The influences of roasting activation on the particle morphology, microscopic structure, and adsorption properties of natural clinoptilolites were investigated. The experimental results show that the optimal modified conditions include a calcination temperature at 400 °C, a roasting time of 0.5 h, and furnace cooling. The ammonia nitrogen removal rate from analog renewable water of the modified clinoptilolites reached 72% in the optimized conditions, which is 12% higher than that of natural ones. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the surface morphology changed, the micro-hole size increased, and the surface became smoother and more uniform after calcination. The single-point total adsorption average pore width increased from 7.74 nm to 10.64 nm.

An attempt was made to investigate the machinability of SiCp/Al composites based on the experimental study using mill-grinding processing method. The experiments were carried out on a high-speed CNC machining center using integrated abrasive cutting tool. The effects of combined machining parameters, e g, cutting speed (v _s), feed rate (v _f), and depth of cut (a _p), with the same change of material removal rate (MRR) on the mill-grinding force and surface roughness (Ra) were investigated. The formation mechanism of typical machined surface defects was analyzed by SEM. The experimental results reveal that with the same change of material removal rate, lower mill-grinding force values can be gained by increasing depth of cut and feed rate simultaneously at higher cutting speed. With the same change of MRR value, lower surface roughness values can be gained by increasing the feed rate at higher cutting speed, rather than just increasing the depth of cut, or increasing the feed rate and depth of cut simultaneously. The machined surface of SiCp/Al composites reveals typical defects which can influence surface integrity.

Novel visible light-induced Cr-doped SrTiO₃-g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalysts were synthesized by introducing polymeric g-C₃N₄. The composite photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and BET surface area measurements. The photocatalytic oxidation ability of the novel composite photocatalyst was evaluated using methyl orange (MO) as a target pollutant. The photocatalysts exhibited a significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance in degrading MO. The optimal g-C₃N₄ content for the photodegradation activity of the composite photocatalysts was determined. The as-prepared composite photocatalyst exhibits an improved photocatalytic activity due to enhancement of photo-generated electron-hole separation at the interface.

Using the oxidation method from vanadium metal thin films by magnetron sputtering, under the fixed annealing parameters of temperature (400 °C) and oxygen pressure (10³ Pa), we fabricated a series of vanadium dioxide thin films through the change of annealing durations or substrates (quartz glass or AZO-covered glass). Characterization of the thermochromic properties together with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) indicates that appropriate annealing duration is a key factor to obtain pure VO₂ films and AZO-covered glass is more suitable to obtain the VO₂ films with high visible transmittance, good crystallinity and larger near-infrared switching efficiencies (maximum 34% at 2000 nm) compared with the substrate of quartz glass. However, VO₂ films on quartz glass exhibit narrower loop (7 °C) with smart reversible response to temperature. Depth profile XPS spectra further indicate that for the films fabricated on quartz glass from thicker V metal films, the existence of low valence vanadium oxides is inevitable and leads to a lower transmittance in the region of visible light.

The core-shell structures of ZSM-5 coated with mesoporous silica were synthesized by means of dodecylamine (DDA) surfactant. The results show that the mesoporous silica shells are coated on ZSM-5 cores and result in the formation of hierarchical porous structures. The thickness of the coating shell can be controlled by changing the adding amount of TEOS. The core-shell composites with the thickness of 35 nm possess high surface areas (about 528 m²·g⁻¹), large pores (about 3.5 nm in diameter) on the silica shells. The composite molecular sieves display higher adsorption capacity for benzene (140.2 mg·g⁻¹) and butyraldehyde (213.7 mg·g⁻¹) than that of pristine ZSM-5 for benzene (99.2 mg·g⁻¹) and butyraldehyde (134.7 mg·g⁻¹). The composite molecular sieves show a wide application foreground for harmful gas adsorbent for environmental protection.

