Design of temperature insensitive in vivo strain sensor using multilayer single mode optical fiber

Abstract

Bone strain measurement is a case of interest and demanding task for osteogenic adaption responses. In this paper, a novel biocompatible optical sensor for the bone axial strain measurement was proposed. In case modern multilayer single mode WII type optical fibers are well designed, they exhibit superior characteristics compared to conventional metal strain gauges (SGs). Furthermore, they could be strong competitors for SGs based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) devices. In this study, mode field diameter (MFD) was selected as the indirect parameter for sensing task, which was totally a new approach. The strain sensitivity of 70.7733 pm/µε was obtained. Moreover, temperature sensitivity was –3.0031 × 10⁻⁶ pm/°C, which was negligible and removed the temperature compensation complexity for the sensor structure presented. The satisfactory property achieved for the designed sensor is as a result of multilayer fiber’s complicated structure as well as the design procedure based on evolutionary genetic algorithm (GA). In addition, the sensor demonstrated a reliable performance as its sensitivity was independent of the magnitude of the applied load.

Keywords

bone strain / in vivo / optical strain gauge (SG) / genetic algorithm (GA)

References

[1] Bekker A, Cloete T J, Chinsamy-Turan A, Nurick G N, Kok S. Constant strain rate compression of bovine cortical bone on the Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2015, 46: 443–449

[2] Yang P F, Brüggemann G P, Rittweger J. What do we currently know from in vivo bone strain measurements in humans? Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interact, 2011, 11(1): 8–20

[3] Fresvig T, Ludvigsen P, Steen H, Reikerås O. Fibre optic Bragg grating sensors: an alternative method to strain gauges for measuring deformation in bone. Medical Engineering & Physics, 2008, 30(1): 104–108

[4] Roriz P, Carvalho L, Frazão O, Santos J L, Simões J A. From conventional sensors to fibre optic sensors for strain and force measurements in biomechanics applications: a review. Journal of Biomechanics, 2014, 47(6): 1251–1261

[5] Othonos A. Fiber Bragg gratings. Journal of Scientific Instruments, 1997, 68(12): 4309–4341

[6] Reekie L, Dakin J P, Archambault J L, Xu M G. Discrimination between strain and temperature effects using dual-wavelength fiber grating sensors. Electronics Letters, 1994, 30(13): 1085–1087

[7] Liu H B, Liu H Y, Peng G D, Chu P L. Strain and temperature sensor using a combination of polymer and silica fibre Bragg gratings. Optics Communications, 2003, 219(1-6): 139–142

[8] Holland J H. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992

[9] Goldberg D E. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1989

[10] Zhang X, Tian X. Analyzes of waveguide dispersion characteristics of WI- and WII-type triple-clad single-mode fibers. Optics & Laser Technology, 2003, 35(4): 237–244

[11] Makouei S, Oskouei M S, Rostami A. Study of bending loss and mode field diameter in depressed inner core triple clad single mode optical fibers. Optics Communications, 2007, 280(1): 58–67

[12] Gatak A, Thyagarajan K. Introduction to Fiber Optics. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002

[13] Artiglia M, Coppa G, Di Vita P, Potenza M, Sharma A. Mode field diameter measurements in single mode optical fibers. IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1989, 7(8): 1139–1152

[14] Mishra V, Singh N, Rai D V, Tiwari U, Poddar G C, Jain S C, Mondal S K, Kapur P. Fiber Bragg grating sensor for monitoring bone decalcification. Orthopeadics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research, 2010, 96(6): 646–651

[15] Mignani A G, Baldini F. Biomedical sensors using optical fibres. Reports on Progress in Physics, 1996, 59(1): 1–28

[16] Cai J, Ishikawa Y, Wada K. Strain induced bandgap and refractive index variation of silicon. Optics Express, 2013, 21(6): 7162–7170

[17] Ghosh G. Temperature dispersion of refractive indexes in some silicate fiber glasses. Photonics Technology Letters, 1994, 6(3): 431–433

[18] Ghosh G. Dispersion of temperature coefficients of birefringence in some chalcopyrite crystals. Applied Optics, 1984, 23(7): 976–978

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2016 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg