The indigenous populations as the model by nature to understand human genomic-phenomics interactions

Abstract

Background: The advancement of genomics has progressed in lightning speed over the past two decades. Numerous large-scale genome sequencing initiatives were announced, along with the rise of the holistic precision medicine approach. However, the field of genomic medicine has now come to a bottleneck since genomic-phenomic interactions are not fully comprehended due to the complexity of the human systems biology and environmental influence, hence the emergence of human phenomics.

Results: This review attempts to provide an overview of the potential advantages of investigating the human phenomics of indigenous populations and the challenges ahead.

Conclusion: We believe that the indigenous populations serve as an ideal model to excavate our understanding of genomic-environmental-phenomics interactions.

Author summary

The advancement of genomic technology has progressed in a lightning speed. However, the understanding of genotype-phenotype interactions has come to a bottleneck owing to the complex interplays between the human biology and environment, hence posing hindrance to materialising precision medicine in a holistic manner. The newly emerging discipline on human phenomics may be the solution. We argue that the indigenous populations serve as an ideal model to excavate our understanding on genomic-environmental-phenomics interactions. This review provides an overview on the potential advantages of investigating the human phenomics in the indigenous populations, and the challenges ahead.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

indigenous populations / Orang Asli / genomics / phenomics

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author acknowledges the Department of Orang Asli Development (JKOA) of Malaysia and the Orang Asli communities for their participation and engagement in earlier studies.

COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICS GUIDELINES

The authors Boon-Peng Hoh and Thuhairah Abdul Rahman declare that they have no conflict of interests.

This article is a review article and does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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