily exploited in current photonic technologies. In many respects OAM resembles polarization, with which it shares many features. However, while polarization is characterized by two orthogonal basis states, OAM is defined in an unbounded space (a Hilbert space in the case of photons). Therefore, it is in principle possible to encode a much larger amount of information in the OAM space than in the polarization space, e.g., achieving a greater channel capacity. This property makes OAM highly attractive for future optical communication systems. Specifically, OAM states could be used as a different dimension to create an additional set of data carriers in a space division multiplexing (SDM) system. Moreover, OAM multiplexing does not rely on the wavelength or polarization, indicating that OAM could be used in addition to wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and polarization division multiplexing (PDM) techniques to boost system capacity.
This paper will discuss the potential applications of OAM of light in optical communication systems, and highlight recent advances in CMOS-compatible silicon photonic integrated device technology for OAM generation, manipulation, and (de)multiplexing.

2 Potential applications of OAM of light beam in future optical communication systems

OAM division multiplexing (OAM-DM) uses the orthogonality between OAM channels as a way of multiplying the capacity of a single physical optical channel, in addition to other multiplexing schemes such as WDM and PDM. Although the usable optical bandwidth of optical communications systems can be limited by the number of WDM channels available (due to the limited gain bandwidth of Erbium-doped optical fiber amplifers (EDFAs)), OAM can be used to increase the number of channels carried by each wavelength significantly. In 2012, a demonstration showed OAM-DM capacity of well over Tb/s over one free space optical link “over meter length scale” [ 35]. Use of the integrated OAM (de-)multiplexer for free space OAM communications channels has also been demonstrated [ 34, 37]. However, free space OAM communication is limited by the need to align the transmitter and receiver in line of sight—not practical for most applications. More recently, a specially designed vortex fiber was demonstrated, and using this vortex fiber, two OAM modes with l = 1 and - 1, and two polarization multiplexed fundamental modes simultaneously propagated through a 1.1 km vortex fiber. This is the first demonstration of optical fiber based OAM-DM systems, which makes the OAM communication more promising.
The main device challenge is OAM (DE)MUX that maps the OAM dimension onto another dimension (e.g., spatial dimension) – the reported devices are large and have poor channel extinction ratio [ 34]. OAM-encoding is another way of doing communication using OAM, and it requires the development of OAM modulators that can generate and detect ensembles of OAM modes with response times in the picosecond domain, which is far from the capabilities of technology.

3 Micro-scale silicon integrated OAM devices

Although OAM offers fascinating opportunities for exploring new ideas in optical communication systems, the generation, detection and manipulation of OAM states of light has been restricted to complex and expensive components. For example, current techniques for generating optical vortices involve passing free space light beams through free space optical elements, which are either rigid (without fast switching or modulation capability) or inefficient (with typical efficiency<40%) and very expensive; electro-optically driven fast manipulation of OAM is virtually non-existent; Moreover, these OAM manipulations have relied on large scale (bulk) optical elements bolted to large optical tables, which are cumbersome to use and with no clear route to scaling or integration, thereby making them inherently inconvenient and confining them to the research laboratories, which severely limits the prospect of its wide use in future photonic systems. Photonic integration has been a major propellant for widespread applications of photonic technologies due to advantages in reliability, miniaturization, and scalability compared to bulk optics. Compact, robust and efficient planar waveguide-based OAM emitters and receivers are critical elements as they can be integrated in large numbers, interconnected via waveguides with each other and with lasers and detectors to form photonic integrated circuits (PICs).
We recently reported micron-sized silicon photonic waveguide OAM devices emitting vector optical vortices carrying well-defined, quantized and tunable OAM, and integrated OAM emitter arrays which emit multiple optical vortices simultaneously [ 38]. Here we review this work and explore its potential in future integrated OAM components and systems.

3.1 Basic concept and structure

Circular optical resonators, such as micro-rings or microdisks, support whispering gallery modes (WGMs) carrying high OAM [ 39]. WGMs are actually angular momentum eigenstates and have discrete azimuthal propagation constants vWGM = bpR = r resulting from the self-consistent phase requirement for resonance under the periodic boundary condition. The integer p denotes the azimuthal mode number and physically is the number of optical periods around the resonator; R is the effective radius of the WGM, and p is light’s propagation constants at R. The azimuthal propagation constant, frequently used in rotationally symmetric resonant devices [ 40], describes the optical phase shift per unit azimuthal angle. It is also a measure of angular momentum as the amount of angular momentum carried by every WGM photon is vWGM = r. Additionally, the SAM of WGM is zero, because WGM has a purely linear polarized state in the cylindrical coordinate. Therefore the angular momentum carried by WGM is purely OAM. To extract the confined WGM into free space emission, we embed angular grating (AG) structures into the WGM resonator (Fig. 1(a)) with a periodic modulation of refractive index in the azimuthal direction.
Fig.1 (a) Integrated OAM emitter device; (b) measured radiation spectrum for a device, near field intensity distributions of the radiated beams, and measured and simulated interference patterns with left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) and right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) reference beams

Full size|PPT slide

The principle of operation of the device is to couple the input TE waveguide mode to the rotating WGM of the micro-ring resonator. A second order AG within the resonator then couples the rotating WGM to a vertically emitted propagating OAM mode. By matching the wavelength of the light with the micro-ring resonance and detuning from the Bragg grating resonance, this device is capable of emitting a propagating field of any desired OAM state. The OAM value carried by the output beam is simply decided by the difference between the WGM order, p, and the number of grating periods, q, according to the simple equation of l = p−q. This provides a very simple and robust method of generating OAM emission in which the OAM value is very well defined.
Crucially, we found that the generated OAM beam is a vector beam with cylindrically symmetric polarization distribution. Moreover, the beam can be decomposed into left-handed part with OAM value of l + 1 and right-handed part with l−1, see Fig. 1(b).

3.2 Experimental results

We designed and fabricated the device with radius of R = 3.9 mm on a silicon-on-insulator chip, with their resonance associated with l = 0 to be near the center of our tunable laser’s wavelength range (1470–1580 nm). The emission spectrum and the interference pattern are shown in Fig. 1(b).
Fig.2 Integrated OAM emitter arrays

Full size|PPT slide

To demonstrate the potential of photonic integration, we also fabricated OAM emitter arrays consisting of four identical emitters (R = 7.5 mm, q = 72) coupled to the same access waveguide (Fig. 2(a)). Simultaneous emission of identical vortices has been verified as shown in Figs. 2(b) and 2(c).

4 Tunable silicon integrated OAM devices

In a similar manner to the evolution of wavelength division-multiplexed systems, the future advancement of OAM-based telecommunication systems will require OAM routing flexibility and reconfigurability with components that can perform the fast switching of OAM data channels [ 41, 42].
Fig.3 Tunable integrated OAM devices

Full size|PPT slide

Based on our previous work, we reported a fast tunable integrated OAM device with electrically addressable thermo-optical phase shifters that is capable of actively on–off keying OAM modes at record rates of 10 ms and OAM switching rates of 20 ms [ 43]. A resistive heater device was designed to create a thermal change of refractive index in the waveguide core, and hence tune the WGM mode and emitted OAM mode. Figure 3 shows a micrograph and a scanning electron microscopy image of the tunable vortex beam emitter. The metal resistive line was defined concentrically around the ring resonator, with a slightly larger radius than the silicon ring. This radial offset, while still allowing significant thermo-optic tuning, ensured that the emitted beam did not overlap the absorbing metallic structure.
Fig.4 Dynamic characterization of the tunable integrated OAM devices. Measured optical signal for (a) on–off keying and (b) switching between l = -1 and l = + 1

Full size|PPT slide

Fig.5 (a) Device for manipulating the OAM superposition states, consisting of an OAM emitter, a 3 dB coupler and a phase shifter; (b) far field images of various generated OAM superposition states

Full size|PPT slide

To demonstrate dynamic control over the OAM values of the emitted beam, 10 kHz square-wave driving signals were applied to the device. First, a 10 mW peak power square wave was applied to the device to shift the ring out of resonance, and so, effectively, turn off the vortex beam emission. The measured trace in Fig. 4(a) shows on–off keying of the emission signal corresponding to the driving signal, with a measured rise-time of 10 ms and a fall-time of 1.4 ms. In addition to on–off keying of the vortex emission, the real-time switching between the OAM modes can also be achieved. Figure 4(b) shows the time trace of switching between l = -1 and l = +1. In this case, the switching time was measured as 20 ms.
We further demonstrated OAM integrated functional circuits composed of an OAM emitter and a 3 dB coupler, which can be used to generate and manipulate OAM superposition states [ 44]. The input signals simultaneously excite the clockwise and anticlockwise WGMs in the micro-ring resonator, which generate two OAM states with opposite chirality. The relative phase between two OAM states can be actively modulated on-chip by applying a voltage on a phase shifter integrated with the waveguide (Fig. 5).

5 Mode purity of the OAM beam generated from silicon integrated emitters

The mode purity of the OAM beams is a very important parameter for practical use. In high index contrast silicon photonic devices, unexpected interactions due to WGM modes and angular gratings or the backscattering of the silicon waveguide may give rise to OAM mixing and deteriorated purity. Therefore we need to characterize the purity of the OAM beams generated from the integrated devices.
An experimental setup based on a spatial light modulator (SLM), as shown in Fig. 6, was used to study the mode purity of the emitted OAM beam from the device. After going through the polarization filter, the RHCP or LHCP component of the beam was converted to a linearly polarized beam with OAM value of l−1 or l + 1. The OAM order of the linearly polarized beam was then analyzed by changing the order of the holographic pattern on the SLM, and the mode purity can be studied by measuring the on-axis intensity of each beam determined from the images on an IR CCD array. As an example, Fig. 7 shows the measurement results for l = -10. The two dominant peaks coincide with the desired OAM order, l = -10, and the OAM order from backscattering mode, l = 10. The mode purity of the OAM beam with l = -10 is measured at 94%. Note that the mode purity of the beam with l = 0 is 100%, due to the indistinguishablity between the forward and backward-coupled beams at l = 0.
Fig.6 Schematic diagram of the OAM mode purity measurement

Full size|PPT slide

Fig.7 Mode purity measurement results for l = -10. H is the order of the pattern on the SLM (number of phase dislocations on the Y-branch hologram)