To solve the disposal problems of solid wastes, dehydrated sewage sludge and Yellow River sediments were tested as components for production of ultra-lightweight ceramsite. The effects of Yellow River sediments addition on the characteristics of ceramsite were investigated. Ceramsite with different Yellow River sediments additions was characterized using thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, morphological structures analyses, pore size distributions and porosity analyses. Chemical components, especially ratios of SiO₂ + Al₂O₃/Flux, were used to explain the glassy shell formation, physical properties and pores distribution of ultra-lightweight ceramsite; physical forces for instance expansion force and frictional resistance which combined with SiO₂ + Al₂O₃/Flux ratios were used to explain the bloating mechanism. Results showed that the maximum addition of Yellow River sediments for making ultra-lightweight ceramsite was 35%. Macropores (between 0.226 μm and 0.554 μm) of ultra-lightweight ceramsite were dominant in the pore structures of ultra-lightweight ceramsite and its porosity was up to 67.7%. Physical force of expansion force was constant with the variation of Yellow River sediments content and physical force of frictional resistance was decreased with the increase of Yellow River sediments addition. The relationship between expansion and frictional resistance could determine the expansion rate of ceramsite. Larger pores inside the ceramsite bodies could be obtained as Yellow River sediments additions ranged from 10% to 30%. Ceramsite with higher Yellow River sediments additions of 40% (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃/Flux ratios ⩽ 4.25) became denser and have lower porosity. Crystal components analysis proved that the sintering process made some components of raw materials transfer into other crystals having better thermostability.

We investigated the effects of heating rate on the process parameters of superplastic forming for Zr₅₅Cu₃₀Al₁₀Ni₅₅ by differential scanning calorimetry. The continuous heating and isothermal annealing analyses suggested that the temperatures of glass transition and onset crystallization are heating rate-dependent in the supercooled liquid region. Then, the time-temperature-transformation diagram under different heating rates indicates that increasing the heating rate can lead to an increase of the incubation time at the same anneal temperature in the supercooled liquid region. Based on the Arrhenius relationship, we discovered that the incubation time increases by 1.08–1.11 times with double increase of the heating rate at the same anneal temperature, and then verified it by the data of literatures and the experimental results. The obtained curve of the max available incubation time reveals that the incubation time at a certain anneal temperature in the supercooled liquid region is not infinite, and will increase with increasing heating rate until this temperature shifts out of the supercooled liquid region because of exceeding critical heating rate. It is concluded that heating rate must be an important processing parameter of superplastic forming for Zr₅₅Cu₃₀Al₁₀Ni₅.

Hybrid power sources have attracted much attention in the electric vehicle area. Particularly, electric-electric hybrid powertrain system consisting of supercapacitor modules and lithium-ion batteries has been widely applied because of the high power density of supercapacitors. In this study, we design a hybrid powertrain system containing two porous carbon electrode-based supercapacitor modules in parallel and one lithium ion battery pack. With the construction of the testing station, the performance and stability of the used supercapacitor modules are investigated in correlation with the structure of the supercapacitor and the nature of the electrode materials applied. It has been shown that the responding time for voltage vibration from 20 V to 48.5 V during charging or discharging process decreases from about 490 s to 94 s with the increase in applied current from 20 A to 100 A. The capacitance of the capacitor modules is nearly independent on the applied current. With the designed setup, the energy efficiency can reach as high as 0.99. The results described here provide a guidance for material selection of supercapacitors and optimized controlling strategy for hybrid power system applied in electric vehicles.

Commercial spherical activated carbon (SAC) was modified by impregnation to enhance the catalytic properties of SAC in acetylene hydrochlorination through melamine modification. Different modification conditions for SAC with nitrogen were compared by changing the SAC-Melamine ratios. The effect of carbonization temperature on the modification was also investigated. Surface chemistry and adsorption properties of the modified and unmodified SACs were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elementary analysis, BET, and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Moreover, the catalytic properties of SAC in acetylene hydrochlorination under differently modified conditions were also investigated. Elemental analysis showed that the nitrogen content of the modified SAC was greatly improved. XPS revealed that nitrogen mainly exists in Pyrrole nitrogen and Pyridine nitrogen. TPD showed that desorption of C₂H₂ was changed by modification. The conversion rate of acetylene was up to 70% under the following reaction conditions: temperature, 150 °C; C₂H₂ hourly space velocity (GHSV), 36 h⁻¹; feed volume ratio V (HCl)/V (C₂H₂) = 1.15. The catalytic properties of SAC were improved significantly via melamine modification.

P-nitrophenol (PNP) adsorption in batch and fixed bed adsorbers was studied. The homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM) based on external mass transfer and intraparticle surface diffusion was used to describe the adsorption kinetics for PNP in stirred batch adsorber at various initial concentrations and activated carbon dosages. The fixed bed model considering both external and internal mass transfer resistances as well as axial dispersion with non-linear isotherm was utilized to predict the fixed bed breakthrough curves for PNP adsorption under the conditions of different flow rates and inlet concentrations. The equilibrium parameters and surface diffusivity (D _s) were obtained from separate experiments in batch adsorber. The obtained value of D _s is 4.187×10¹² m²/s. The external film mass transfer coefficient (k _f) and axial dispersion coefficient (D _L) were estimated by the correlations of Goeuret and Wike-Chang. The Biot number determined by HSDM indicated that the adsorption rate of PNP onto activated carbon in stirred batch was controlled by intraparticle diffusion and film mass transfer. A sensitivity analysis was carried out and showed that the fixed bed model calculations were sensitive to D _s and k _f, but insensitive to D _L. The sensitivity analysis and Biot number both confirm that intraparticle diffusion and film mass transfer are the controlling mass transfer mechanism in fixed bed adsorption system.

The physical properties, the pre-reacting performance and melting properties of the loose glass batch and the granulated glass batch were investigated, respectively. The experimental results showed that compacted glass batch could reduce dust, use ultra-fine powder, and improve heat transfer efficiency. When loose glass batch was compressed into granular, the thermal conductivity was increased from 0.273 W/m·°C to 0.430 W/m·°C, the activation energy Ea of pre-reacting decreased from 178.77 kJ/mol to 143.30 kJ/mol. Using the pre-reacted granular glass batch can significantly reduce the melting time, increase the batch melting rate, and decrease the heat consumption of 1kg molten glass from 3591.24 to 3277.03kJ/kg.

Carbon fibers (CFs) were coated with a nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) film using an electroless plating process. The morphology, elemental composition and phases in the coating layer of the CFs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Wet paper-making method was used to prepare nickle coated carbon fiber paper (NCFP). Vacuum assisted infusion molding process (VAIMP) was employed to manufacture the NCFP reinforced epoxy composites, and carbon fiber paper (CFP) reinforced epoxy composites were also produced as a comparison. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of the composites were measured in the 3.22–4.9 GHz frequency range using waveguide method. Both NCFP and CFP reinforced epoxy composites of 0.5 mm thickness exhibited high EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) at 8wt% fiber content, 35 dB and 30 dB, respectively, and reflection was the dominant shielding mechanism.

Density functional theory calculations were carried out to explore the potential energy surface (PES) associated with the gas-phase reaction of NiL₂(L=SO₃CH₃) with acetone. The geometries and energies of the reactants, intermediates, products and transition states of the triplet ground potential energy surfaces of [Ni, O, C₂, H₄] were obtained at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) levels in C,H,O atoms and B3LYP/Lanl2dz in Ni atom. It was found through our calculations that the decabonylation of acetaldehyde contains four steps including encounter complexation, C-C activation, aldehyde H-shift and nonreactive dissociation. The results revealed that C-C activation induced by NiL₂(L=SO₃CH₃) led to the decarbonylation of acetaldehyde.

Ti₂AlN/TiN functionally graded materials (FGM) were successfully fabricated by vacuum hotpressing. Bulk density of the sintered samples was measured by Archimedes principle. The sample sintered at 1 300 °C for 2 h has the maximum final density and lowest open porosity. SEM coupled with EDS was utilized to investigate the phase composition and microstructure, and well-formed boundary was found between the layers. The microhardness tests suggest that Vickers’ hardness of Ti₂AlN/TiN FGM increases monotonically with the volume fraction content of TiN increases. Corrosion results are that the corrosion resistance of Ti₂AlN/TiN FGM is much better than that of Ti₂AlN in acid, but quite the opposite in alkali. Constant temperature oxidation study shows that the oxidation kinetics of Ti₂AlN/TiN FGM at 900 °C follows the parabolic law closely.

A fiber optic 2-cholrophenol (2-CP) sensor was developed based on the fluorescence quenching of molecular oxygen on the oxygen-sensitive membrane and O₂ consumption during catalytic oxidation reaction of 2-CP. The 2-CP concentration can be determined by utilizing a lock-in amplifier to measure the change in the fluorescence lifetime of an oxygen-sensitive membrane, in which the tris (2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) chloride complexes (Ru(II)(byp)₃Cl₂) were immobilized in cellulose acetate (CA) via simple hybridized approach. The experimental results show the good linear relationship between the phase delay of sensitive membrane and 2-CP concentration in its detection range of 1×10⁻⁷ to 1×10⁻⁵ mol/L and 1×10⁻⁵ to 1×10⁻⁴ mol/L. The detection limit of the sensor is 7×10⁻⁸ mol/L (S/N=3) and the response time is 5 min. Our experimental measurements confirmed good response characteristics of the as-prepared fiber optic 2-CP sensor, as well as its capability to detect the 2-CP concentration in practical water samples.

Because of both ozone gas and ozone solution are instable which limits the application of ozone, to solve the storage problem, it is necessary to find a kind of ideal ozone carrier which can combine ozone as an “ozonic compound” in which the bond strength between ozone and carrier should not be too high or too low, to appropriately release ozone from the ozonic compound. Combining Criegee’s three-step reaction mechanism of ozone and olefins, the charge, covalent bond levels and energy levels of ozone, ethylene, butadiene and their ozonic compounds were calculated by the first-principles calculation method based on density functional theory methods. The stability of the ozonide, or the bond strength between ozone and ions of carrier were controlled felicitously to release ozone from the ozonide with proper velocity. Ozone antimicrobial was composed on the above principle. It can be used conveniently, especially for common families.

The starch-g-lactic acid copolymer was synthesized with catalysis of sulfuric acid by onestep process, and the structure of starch-g-lactic acid copolymer was characterized by means of IR, ¹³C-NMR, HMBC, XRD, and SEM. The experimental results show that the maximum grafting degree of starch can reach 75% when the starch-g-lactic acid copolymer is activated at 80 °C for 2 h and reacted with lactic acid at 90 °C for 4 h in vacuum.

A novel linear ultrasonic motor based on d ₁₅ effect of piezoelectric materials was presented. The design idea aimed at the direct utilization of the shear-induced vibration modes of piezoelectric material. Firstly, the inherent electromechanical coupling mechanism of piezoelectric material was investigated, and shear vibration modes of a piezoelectric shear block was specially designed. A driving point’s elliptical trajectory induced by shear vibration modes was discussed. Then a dynamic model for the piezoelectric shear stator was established with finite element (FE) method to conduct the parametric optimal design. Finally, a prototype based on d15 converse piezoelectric effect is manufactured, and the modal experiment of piezoelectric stator was conducted with laser doppler vibrometer. The experimental results show that the calculated shear-induced vibration modes can be excited completely, and the new linear ultrasonic motor reaches a speed 118 mm/s at noload, and maximal thrust 12.8 N.

Low alkaline liquid state setting accelerator(LSA) for Portland cement was prepared in laboratory from aqueous solution of several inorganic sulfate salts and some organic chemical substances. Properties of cement with addition of LSA relating to its setting time and strength development as well as its resistance to sulfate attack for short and long term exposure were experimentally examined. The experimental results showed that 5%–7% addition of LSA significantly accelerated the initial and final setting of Portland cement in the presence or absence of the blending of mineral admixtures, the initial and final setting time being less than 3 min and 6 min respectively. Meanwhile, the early 1 day curing age compressive strength increased remarkably by 20%, while the late 28th day curing age compressive strength remained almost unchanged as compared with that of the reference accelerator free cement mortar specimen. Furthermore, mortar specimens of cement added with LSA and exposed to 5% Na₂SO₄ solution showed their excellent resistance to sulfate attack, with their short and long term curing age resistance coefficient to sulfate attack being around 1.04 to 1.17, all larger than 1.0. XRD analysis on hardened cement paste specimens at very early curing ages of several minutes disclosed the existence of more ettringite in specimens added with LSA than that of the reference specimens, meanwhile SEM observation also revealed the existence of well crystallized ettringite at very early hydration stage, suggesting that the accelerated setting of Portland cement can be attributed to the early and rapid formation of ettringite over the whole cement paste matrix due to the introduction of LSA. MIP measurement revealed that hardened cement paste specimens with the addition of LSA presented less medium diameter pores, more proportion of small pores and less proportion of large capillary pores, which is in a very good coincidence with the improvement of strength development of cement mortars added with LSA.

