Single polarization photonic crystal fiber filter based on surface plasmon resonance

Md. Nazmul HOSSEN, Md. FERDOUS, Kawsar AHMED, Md. Abdul KHALEK, Sujan CHAKMA, Bikash Kumar PAUL

Front. Optoelectron. ›› 2019, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (2) : 157-164.

PDF(1418 KB)
Front. Optoelectron. All Journals
PDF(1418 KB)
Front. Optoelectron. ›› 2019, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (2) : 157-164. DOI: 10.1007/s12200-018-0843-8
RESEARCH ARTICLE
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Single polarization photonic crystal fiber filter based on surface plasmon resonance

Author information +
History +

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) polarization filter based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) characteristics. Gold nanowire is used as the active plasmonic material. Light into silica core becomes coupled to gold nanowire stimulating SPR. It splits light into two orthogonal (x-polarization and y-polarization) polarization in the second order of surface plasmon polarization. Numerical investigations of the proposed PCF filter is finite element method (FEM). By tuning the diameter of gold nanowire and shifting their position, the performance of the proposed PCF filter is inspected rigorously. Filtering of any polarization can be obtained by properly placing the metal wires. The maximum confinement loss of x-polarization is 692.25 dB/cm and y-polarization is 1.13 dB/cm offers at resonance position 1.42 µm. Such a confinement loss difference between two orthogonal polarizations makes PCF a talented candidate to filter devices. Consequently, the recommended PCF structure is useful for polarization device.

Keywords

photonic crystal fiber (PCF) / surface plasmon resonance (SPR) / perfectly match layer / polarization filter

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Md. Nazmul HOSSEN, Md. FERDOUS, Kawsar AHMED, Md. Abdul KHALEK, Sujan CHAKMA, Bikash Kumar PAUL. Single polarization photonic crystal fiber filter based on surface plasmon resonance. Front. Optoelectron., 2019, 12(2): 157‒164 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-018-0843-8

1 Introduction

Molybdenum is a kind of important inorganic materials and can be widely used in the photoluminescence [1], microwave [2], fiber optic [3], scintillator [4], humidity sensors [5], magnetic [6], catalyst [7], and other aspects [8]. The previously reported synthetic methods of molybdate, mostly takes place at high temperature or require other harsh conditions, such as at 1000°C under solid state metal exchange reaction [9], or the sol-gel process [10]. There have been few reports on the synthesis of these materials by hydrothermal/solvothermal methods [11]. The molybdate (such as Ag2MO4O13, Ag2MO2O7 and Ag2MoO4) is made by MoO3 and Ag2O mixed in a certain proportion and then sintered with high temperature [12]. These materials have high electrical conductivity, which are normally applied in conductive glass [13]. Yu group reports the synthesis of single-crystal silver molybdate/tungstate nanowires with hydrothermal process, showing a selective synthesis of uniform single crystalline silver molybdate/tungstate nanorods/nanowires in large scale by a facile hydrothermalre crystallization technique [14]. Shao et al. have observed the ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals of four typical analytes on Ag nanoparticles (NPs) from β-silver vanadate and copper, even though the concentrations of these analytes were very low.
In this paper, we report on how to synthesize silver molybdate nanowires in the liquid phase at room temperature using 12-silicotungstic acid system. Then, the above mixture solution was irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light. Finally, the silver nanoparticles coving on the surface of silver molybdate nanowires (SMNS) can be synthesized. The experimental device in this method is simple, easy to operate and applicable to a large scale synthesis. This new and universal method for preparing a substrate for the detection of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is proposed.

2 Experiments

2.1 Materials

Tungstosilicate acid [H4(SiW12O40), TSA], silver nitrate (AgNO3), Na2MoO4 and ethanol were all of A.R. grade and obtained from Shanghai Reagent Co. and were used without further purification. p-aminothiophenol (PATP) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. Doubly distilled water was used throughout to prepare the solutions.