Full size|PPT slide

6 Future work

Although the fundamental principles have now been established, some issues in performance and functionalities still need to be addressed before the integrated OAM devices can find practical applications in the systems. For example, high emission efficiency is important for any practical application, and this can be obtained by engineering the coupling between the waveguide and the micro-ring. We believe that efficiencies of well above 50% can be achieved. OAM purity also needs to be improved by reducing the backscattering of light in the ring and optimizing the design of the angular grating. High refractive index modulation will have to be realized in order to achieve OAM modulation with wide output OAM range.
Fig.8 Sketch of integrated OAM (de-)multiplexer OAM. (a) Ω-shaped device; (b) concentric ring devices

Full size|PPT slide

More importantly, integrated OAM (de-)multiplexer, capable of combining or separating OAM states, will have to be developed, because multiplexing and de-multiplexing is of vital importance for the application of OAM-based optical communications. There are two ways of achieving this function (Fig. 8). One is W-shaped device, and the other is vertically coupled concentric micro-ring OAM devices. The W-shaped device is easy to be fabricated, but the performance is compromised in reduced mode purity as the emitted near field is not a complete ring. The concentric micro-ring OAM device, with optically accessed by vertically coupled waveguides that lie underneath the resonator structures, is more attractive, but the fabrication process of this structure involves wafer bonding technique.
It is generally believed that these problems can be solved using photonic integration technologies based on optimized designs of specific devices, suitable photonic materials and nano-fabrication techniques.

7 Conclusions

We have demonstrated a highly novel, scalable photonic integration approach, which shows great promises to address many problems in the applications of OAM light. The central innovation is the newly discovered principle of coupling WGM of micro-resonator to a free space propagating OAM mode by using angular grating embedded within the micro-resonator. The micro-resonator emitter enables OAM to be efficiently generated and detected on PICs. The preliminary theoretical and experimental results have confirmed the operation principle of the integrated OAM device. Based on the innovative principle and device, we further demonstrate a fast tunable integrated OAM device with electrically addressable thermo-optical phase shifters that is capable of actively on–off keying OAM modes at record rates of 10 ms, and OAM integrated functional circuits composed of an OAM emitter and a 3 dB coupler, which can be used to generate and manipulate OAM superposition states. These devices demonstrate a very simple approach for on-chip dynamical manipulation of OAM states and show the potential of this technology for the development of sophisticated OAM functions on scalable and compact integrated circuits, which can find several applications in future telecommunication systems.

