Upgrading to urban water system 3.0 through sponge city construction
Nanqi Ren, Qian Wang, Qiuru Wang, Hong Huang, Xiuheng Wang
Upgrading to urban water system 3.0 through sponge city construction
Cities in China confront full-scale and serious water crises due to urbanization.
System 2.0 with fragmented gray engineering measures showed inadaptability.
A novel water-cycling system is developed to systematically solve water crises.
Multi-purpose system 3.0 with integrated strategy shows powerful vitality.
Urban water system 3.0 (Blue, gray, brown and yellow arrows represent water flow, wastewater flow, resource and energy respectively)
Facing the pressure of excessive water consumption, high pollution load and rainstorm waterlogging, linear and centralized urban water system, system 2.0, as well as traditional governance measures gradually exposed characters of water-sensitivity, vulnerability and unsustainability, subsequently resulting in a full-blown crisis of water shortage, water pollution and waterlogging. To systematically relieve such crisis, we established healthy urban water-cycling system 3.0, in which decentralized sewerage systems, spongy infrastructures and ecological rivers play critical roles. Through unconventional water resource recycling, whole process control of pollutions and ecological restoration, system 3.0 with integrated management measures, is expected to fit for multiple purposes which involve environmental, ecological, economic and social benefits. With advantages of flexibility, resilience and sustainability, water system 3.0 will show an increasingly powerful vitality in the near future.
Water crisis / Urban water system / Spongy city / Decentralized system / Multi-purpose
[1] |
Cheng H, Hu Y. Economic transformation, technological innovation, and policy and institutional reforms hold keys to relieving China’s water shortages. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(2): 360–361
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Jia H, Yao H, Yu S L. Advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2013, 7(5): 709–720
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Qiu B X. Protection and governance of the urban water system. China Construction Daily, 2005–07–21, 001 (in Chinese)
|
[4] |
Wang W, Chen R Z, Liu Y, Wei W. Why did large cities frequently encounter waterlogging. People’s Daily, 2012–07–24, 004 (in Chinese)
|
[5] |
Carlson C, Barreteau O, Kirshen P, Foltz K. Storm water management as a public good provision problem: survey to understand perspectives of low-impact development for urban storm water management practices under climate change. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2015, 141(6): 04014080
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Angelakis A N, Dialynas M G, Despotakis V. Evolution of water supply technologies in Crete, Greece through the centuries. In: Angelakis A N, Mays L W, Koutsoyiannis D, Mamassis N, eds. Evolution of Water Supply Throughout the Millennia. London: IWA Publishing, 2012, 127–131
|
[7] |
De Feo G, Antoniou G, Fardin H F, El-Gohary F, Zheng X Y, Reklaityte I, Butler D, Yannopoulos S, Angelakis A N. The historical development of sewers worldwide. Sustainability, 2014, 6(6): 3936–3974
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Sedlak D. Water 4.0: the Past, Present, and Future of the World’s Most Vital Resource. New haven: Yale University Press, 2014
|
[9] |
Aldea A, Aldea M. The interrelationships between urban dynamics and water resource and supply based on multitemporal analysis. In: Fourth International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment (RSCy2016), Paphos.Bellingham: Proceedings of SPIE, 2016, 96881B
|
[10] |
Shi H J. Practice and innovation of discharge standard of water pollutants in North China. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2015, 01: 68–71 (in Chinese)
|
[11] |
Wang X H, Wang X, Huppes G, Heijungs R, Ren N Q. Environmental implications of increasingly stringent sewage discharge standards in municipal wastewater treatment plants: case study of a cool area of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 94: 278–283
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[12] |
International Water Association Events. Available online at http://www.iwa-network.org/all-events/ (accessed April 14, 2017)
|
[13] |
Lyu S, Chen W, Zhang W, Fan Y, Jiao W. Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China: opportunities and challenges. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 2016, 39: 86–96160;doi:10.1016/j.jes.2015.11.012
Pubmed
|
[14] |
Li W W, Yu H Q, Rittmann B E. Chemistry: reuse water pollutants. Nature, 2015, 528(7580): 29–31
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Steffen J, Jensen M, Pomeroy C A, Burian S J. Water supply and stormwater management benefits of residential rainwater harvesting in U.S. cities. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2013, 49(4): 810–824