2.2 Characterizations

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out with a MAP18AHF instrument (Japan MAC Science Co.). The morphologies and structures of the nanoparticles were examined by FEI Sirion-200 field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) and JEOL 2010 transmission electron microscope (TEM). The macro-SERS spectra were recorded with a Renishaw Raman RM2000 equipped with the 514.5 nm laser line, an electrically refrigerated CCD camera, and a notch filter to eliminate the elastic scattering. The spectra shown here were obtained with a 30 mm focus length lens. The output laser power on the sample was about 2 mW. The spectral resolution was 4 cm-1. The spectral scanning conditions were chosen to avoid sample degradation. The reported spectra were registered as single scans. Pyris-I TGA Analyzer (Perkin-Elmer Corporation), the temperature of the sample rose at constant speed (10°C / min) in N2 atmosphere during heating.

2.3 Preparation of silver and silver molybdate complex

In a typical experiment, 2-propanol (2 mL) and deaerated solution of tungstosilicate acid (30 mL, 2 mM) were added to an aqueous deaerated solution of AgNO3 (15 mL, 4 mM solution), and then the solution of Na2MoO4 (15 mL, 4 mM) was added to the above mixture with continuous stirring for 30 min and then was allowed to age for 2 h. A homogeneous light-yellow solution at room temperature was formed, indicating the formation of silver molybdate. When the above mixture was irradiated with UV light (Pyrex filter,>280 nm, 450 W Hanovia medium pressure lamp) for 2 h at the same time, the solution turned gray gradually, indicating the formation of the silver and silver molybdate complex. The yields were collected and washed several times using the double distilled water, dried in a vacuum oven at the 60°C for 6 h. The Ag NPs concentration was measured by UV-visible spectroscopy using the molar extinction coefficients at the wavelength of the maximum absorption of Ag colloid.

3 Results and discussion

XRD pattern shown in curve 1 of Fig. 1 was recorded from a drop coated film of the non UV-irradiated sample on a glass substrate. All reflection peaks of the products can be indexed as a pure structure with cell parameters a = 7.59, b = 8.31, c = 11.42 Å, which is in good agreement with the literature value (JCPDS Card: 72-1689). Pure Ag6Mo10O33 phase can be obtained in TSA system at pH 2 [15]. Curve 2 of Fig. 1 shows the XRD pattern of the UV-irradiated sample. The (111), (200), (220), and (311) Bragg reflections of face-centered cubic (fcc) silver are clearly observed (indicated by an asterisk). Some of the Bragg reflections corresponding to the Ag6Mo10O33 phase structure indicate that the formation of silver nanoparticles on the Ag6Mo10O33 colloidal particle template does not disrupt the basic structure of silver molybdates.
Fig.1 XRD patterns recorded from drop-coated films on glass substrates of silver molybdate synthesized by reaction of TSA solution with aqueous AgNO3 and Na2MoO4, before (curve 1) and after (curve 2) UV irradiation (Bragg reflections marked * correspond to Ag)