References

[1]
Nye J, Berry M. Dislocations in wave trains. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1974, 336(1605): 165–190
CrossRef Google scholar
[2]
Soskin M, Vasnetsov M. Singular optics. Progress in Optics, 2001, 42(4): 219–276
CrossRef Google scholar
[3]
Gbur G, Tyson R K. Vortex beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence and topological charge conservation. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2008, 25(1): 225–230
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[4]
Zhen B, Hsu C W, Lu L, Stone A D, Soljačić M. Topological nature of optical bound states in the continuum. Physical Review Letters, 2014, 113(25): 257401
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[5]
Flossmann F, Schwarz U, Maier M. Propagation dynamics of optical vortices in Laguerre–Gaussian beams. Optics Communications, 2005, 250(4–6): 218–230
CrossRef Google scholar
[6]
Zhu K, Zhou G, Li X, Zheng X, Tang H. Propagation of Bessel-Gaussian beams with optical vortices in turbulent atmosphere. Optics Express, 2008, 16(26): 21315–21320
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[7]
Schwarz U, Sogomonian S, Maier M. Propagation dynamics of phase dislocations embedded in a Bessel light beam. Optics Communications, 2002, 208(4–6): 255–262
CrossRef Google scholar
[8]
Orlov S, Regelskis K, Smilgevičius V, Stabinis A. Propagation of Bessel beams carrying optical vortices. Optics Communications, 2002, 209(1–3): 155–165
CrossRef Google scholar
[9]
Yang Y, Dong Y, Zhao C, Cai Y. Generation and propagation of an anomalous vortex beam. Optics Letters, 2013, 38(24): 5418–5421
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[10]
Vaity P, Rusch L. Perfect vortex beam: Fourier transformation of a Bessel beam. Optics Letters, 2015, 40(4): 597–600
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[11]
Li P, Zhang Y, Liu S, Ma C, Han L, Cheng H, Zhao J. Generation of perfect vectorial vortex beams. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(10): 2205–2208
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[12]
Paterson C. Atmospheric turbulence and orbital angular momentum of single photons for optical communication. Physical Review Letters, 2005, 94(15): 153901
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[13]
Thidé B, Then H, Sjöholm J, Palmer K, Bergman J, Carozzi T D, Istomin Y N, Ibragimov N H, Khamitova R. Utilization of photon orbital angular momentum in the low-frequency radio domain. Physical Review Letters, 2007, 99(8): 087701
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[14]
Grier D G. A revolution in optical manipulation. Nature, 2003, 424(6950): 810–816
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[15]
O’Neil A T, Padgett M J. Axial and lateral trapping efficiency of Laguerre–Gaussian modes in inverted optical tweezers. Optics Communications, 2001, 193(1–6): 45–50
CrossRef Google scholar
[16]
Ng J, Lin Z, Chan C T. Theory of optical trapping by an optical vortex beam. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 104(10): 103601
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[17]
Wang X, Rui G, Gong L, Gu B, Cui Y. Manipulation of resonant metallic nanoparticle using 4Pi focusing system. Optics Express, 2016, 24(21): 24143–24152 doi:10.1364/OE.24.024143
Pubmed
[18]
Chen J, Wan C, Kong L J, Zhan Q. Tightly focused optical field with controllable photonic spin orientation. Optics Express, 2017, 25(16): 19517–19528
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[19]
Molina-Terriza G, Torres J P, Torner L. Twisted photons. Nature Physics, 2007, 3(5): 305–310
CrossRef Google scholar
[20]
Bozinovic N, Yue Y, Ren Y, Tur M, Kristensen P, Huang H, Willner A E, Ramachandran S. Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers. Science, 2013, 340(6140): 1545–1548
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[21]
Vaziri A, Pan J W, Jennewein T, Weihs G, Zeilinger A. Concentration of higher dimensional entanglement: qutrits of photon orbital angular momentum. Physical Review Letters, 2003, 91(22): 227902
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[22]
Gu Y, Gbur G. Measurement of atmospheric turbulence strength by vortex beam. Optics Communications, 2010, 283(7): 1209–1212
CrossRef Google scholar
[23]
Li X, Tai Y, Zhang L, Li H, Li L. Characterization of dynamic random process using optical vortex metrology. Applied Physics B, Lasers and Optics, 2014, 116(4): 901–909
CrossRef Google scholar
[24]
Tamburini F, Anzolin G, Umbriaco G, Bianchini A, Barbieri C. Overcoming the rayleigh criterion limit with optical vortices. Physical Review Letters, 2006, 97(16): 163903
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[25]
Yu W, Ji Z, Dong D, Yang X, Xiao Y, Gong Q, Xi P, Shi K. Super‐resolution deep imaging with hollow Bessel beam STED microscopy. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2016, 10(1): 147–152
CrossRef Google scholar
[26]
Beijersbergen M W, Allen L, Van der Veen H, Woerdman J. Astigmatic laser mode converters and transfer of orbital angular momentum. Optics Communications, 1993, 96(1–3): 123–132
CrossRef Google scholar
[27]
Arlt J, Dholakia K. Generation of high-order Bessel beams by use of an axicon. Optics Communications, 2000, 177(1–6): 297–301
CrossRef Google scholar
[28]
Beijersbergen M, Coerwinkel R, Kristensen M, Woerdman J. Helical-wavefront laser beams produced with a spiral phaseplate. Optics Communications, 1994, 112(5–6): 321–327
CrossRef Google scholar
[29]
Heckenberg N R, McDuff R, Smith C P, White A G. Generation of optical phase singularities by computer-generated holograms. Optics Letters, 1992, 17(3): 221–223
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[30]
Matsumoto N, Ando T, Inoue T, Ohtake Y, Fukuchi N, Hara T. Generation of high-quality higher-order Laguerre-Gaussian beams using liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulators. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2008, 25(7): 1642–1651
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[31]
Marrucci L, Manzo C, Paparo D. Optical spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion in inhomogeneous anisotropic media. Physical Review Letters, 2006, 96(16): 163905
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[32]
Chen P, Ji W, Wei B Y, Hu W, Chigrinov V, Lu Y Q. Generation of arbitrary vector beams with liquid crystal polarization converters and vector-photoaligned q-plates. Applied Physics Letters, 2015, 107(24): 241102
CrossRef Google scholar
[33]
Machavariani G, Lumer Y, Moshe I, Meir A, Jackel S. Efficient extracavity generation of radially and azimuthally polarized beams. Optics Letters, 2007, 32(11): 1468–1470
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[34]
Naidoo D, Roux F S, Dudley A, Litvin I, Piccirillo B, Marrucci L, Forbes A. Controlled generation of higher-order Poincaré sphere beams from a laser. Nature Photonics, 2016, 10(5): 327–332
CrossRef Google scholar
[35]
Cai X, Wang J, Strain M J, Johnson-Morris B, Zhu J, Sorel M, O’Brien J L, Thompson M G, Yu S. Integrated compact optical vortex beam emitters. Science, 2012, 338(6105): 363–366
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[36]
Fang X, Yang G, Wei D, Wei D, Ni R, Ji W, Zhang Y, Hu X, Hu W, Lu Y Q, Zhu S N, Xiao M. Coupled orbital angular momentum conversions in a quasi-periodically poled LiTaO₃ crystal. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(6): 1169–1172PMID:26977661
CrossRef Google scholar
[37]
Wu Y, Ni R, Xu Z, Wu Y, Fang X, Wei D, Hu X, Zhang Y, Xiao M, Zhu S. Tunable third harmonic generation of vortex beams in an optical superlattice. Optics Express, 2017, 25(25): 30820–30826
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[38]
Leach J, Keen S, Padgett M J, Saunter C, Love G D. Direct measurement of the skew angle of the Poynting vector in a helically phased beam. Optics Express, 2006, 14(25): 11919–11924
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[39]
Berkhout G C, Beijersbergen M W. Method for probing the orbital angular momentum of optical vortices in electromagnetic waves from astronomical objects. Physical Review Letters, 2008, 101(10): 100801
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[40]
Sztul H I, Alfano R R. Double-slit interference with Laguerre-Gaussian beams. Optics Letters, 2006, 31(7): 999–1001
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[41]
Hickmann J M, Fonseca E J, Soares W C, Chávez-Cerda S. Unveiling a truncated optical lattice associated with a triangular aperture using light’s orbital angular momentum. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 105(5): 053904
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[42]
de Araujo L E, Anderson M E. Measuring vortex charge with a triangular aperture. Optics Letters, 2011, 36(6): 787–789
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[43]
Guo C S, Yue S J, Wei G X. Measuring the orbital angular momentum of optical vortices using a multipinhole plate. Applied Physics Letters, 2009, 94(23): 231104
CrossRef Google scholar
[44]
Vinu R V, Singh R K. Determining helicity and topological structure of coherent vortex beam from laser speckle. Applied Physics Letters, 2016, 109(11): 111108 doi:10.1063/1.4962952
[45]
Prabhakar S, Kumar A, Banerji J, Singh R P. Revealing the order of a vortex through its intensity record. Optics Letters, 2011, 36(22): 4398–4400
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[46]
Zhao P, Li S, Feng X, Cui K, Liu F, Zhang W, Huang Y. Measuring the complex orbital angular momentum spectrum of light with a mode-matching method. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(6): 1080–1083
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[47]
Dudley A, Litvin I A, Forbes A. Quantitative measurement of the orbital angular momentum density of light. Applied Optics, 2012, 51(7): 823–833
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[48]
Zhou H L, Fu D Z, Dong J J, Zhang P, Chen D X, Cai X L, Li F L, Zhang X L. Orbital angular momentum complex spectrum analyzer for vortex light based on the rotational Doppler effect. Light, Science & Applications, 2017, 6(4): e16251
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[49]
Basistiy I, Soskin M, Vasnetsov M. Optical wavefront dislocations and their properties. Optics Communications, 1995, 119(5–6): 604–612
CrossRef Google scholar
[50]
Lee W, Yuan X C, Dholakia K. Experimental observation of optical vortex evolution in a Gaussian beam with an embedded fractional phase step. Optics Communications, 2004, 239(1–3): 129–135
CrossRef Google scholar
[51]
Berry M. Optical vortices evolving from helicoidal integer and fractional phase steps. Journal of Optics A, Pure and Applied Optics, 2004, 6(2): 259–268
CrossRef Google scholar
[52]
Gbur G. Fractional vortex Hilbert’s hotel. Optica, 2016, 3(3): 222–225
CrossRef Google scholar
[53]
Tao S H, Lee W M, Yuan X C. Dynamic optical manipulation with a higher-order fractional bessel beam generated from a spatial light modulator. Optics Letters, 2003, 28(20): 1867–1869
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[54]
Fang Y, Lu Q, Wang X, Zhang W, Chen L. Fractional-topological-charge-induced vortex birth and splitting of light fields on the submicron scale. Physical Review A, 2017, 95(2): 023821
CrossRef Google scholar
[55]
Molchan M A, Doktorov E V, Vlasov R A. Propagation of vector fractional charge Laguerre-Gaussian light beams in the thermally nonlinear moving atmosphere. Optics Letters, 2010, 35(5): 670–672
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[56]
Vasylkiv Y, Skab I, Vlokh R. Crossover regime of optical vortices generation via electro-optic nonlinearity: the problem of optical vortices with the fractional charge generated by crystals. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2014, 31(9): 1936–1945
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[57]
Yang Y, Zhu X, Zeng J, Lu X, Zhao C, Cai Y. Anomalous Bessel vortex beam: modulating orbital angular momentum with propagation. Nanophotonics, 2018, 7(3): 677–682
CrossRef Google scholar
[58]
