Programmable van der Waals Heterojunction for Multifunctional Integration

Abstract

Machine vision systems in real-world applications require devices capable of adapting to multiple operational modes, including high-sensitivity photodetection, neuromorphic synaptic behavior, and optical memory. However, integrating these distinct optoelectronic functionalities into a single device presents a challenge due to their conflicting requirements for photoresponse time and retention. Here, a gate-programmable multifunctional transistor based on a MoS₂/MAPbBr₃ van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure is fabricated. By using the gate field to tune the interfacial electric field and trapping/release kinetics associated with shallow- and deep-level states, the device can be programmed to operate as a photodetector, synaptic transistor, and gate-bias-assisted multilevel optical memory. Under a positive gate voltage (V_G), a pronounced photogating effect enables photodetection with responsivity (R) of ∼2397 A/W. At V_G = –20 V, the device switches to synaptic mode. At a more negative gate bias, the device enters a gate-bias-assisted optical-memory mode under sustained gate bias. To illustrate the utility of this programmable multifunctionality, frequency-encoded image recognition is demonstrated with 96.4% accuracy. In addition, a device-enabled reservoir-computing (RC) scheme with software-assisted readout improves classification accuracy by ~20% through deep delay-based processing. This work demonstrates a multimodal transistor architecture that integrates multiple optoelectronic functions in a single device and suggests a compact hardware route toward adaptive in-sensor optical information processing.

Keywords

memories / multifunctional / photodetectors / reservoir computing / synapses

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