Full size|PPT slide

In this study, a solution method was employed to synthesize SMNs. The SEM image (Fig. 2(a)) reveals that the SMNs are generally ultralong with the length up to several hundred micrometers. When the reaction solution was irradiated by UV-light simultaneously, they produced fresh silver nanoparticles in situ. Figure 2(b) displays an SEM image of the SMNs covered with Ag nanoparticles. TEM image in Fig. 2(c) shows that the particles are also rod-like and the diameter is about 50 nm. The surface structures indicate that the crystal surface is smooth. The inset of Fig. 2(c) shows the associated selected-area electron diffraction (SEAD) pattern recorded by focusing the incident electron beam on an individual nanowire, and exhibits the single-crystalline nature of the wire. We have also carried out extensive investigations on more individual wires by using electron diffraction (ED), and the results demonstrate that the as-synthesized sample is single-crystalline. Based on the XRD pattern and the electron diffraction pattern, we concluded that the nanowires grow preferentially along c axis. The TEM image (Fig. 2(d)) shows that the SMNs were almost completely covered with Ag nanoparticles with an average diameter of 16 nm. The high resolution TEM images in Fig. 2(e) shows that very tiny nanoparticles sized from 10 to 25 nm are attached on the backbone of the SMNs. Interestingly, the silver nanoparticles are not observed to be separated from the SMNs in the solution, which indicates that the Ag+ reduction occurrs on the surface of the Ag6Mo10O33 colloidal particles and suggests that the Ag6Mo10O33 colloidal particles act as excellent templates. From the insets of Figs. 2(e) and 2(f), Ag NP and SMN was a single crystal, and it grows along the [111] and [022] axis. The crystal lattice of Ag and Ag6Mo10O33 may be indexed as (111) and (022) crystal planes with 0.24 and 0.335 nm corresponding to Ag (111) plane and Ag6Mo10O33 (022) plane, respectively.
Fig.2 A solution method was employed to synthesize SMNs. (a) SEM images of SMNs; (b) SEM images of SMNs covered with Ag nanoparticles; (c) TEM images of SMNs; (d) TEM images of SMNs covered with Ag nanoparticles; insets of (c) are individual SMN and electron diffraction pattern; (e) TEM image of individual SMN covered with Ag nanoparticles, inset shows crystal-lattice image of an individual Ag nanoparticle and SMN; (f) Crystal-lattice image of individual SMN

Full size|PPT slide

It is interesting that more and more other tiny nanoparticles have appeared on the backbone of the Ag6Mo10O33 nanowire after its exposure under electron beam irradiation. Clearly, this nanoline is unstable with electron beam irradiation. Nanoparticles on the surface get increased gradually as the time for the electron beam irradiation is prolonged. Accordingly, it is deduced that the melting point of this compound is likely low. Figure 3 shows the results of Ag6Mo10O33 nanowires differential thermal analysis. It reveals that the compound melting point is about 236°C, which is not high,. This can explain the phenomenon: under electron beam irradiation. Large heat is generated because of electron beam bombardment. Nanoline partially melts and amorphous particles are formed after its structure is destroying. At the same time, electron diffraction results—whose data is not presented—show that these new nanoparticles in the experimental process is amorphous. This agrees with the phenomenon observed by Shuhong Yu [14].
Fig.3 Differential thermal analysis of Ag6Mo10O33 nanowires

Full size|PPT slide

Herein, a unique approach to prepare a SERS substrate is proposed by utilizing silver molybdate as raw materials. Silver molybdate nanowires in large scale are synthesized through a simple solution approach at room temperature. Then, silver nanoparticles are obtained using UV light to irradiate silver molybdate solution, and Ag nanoparticles are covered on the surface of the silver molybdate in situ. Solution synthesis of the silver and silver molybdates nanowires complex is not found in literature up to now. The Ag-SMNs complex demonstrated the sensitivity in the SERS detection of PATP, which is similar to the SERS substrate of Ag nanoparticles covered on β-silver vanadate nanowires [14].
On the basis of theoretical calculations combined with the reports in literatures, Wu et al. [16] demonstrated that the PATP molecules adsorbed on nanoscale rough surfaces of noble metals and nanoparticles undergo a catalytic coupling reaction to selectively produce a new surface species p,p′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB). There are no fundamentals found in their cluster model calculations, which matches the vibrational frequencies of 1142, 1391, and 1440 cm-1 as observed in SERS of PATP on rough electrodes and nanoparticles of silver [17-19]. The peak positions of these intense SERS bands observed in experiments cannot be reproduced in their calculations of PATP interacting with various silver clusters. They [16] concluded that the experimentally observed bands do not arise directly from PATP adsorbed on silver surfaces. Therefore, the phenomenon in SERS of PATP should be with some new surface species, DMAB. In our study, we observed the same experiment phenomenon. Figure 4 is the SERS spectra from PATP modified Ag-SMNs complex compared with the Raman spectra of the solid PATP. The Raman spectrum of the solid PATP (curve 1) is different from that of PATP modified Ag-SMNs under the light irradiation (curve 2). The peaks at 1142, 1390, or 1435 cm-1 as observed in our SERS spectra (curve 2) can be attributed to that the DMAB is produced from the catalytic coupling reaction of PATP on rough silver nanoparticles surfaces under the nanoparticle-assisted photonic catalytic oxidation, which is different from the results of the electrochemical process [20].
Fig.4 Raman and SERS spectra of solid PATP (curve 1), and SERS (curve 2) spectra from PATP modified Ag-SMNs complex

Full size|PPT slide

4 Conclusion

In summary, silver and silver molybdate nanowires complex can be synthesized in the 12-silicotungstic acid system. Ag-Silver molybdate nanowires complex are demonstrated to be a new style SERS substrate.

References

[1]
Chakma S, Khalek M A, Paul B K, Ahmed K, Hasan M R, Bahar A N.Gold-coated photonic crystal fiber biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance: design and analysis. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, 2018, 18(4): 7–12
[2]
Russell P S. Photonic-crystal fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2006, 24(12): 4729–4749
CrossRef Google scholar
[3]
Knight J C, Birks T A, Atkin D M, Russell P S. Pure silica single-mode fibre with hexagonal photonic crystal cladding. In: Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Conference. San Jose: Optical Society of America, 1996, paper PD3
CrossRef Google scholar
[4]
Russell P. Photonic crystal fibers. Science, 2003, 299(5605): 358–362
[5]
Zhang X, Wang R, Cox F M, Kuhlmey B T, Large M C J. Selective coating of holes in microstructured optical fiber and its application to in-fiber absorptive polarizers. Optics Express, 2007, 15(24): 16270–16278
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[6]
An G, Li S, Qin W, Zhang W, Fan Z, Bao Y. High-sensitivity refractive index sensor based on D-shaped photonic crystal fiber with rectangular lattice and nanoscale gold film. Plasmonics, 2014, 9(6): 1355–1360
CrossRef Google scholar
[7]
Chen H, Li S, Ma M, Li J, Fan Z, Shi M. Surface plasmon induced polarization filter based on Au wires and liquid crystal infiltrated photonic crystal fibers. Plasmonics, 2016, 11(2): 459–464
CrossRef Google scholar
[8]
Lee H W, Schmidt M A, Tyagi H K, Sempere L P, Russell P S J. Polarization-dependent coupling to plasmon modes on submicron gold wire in photonic crystal fiber. Applied Physics Letters, 2008, 93(11): 111102
CrossRef Google scholar
[9]
An G, Li S, Zhang W, Fan Z, Bao Y. A polarization filter of gold-filled photonic crystal fiber with regular triangular and rectangular lattices. Optics Communications, 2014, 331: 316–319
CrossRef Google scholar
[15]
Schmidt M A, Sempere L P, Tyagi H K, Poulton C G, Russell P S J. Waveguiding and plasmon resonances in two-dimensional photonic lattices of gold and silver nanowires. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 2008, 77(3): 033417
CrossRef Google scholar
[16]
Akowuah E K, Gorman T, Ademgil H, Haxha S, Robinson G K, Oliver J V. Numerical analysis of a photonic crystal fiber for biosensing applications. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2012, 48(11): 1403–1410
CrossRef Google scholar
[12]
Jorgenson R C, Yee S S. A fiber-optic chemical sensor based on surface plasmon resonance. Sensors and Actuators B, Chemical, 1993, 12(3): 213–220
CrossRef Google scholar
[13]
Nagasaki A, Saitoh K, Koshiba M. Polarization characteristics of photonic crystal fibers selectively filled with metal wires into cladding air holes. Optics Express, 2011, 19(4): 3799–3808
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[14]
Zi J, Li S, Chen H, Li J, Li H. Photonic crystal fiber polarization filter based on surface plasmon polaritons. Plasmonics, 2016, 11(1): 65–69
CrossRef Google scholar
[10]
Zhang W, Li S G, An G W, Fan Z K, Bao Y J. Polarization filter characteristics of photonic crystal fibers with square lattice and selectively filled gold wires. Applied Optics, 2014, 53(11): 2441–2445
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[11]
Zhang X, Wang R, Cox F M, Kuhlmey B T, Large M C J. Selective coating of holes in microstructured optical fiber and its application to in-fiber absorptive polarizers. Optics Express, 2007, 15(24): 16270–16278
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[17]
Islam M I, Ahmed K, Asaduzzaman S, Paul B K, Bhuiyan T, Sen S, Islam M S, Chowdhury S. Design of single mode spiral photonic crystal fiber for gas sensing applications. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, 2017, 13: 55–62
CrossRef Google scholar
[18]
Li P, Zhao J. Polarization-dependent coupling in gold-filled dual-core photonic crystal fibers. Optics Express, 2013, 21(5): 5232–5238
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[19]
Liu B, Lu Y, Yang X, Yao J. Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on photonic crystal fiber filled with core-shell Ag-Au nanocomposite materials. Optical Engineering (Redondo Beach, Calif.), 2016, 55(11): 117104
CrossRef Google scholar
[20]
Geng P, Zhang W, Gao S, Zhang S, Zhang H, Ruan J. Orthogonal single-polarization single-core photonic crystal fiber for wavelength splitting. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2012, 24(15): 1304–1306
CrossRef Google scholar
[21]
Hassani A, Skorobogatiy M. Design criteria for microstructured-optical-fiber-based surface-plasmon-resonance sensors. JOSA B, 2007, 24(6): 1423–1429
CrossRef Google scholar
[22]
Wang G, Li S, An G, Wang X, Zhao Y. Design of a polarization filtering photonic crystal fiber with a big gold-coated air hole. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 2016, 48(10): 457
CrossRef Google scholar
[23]
Zhou X, Li S, Cheng T, An G. Design of offset core photonic crystal fiber filter based on surface plasmon resonance. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 2018, 50(3): 157
CrossRef Google scholar
[24]
Li H, Li S, Chen H, Li J, An G, Zi J. A polarization filter based on photonic crystal fiber with asymmetry around gold-coated holes. Plasmonics, 2016, 11(1): 103–108
CrossRef Google scholar
[25]
Li M, Peng L, Zhou G, Li B, Hou Z, Xia C. Design of photonic crystal fiber filter with narrow width and single-polarization based on surface plasmon resonance. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2017, 9(3): 1–8
CrossRef Google scholar
[26]
Xue J, Li S, Xiao Y, Qin W, Xin X, Zhu X. Polarization filter characters of the gold-coated and the liquid filled photonic crystal fiber based on surface plasmon resonance. Optics Express, 2013, 21(11): 13733–13740
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[27]
Fan Z, Li S, Chen H, Liu Q, Zhang W, An G, Li J, Bao Y. Numerical analysis of polarization filter characteristics of D-shaped photonic crystal fiber based on surface plasmon resonance. Plasmonics, 2015, 10(3): 675–680
CrossRef Google scholar
[28]
An G, Li S, Yan X, Yuan Z, Zhang X. High-birefringence photonic crystal fiber polarization filter based on surface plasmon resonance. Applied Optics, 2016, 55(6): 1262–1266
CrossRef Pubmed Google scholar
[29]
Liu Q, Li S, Chen H. Two kinds of polarization filter based on photonic crystal fiber with nanoscale gold film. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2015, 7(1): 1–11
CrossRef Google scholar

Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful to those who participated in this research work. There is no financial support for this research work.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2018 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF(1418 KB)

Accesses

Citations

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/