Oemrawsingh S S R, de Jong J A, Ma X, Aiello A, Eliel E R, ’t Hooft G W, Woerdman J P. High-dimensional mode analyzers for spatial quantum entanglement. Physical Review A, 2006, 73(3): 032339 doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.73.032339
[59]
Guo C S, Yu Y N, Hong Z. Optical sorting using an array of optical vortices with fractional topological charge. Optics Communications, 2010, 283(9): 1889–1893
CrossRef Google scholar
[60]
Tao S, Yuan X C, Lin J, Peng X, Niu H. Fractional optical vortex beam induced rotation of particles. Optics Express, 2005, 13(20): 7726–7731
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[61]
Situ G, Pedrini G, Osten W. Spiral phase filtering and orientation-selective edge detection/enhancement. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2009, 26(8): 1788–1797
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[62]
Strohaber J, Boran Y, Sayrac M, Johnson L, Zhu F, Kolomenskii A, Schuessler H. Nonlinear mixing of optical vortices with fractional topological charge in Raman sideband generation. Journal of Optics, 2017, 19(1): 015607 doi:10.1088/2040-8986/19/1/015607
[63]
Ni R, Niu Y, Du L, Hu X, Zhang Y, Zhu S. Topological charge transfer in frequency doubling of fractional orbital angular momentum state. Applied Physics Letters, 2016, 109(15): 151103
CrossRef Google scholar
[64]
Born M, Wolf E. Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light. 7nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999
[65]
Wolf E. New theory of partial coherence in the space–frequency domain. Part I: spectra and cross spectra of steady-state sources. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1982, 72(3): 343–351
CrossRef Google scholar
[66]
Wolf E. New theory of partial coherence in the space-frequency domain. Part II: steady-state fields and higher-order correlations. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics and Image Science, 1986, 3(1): 76–85
CrossRef Google scholar
[67]
Wolf E. Invariance of the spectrum of light on propagation. Physical Review Letters, 1986, 56(13): 1370–1372
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[68]
Gori F. Collett-Wolf sources and multimode lasers. Optics Communications, 1980, 34(3): 301–305
CrossRef Google scholar
[69]
Carter W H, Wolf E. Coherence and radiometry with quasihomogeneous planar sources. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1977, 67(6): 785–796 doi:10.1364/JOSA.67.000785
[70]
Gori F. Mode propagation of the field generated by Collett-Wolf Schell-model sources. Optics Communications, 1983, 46(3–4): 149–154
CrossRef Google scholar
[71]
Gori F, Guattari G, Padovani C. Modal expansion for Jo-correlated Schell-model sources. Optics Communications, 1987, 64(4): 311–316 doi:10.1016/0030-4018(87)90242-2
[72]
Gori F, Guattari G, Palma C, Padovani C. Observation of optical redshifts and blueshifts produced by source correlations. Optics Communications, 1988, 67(1): 1–4
CrossRef Google scholar
[73]
Ricklin J C, Davidson F M. Atmospheric turbulence effects on a partially coherent Gaussian beam: implications for free-space laser communication. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2002, 19(9): 1794–1802
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[74]
Ricklin J C, Davidson F M. Atmospheric optical communication with a Gaussian Schell beam. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2003, 20(5): 856–866
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[75]
Kato Y, Mima K, Miyanaga N, Arinaga S, Kitagawa Y, Nakatsuka M, Yamanaka C. Random phasing of high-power lasers for uniform target acceleration and plasma-instability suppression. Physical Review Letters, 1984, 53(11): 1057–1060
CrossRef Google scholar
[76]
Beléndez A, Carretero L, Fimia A. The use of partially coherent light to reduce the efficiency of silver halide noise gratings. Optics Communications, 1993, 98(4–6): 236–240
CrossRef Google scholar
[77]
Cai Y, Zhu S Y. Ghost imaging with incoherent and partially coherent light radiation. Physical Review E, 2005, 71(5): 056607 doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.71.056607
Pubmed
[78]
Zhao C, Cai Y, Lu X, Eyyuboğlu H T. Radiation force of coherent and partially coherent flat-topped beams on a Rayleigh particle. Optics Express, 2009, 17(3): 1753–1765
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[79]
Zhang J F, Wang Z Y, Cheng B, Wang Q Y, Wu B, Shen X X, Zheng L L, Xu Y F, Lin Q. Atom cooling by partially spatially coherent lasers. Physical Review A., 2013, 88(2): 023416
CrossRef Google scholar
[80]
Zubairy M S, McIver J K. Second-harmonic generation by a partially coherent beam. Physical Review A, 1987, 36(1): 202–206
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[81]
Cai Y, Peschel U. Second-harmonic generation by an astigmatic partially coherent beam. Optics Express, 2007, 15(23): 15480–15492
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[82]
van Dijk T, Fischer D G, Visser T D, Wolf E. Effects of spatial coherence on the angular distribution of radiant intensity generated by scattering on a sphere. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 104(17): 173902
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[83]
Ding C, Cai Y, Korotkova O, Zhang Y, Pan L. Scattering-induced changes in the temporal coherence length and the pulse duration of a partially coherent plane-wave pulse. Optics Letters, 2011, 36(4): 517–519
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[84]
Kermisch D. Partially coherent image processing by laser scanning. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1975, 65(8): 887–891
CrossRef Google scholar
[85]
Gori F, Santarsiero M, Borghi R, Vicalvi S. Partially coherent sources with helicoidal modes. Optica Acta, 1998, 45(3): 539–554
[86]
Gbur G, Visser T D, Wolf E.'Hidden' singularities in partially coherent wavefields. Journal of Optics A Pure & Applied Optics, 2004, 6(5): S239–S242
[87]
Visser T D, Gbur G, Wolf E. Effect of the state of coherence on the three-dimensional spectral intensity distribution near focus. Optics Communications, 2002, 213(1–3): 13–19
CrossRef Google scholar
[88]
Bouchal Z, Perina J. Non-diffracting beams with controlled spatial coherence. Optica Acta, 2002, 49(10): 1673–1689