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Opher T, Friedler E. Comparative LCA of decentralized wastewater treatment alternatives for non-potable urban reuse. Journal of Environmental Management, 2016, 182: 464–476
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Ellis J B, Lundy L. Implementing sustainable drainage systems for urban surface water management within the regulatory framework in England and Wales. Journal of Environmental Management, 2016, 183(Pt 3): 630–636
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Sharma A K, Pezzaniti D, Myers B, Cook S, Tjandraatmadja G, Chacko P, Chavoshi S, Kemp D, Leonard R, Koth B, Walton A. Water sensitive urban design: an investigation of current systems, implementation drivers, community perceptions and potential to supplement urban water services. Water (Basel), 2016, 8(7): 272 doi: 10.3390/w8070272
|
[19] |
Fletcher T D, Shuster W, Hunt W F, Ashley R, Butler D, Arthur S, Trowsdale S, Barraud S, Semadeni-Davies A, Bertrand-Krajewski J, Mikkelsen P S, Rivard G, Uhl M, Dagenais D, Viklander M. SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more – the evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water Journal, 2015, 12(7): 525–542
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Breuste J, Artmann M, Li J X, Xie M M. Special issue on green infrastructure for urban sustainability. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2015, 141(3): A2015001 doi:10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000291
|
[21] |
Libralato G, Volpi Ghirardini A, Avezzù F. To centralise or to decentralise: an overview of the most recent trends in wastewater treatment management. Journal of Environmental Management, 2012, 94(1): 61–68
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Fane A G, Fane S A. The role of membrane technology in sustainable decentralized wastewater systems. Water science and technology: a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2005, 51(10): 317–325 PMID:16104436
|
[23] |
Xie M, Nghiem L D, Price W E, Elimelech M. A forward osmosis-membrane distillation hybrid process for direct sewer mining: system performance and limitations. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(23): 13486–13493
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Butler R, MacCormick T. Opportunities for decentralized treatment, sewer mining and effluent re-use. Desalination, 1996, 106(1–3): 273–283
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Massoud M A, Tarhini A, Nasr J A. Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: applicability in developing countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 2009, 90(1): 652–659
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Wilderer P A, Schreff D. Decentralised and centralised wastewater management: a challenge for developers. Water Science and Technology, 2000, 41(1): 1–8
|
[27] |
Ho G, Anda M. Centralised versus decentralised wastewater systems in an urban context: the sustainability dimension. In: Beck M B, Speers A, eds. Second IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Sustainability. London: IWA Publishing, 2006, 81–131
|
[28] |
Bakir H A. Sustainable wastewater management for small communities in the Middle East and North Africa. Journal of Environmental Management, 2001, 61(4): 319–328
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[29] |
NRC. Water Reuse: Expanding the Nation’s Water Supply through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater. Washington, DC: National Research Council, 2012
|
[30] |
Grêt-Regamey A, Weibel B, Vollmer D, Burlando P, Girot C. River rehabilitation as an opportunity for ecological landscape design. Sustainable Cities and Society, 2016, 20: 142–146
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Hering J G, Waite T D, Luthy R G, Drewes J E, Sedlak D L. A changing framework for urban water systems. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(19): 10721–10726
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[32] |
The 17 IWA Principles for Water Wise Cities. Available online at http://www.iwa-network.org/projects/water-wise-cities/#the_17_iwa_principles_for_water-wise_cities (accessed April 17, 2017)
|
[33] |
Chung W Y, Yoo J H. Remote water quality monitoring in wide area. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2015, 217: 51–57
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[34] |
O’Donovan P, Coburn D, Jones E, Hannon L, Glavin M, Mullins D, Clifford E. A cloud-based distributed data collection system for decentralised wastewater treatment plants. Procedia Engineering, 2015, 119: 464–469
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
/
〈 | 〉 |