The influence of superplasticizer (SP) on the early age drying shrinkage of cement paste with the same consistency was investigated. To conduct the test, which lasted for 72 hours, three paste mixtures were used for comparison. The 72 hours early age drying shrinkage staring from the initial setting time was measured by a clock gauge. The pore size distribution was measured by Mercury Intrusion Method. The surface tension of capillary simulation liquid and mass loss of paste were also measured. The experimental results showed that the addition of SP increased the early drying shrinkage greatly. The ratios of water evaporation and the total free water in mixtures added with SPs showed great differences. SPs fined the capillary pores of paste, and the volume of pore with diameter within 50 nm was well consistent with shrinkage rate. The addition of SPs did not raise the capillary liquid surface tension. It showed that with the volume of pore with diameter within 50 nm and the ratio of water evaporation and the total free water a tolerable shrinkage result of paste added with SP could be predicted, and the elastic modulus could have an influence on the early shrinkage. These results have never been proposed before.

Loose sand particles could be cemented to sandstone by bio-cement (microbial induced magnesium carbonate). The bio-sandstone was firstly prepared, and then the compressive strength and the porosity of the sandstone cemented by microbial induced magnesium carbonate were tested to characterize the cementation effectiveness. In addition, the formed mineral composition and the microstructure of bio-sandstone were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The experimental results show that the feasibility of binding loose sand particles using microbial induced magnesium carbonate precipitation is available and the acquired compressive strength of bio-sandstone can be excellent at certain ages. Moreover, the compressive strength and the porosity could be improved with the increase of microbial induced magnesium carbonate content. XRD results indicate that the morphology of magnesium carbonate induced by microbe appears as needles and SEM results show that the cementation of loose sand particles to sandstone mainly relies on the microbial induced formation of magnesium carbonate precipitation around individual particles and at particle-particle contacts.

Six representative parent rocks of sand, including limestone, quartzite, gneisses, granite, Basalt and Marble were selected to conduct a systematical research on the effects of various lithologies of manufactured sand on the workability, mechanism properties, volume stability and durability of manufactured-sand concrete. The experimental results show that the strength of manufactured-sand concrete is slightly higher than that of natural-sand concrete. Furthermore, substituting 15% cement of the concrete mixture with equal quantity of the six different lithology stone powder respectively, the data indicated that they can improve the concrete’s workability, postpone the plastic cracking time, enhance the anti-cracking grade, and have no obvious effect on the properties of antifreeze and sulfate attack resistance but reduce the capability to resist chloride ion penetration. Moreover, the differences in concrete’s workability, mechanism properties, volume stability and durability caused by various lithologies of manufactured sand and stone powder were not significant and the influence of lithology variety on the macro properties of concrete could be neglected eventually.

Two types of solutions (ZnSO₄, MgSO₄) were selected to study the influence of mineral admixtures on the electro-deposition healing effect of concrete cracks. Four parameters (i e, rates of weight gain, surface coating, crack closure and crack filling depth) were measured. The mineral composition of electro-deposits in the cracks was analyzed. The study shows that the healing effect of mortar specimens with 10% fly ash is the worst, while the healing effect of mortar specimens with 20% fly ash is better than that of the specimens without fly ash. The rates of weight gain, surface coating, crack closure and crack filling depth decrease with increasing content of the ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBS). The mineral admixtures have no influence on the composition of deposits.

The effect of fly ash and silica fume on hydration rate and strength of cement in the early stage was studied. Contrast test was applied to the complex cementitious system to investigate the hydration rate. Combined with mechanical strength, the influence of fly ash and silica fume during the hydration process of complex binder was researched. The peak of the rate of hydration heat evolution and the mechanical strength decreased as the ratio of fly ash increased, however, as the ratio of silica fume increased, the peak of the rate of hydration heat evolution and the mechanical strength increased obviously. When the ratios of fly ash and silica fume are 10% and 5%, the peak of the rate of hydration heat evolution is the highest. At the same time 7 days of flexural and compressive strength are the highest as 8.89 MPa and 46.52 MPa, respectively. Fly ash and silica fume are the main factors affecting the hydration rate and the mechanical property.

Fume suppression mechanisms and the effect of expanded graphite on the performance of asphalt were studied by applying infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and comprehensive thermal analysis (TG, DSC). The experimental results confirm that asphalt which is mixed with expandable graphite will expand in the process of hot mix, and the expanded graphite layer will swell by the light component in the asphalt. The light component in the asphalt and PAHs adsorption on expanded graphite surface or part of the plug in the expanded graphite layer between plates made nucleation crystallization growth. And the Van der Waals force and the bonding of the lattice can effectively restrain the asphalt fume release. Meanwhile, the expanding agent with oxidative can spread into the asphalt, leading to asphalt oxygenated and plastic abate, while the ductility decreases. Expanded graphite, SBS modifier and environment-friendly plasticizers are used to composite modified asphalt. According to asphalt fume release experiment, normal test of asphalt performance, Brookfield viscosity test, RTFOT test and asphalt mixture tests (high temperature stability, low temperature stability, water stability), it has been proven that the modified asphalt’s performance is better than that of matrix asphalt and equivalent to that of SBS modified asphalt. Furthermore, it has good fume suppression effect.