[89]
Gbur G, Visser T D. Coherence vortices in partially coherent beams. Optics Communications, 2003, 222(1–6): 117–125 doi:10.1016/S0030-4018(03)01606-7
[90]
Ponomarenko S A. A class of partially coherent beams carrying optical vortices. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2001, 18(1): 150–156
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[91]
Maleev I D, Palacios D M, Marathay A S, Swartzlander G A Jr. Spatial correlation vortices in partially coherent light: theory. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Optical Physics, 2004, 21(11): 1895–1900
CrossRef Google scholar
[92]
Jeng C C, Shih M F, Motzek K, Kivshar Y. Partially incoherent optical vortices in self-focusing nonlinear media. Physical Review Letters, 2004, 92(4): 043904
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[93]
van Dijk T, Visser T D. Evolution of singularities in a partially coherent vortex beam. Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2009, 26(4): 741–744 doi:10.1364/JOSAA.26.000741
Pubmed
[94]
Wang F, Zhu S, Cai Y. Experimental study of the focusing properties of a Gaussian Schell-model vortex beam. Optics Letters, 2011, 36(16): 3281–3283
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[95]
Yang Y, Chen M, Mazilu M, Mourka A, Liu Y D, Dholakia K. Effect of the radial and azimuthal mode indices of a partially coherent vortex field upon a spatial correlation singularity. New Journal of Physics, 2013, 15(11): 113053
CrossRef Google scholar
[96]
Qin Z, Tao R, Zhou P, Xu X, Liu Z. Propagation of partially coherent Bessel–Gaussian beams carrying optical vortices in non-Kolmogorov turbulence. Optics & Laser Technology, 2014, 56(33): 182–188
CrossRef Google scholar
[97]
Zhang Z, Fan H, Xu H F, Qu J, Huang W. Three-dimensional focus shaping of partially coherent circularly polarized vortex beams using a binary optic. Journal of Optics, 2015, 17(6): 065611
CrossRef Google scholar
[98]
Singh R K, Sharma A M, Senthilkumaran P. Vortex array embedded in a partially coherent beam. Optics Letters, 2015, 40(12): 2751–2754
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[99]
Liu D, Wang Y, Yin H. Evolution properties of partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam in oceanic turbulence. Applied Optics, 2015, 54(35): 10510–10516
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[100]
Cheng M, Guo L, Li J, Huang Q, Cheng Q, Zhang D. Propagation of an optical vortex carried by a partially coherent Laguerre-Gaussian beam in turbulent ocean. Applied Optics, 2016, 55(17): 4642–4648
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[101]
Zhang Y, Ma D, Zhou Z, Yuan X. Research on partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam propagation in turbulent atmosphere. Applied Optics, 2017, 56(10): 2922–2926
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[102]
Liu X, Peng X, Liu L, Wu G, Zhao C, Wang F, Cai Y. Self-reconstruction of the degree of coherence of a partially coherent vortex beam obstructed by an opaque obstacle. Applied Physics Letters, 2017, 110(18): 181104 doi:10.1063/1.4982786
[103]
Stahl C S D, Gbur G. Partially coherent vortex beams of arbitrary order. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2017, 34(10): 1793–1799
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[104]
Liu D, Yin H, Wang G, Wang Y. Propagation of partially coherent Lorentz-Gauss vortex beam through oceanic turbulence. Applied Optics, 2017, 56(31): 8785–8792
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[105]
Ostrovsky A S, García-García J, Rickenstorff-Parrao C, Olvera-Santamaría M A. Partially coherent diffraction-free vortex beams with a Bessel-mode structure. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(24): 5182–5185
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[106]
Gori F, Santarsiero M. Devising genuine spatial correlation functions. Optics Letters, 2007, 32(24): 3531–3533
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[107]
Gori F, Ramirezsanchez V, Santarsiero M, Shirai T. On genuine cross-spectral density matrices. Journal of Optics A, 2009, 11(8): 085706
CrossRef Google scholar
[108]
Chen Y, Liu L, Wang F, Zhao C, Cai Y. Elliptical Laguerre-Gaussian correlated Schell-model beam. Optics Express, 2014, 22(11): 13975–13987
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[109]
Tong Z, Korotkova O. Electromagnetic nonuniformly correlated beams. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2012, 29(10): 2154–2158
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[110]
Lajunen H, Saastamoinen T. Non-uniformly correlated partially coherent pulses. Optics Express, 2013, 21(1): 190–195
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[111]
Sahin S, Korotkova O. Light sources generating far fields with tunable flat profiles. Optics Letters, 2012, 37(14): 2970–2972
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[112]
Zhang Y, Liu L, Zhao C, Cai Y. Multi-Gaussian Schell-model vortex beam. Physics Letters A, 2014, 378(9): 750–754 doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2013.12.039
[113]
Chen Y, Wang F, Zhao C, Cai Y. Experimental demonstration of a Laguerre-Gaussian correlated Schell-model vortex beam. Optics Express, 2014, 22(5): 5826–5838
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[114]
Liu H, Chen D, Xia J, Lü Y, Zhang L, Pu X. Influences of uniaxial crystal on partially coherent multi-Gaussian Schell-model vortex beams. Optical Engineering (Redondo Beach, Calif.), 2016, 55(11): 116101
CrossRef Google scholar
[115]
Liu X, Wang F, Liu L, Zhao C, Cai Y. Generation and propagation of an electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model vortex beam. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2015, 32(11): 2058–2065
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[116]
Zhang Y, Pan L, Cai Y. Propagation of Correlation Singularities of a Partially Coherent Laguerre-Gaussian Electromagnetic Beam in a Uniaxial Crystal. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2017, 9(4): 1–13
CrossRef Google scholar
[117]
Guo L, Chen Y, Liu X, Liu L, Cai Y. Vortex phase-induced changes of the statistical properties of a partially coherent radially polarized beam. Optics Express, 2016, 24(13): 13714–13728
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[118]
Zhao C, Cai Y. Trapping two types of particles using a focused partially coherent elegant Laguerre-Gaussian beam. Optics Letters, 2011, 36(12): 2251–2253
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[119]
Liu X, Shen Y, Liu L, Wang F, Cai Y. Experimental demonstration of vortex phase-induced reduction in scintillation of a partially coherent beam. Optics Letters, 2013, 38(24): 5323–5326
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[120]
Zeng J, Liu X, Wang F, Zhao C, Cai Y. Partially coherent fractional vortex beam. Optics Express, 2018, 26(21): 26830–26844 doi:10.1364/OE.26.026830
Pubmed
[121]
Perez-Garcia B, Yepiz A, Hernandez-Aranda R I, Forbes A, Swartzlander G A. Digital generation of partially coherent vortex beams. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(15): 3471–3474
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[122]
Liu R, Wang F, Chen D, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Gao H, Zhang P, Li F. Measuring mode indices of a partially coherent vortex beam with Hanbury Brown and Twiss type experiment. Applied Physics Letters, 2016, 108(5): 051107 doi:10.1063/1.4941422
[123]
Pires H D, Woudenberg J, van Exter M P. Measurements of spatial coherence of partially coherent light with and without orbital angular momentum. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2010, 27(12): 2630–2637
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[124]
Pires H D, Woudenberg J, van Exter M P. Measurement of the orbital angular momentum spectrum of partially coherent beams. Optics Letters, 2010, 35(6): 889–891
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[125]
Zhao C, Wang F, Dong Y, Han Y, Cai Y. Effect of spatial coherence on determining the topological charge of a vortex beam. Applied Physics Letters, 2012, 101(26): 261104 doi:10.1063/1.4773236
[126]
Yang Y, Mazilu M, Dholakia K. Measuring the orbital angular momentum of partially coherent optical vortices through singularities in their cross-spectral density functions. Optics Letters, 2012, 37(23): 4949–4951
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[127]
Escalante A Y, Perezgarcia B, Hernandezaranda R I, Swartzlander G A. Determination of angular momentum content in partially coherent beams through cross correlation measurements. In: Proceedings of SPIE Laser Beam Shaping. SPIE, 2013, 884302
[128]
Kotlyar V V, Almazov A A, Khonina S N, Soifer V A, Elfstrom H, Turunen J. Generation of phase singularity through diffracting a plane or Gaussian beam by a spiral phase plate. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2005, 22(5): 849–861 doi:10.1364/JOSAA.22.000849
Pubmed
[129]
Wang F, Cai Y, Korotkova O. Partially coherent standard and elegant Laguerre-Gaussian beams of all orders. Optics Express, 2009, 17(25): 22366–22379
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[130]
Dennis M R, O’Holleran K, Padgett M J. Chapter 5 Singular Optics: Optical Vortices and Polarization Singularities. Progress in Optics, 2009, 53: 293–363 doi:10.1016/S0079-6638(08)00205-9
[131]
Bogatyryova G V, Fel’de C V, Polyanskii P V, Ponomarenko S A, Soskin M S, Wolf E. Partially coherent vortex beams with a separable phase. Optics Letters, 2003, 28(11): 878–880
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[132]
Mandel L, Wolf E. Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 1–1194
[133]
Palacios D M, Maleev I D, Marathay A S, Swartzlander G A Jr. Spatial correlation singularity of a vortex field. Physical Review Letters, 2004, 92(14): 143905
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[134]
Wolf E. Introduction to the Theory of Coherence and Polarization of Light. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007
[135]
Cai Y, Chen Y, Wang F. Generation and propagation of partially coherent beams with nonconventional correlation functions: a review. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 2014, 31(9): 2083–2096
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[136]
Ren Y X, Lu R D, Gong L. Tailoring light with a digital micromirror device. Annalen der Physik, 2015, 527(7–8): 447–470
CrossRef Google scholar
[137]
De Santis P, Gori F, Guattari G, Palma C. An example of a Collett-Wolf source. Optics Communications, 1979, 29(3): 256–260
CrossRef Google scholar
[138]
Ostrovsky A S, García E H. Modulation of spatial coherence of optical field by means of liquid crystal light modulator. Revista Mexicana de Física, 2005, 51(5): 442–446
[139]
Liu X, Wu T, Liu L, Zhao C, Cai Y. Experimental determination of the azimuthal and radial mode orders of a partially coherent LGpl beam. Chinese Optics Letters, 2017, 15(3): 030002–030006 doi:10.3788/COL201715.030002
[140]
Wang F, Liu X, Yuan Y, Cai Y. Experimental generation of partially coherent beams with different complex degrees of coherence. Optics Letters, 2013, 38(11): 1814–1816
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[141]
Chen J, Liu X, Yu J, Cai Y. Simultaneous determination of the sign and the magnitude of the topological charge of a partially coherent vortex beam. Applied Physics B, Lasers and Optics, 2016, 122(7): 201 doi:10.1007/s00340-016-6470-4
[142]
Polyanskii P V. Some current views on singular optics. In: Proceedings of SPIE 6th International Conference on Correlation Optics. SPIE, 2004, 31–41
[143]
Soskin M, Boriskina S V, Chong Y, Dennis M R, Desyatnikov A. Singular optics and topological photonics. Journal of Optics, 2017, 19(1): 010401
CrossRef Google scholar

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful for the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91750201, 11525418, 11774250 and 11804198), Project of the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2019 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF(9863 KB)

Accesses

Citations

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/