In order to investigate the high-temperature performances of the asphalt pavement hot-applied sealant, as well as to reduce failures of the sealant pullout, the softening point test and the flow test (two existing methods for evaluating high-temperature performances) were conducted. It was found that both tests could not accurately reflect the adhesion performances of the sealant at high temperatures. For this purpose, the adhesion test for PSAT (pressure sensitive adhesive tape) has been taken as a reference to develop a device that is suitable for evaluating the adhesion performances, by modifying relevant test parameters according to the road conditions at high temperatures. Thirteen common sealants were tested in the modified adhesion test, softening point test and flow test. The experimental results show that no significant correlation (p>0.05) exists between the adhesion value, softening point, adhesion value and flow value; while a significant correlation (p<0.05) exists between the softening point and flow value. The modified adhesion test is efficient in distinguishing the high-temperature adhesion performances of different sealants, and can be used as a standard method for evaluating such performances.

In order to investigate the carbide dissolution mechanism of high carbon-chromium bearing steel during the intercritical austenitization, the database of TCFE7 of Thermo-calc and MOBFE of DICTRA software were used to calculate the elements diffusion kinetic and the evolution law of volume fraction of carbide. DIL805A dilatometer was used to simulate the intercritical heat treatment. The microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and the micro-hardness was tested. The experimental results indicate that the dissolution of carbide is composed of two stages: initial austenite growth governed by carbon diffusion which sharply moves up the micro-hardness of quenched martensite, and subsequent growth controlled by diffusion of Cr elements in M₃C. The volume fraction of M₃C decreases with the increasing holding time, and the metallographic analysis shows a great agreement with values calculated by software.

The high grade non-oriented electrical steel sheets containing 3.0%Si were manufacturing processed using different cutting techniques, then they were stress relief annealed(SRA), the profiles and textures of the cutting edges were compared before and after annealing, and the magnetic properties of these specimens were tested and compared. The experimental results show that the iron loss of the specimen by water jet cutting is the lowest, but the magnetic induction under the low magnetic field is the highest, the iron loss of the specimen by laser cutting is the highest, but the magnetic induction under the low magnetic field is the lowest. It is necessary to adopt suitable production conditions and minimize the deterioration involved, and the magnetic property can be recovered by SRA effectively.

A kind of ceramic slurry was prepared and sprayed onto the surface of 9Ni steel at room temperature. The coating layer will not only reduce the depth of the formed Ni-enriched entanglement at high temperature but also have an excellent ability to resist oxidation of the 9Ni steel. Compared to bare specimen, the depths of the entanglement of the coated 9Ni specimen could be successfully reduced by 74.1% and the oxidation loss be decreased by 62.3% by heating at 1 250 °C for 60min. In addition, the coated specimen indicates no trace of oxide pegs. It proves that the coating has outstanding improvement to internal oxidation resistance. Some characterization methods such as metalloscopy, XRD, XPS, SEM and EDX have been used to reveal a possible protective mechanism. The result shows that the coating layer reacts with the iron oxide to form MgFe₂O₄ on the surface of the coated specimen, which could provide a smaller diffusion coefficient rate of Fe ion. The coating with a low cost and easy implementation is promisingly applicable in the slab-reheating process of the 9Ni steel.

Butt joints between Mg alloy AZ31B and pure Al 1 060 sheets were produced via metal inert gas welding process with Zn-Cd alloy foil. Crack-free Al/Mg butt joints between AZ31B Mg alloy and pure Al 1060 sheets were obtained. Intermetallic compound layer 1 and layer 2 had formed in fusion zone/Mg alloy and the average thickness of the layer 1 was about 50 μm. The intermetallic compound layer 1 consisted of Al₁₂Mg₁₇ and Mg₂Si phases while layer 2 consisted of Al₁₂Mg₁₇, Mg₂Si and MgZn₂ phases. The crack started from the IMC layer at the bottom of the joint and propagated along the brittle IMC layer, then expanded into weld metal during the SEM in situ tensile test. The highest tensile strength of the dissimilar metal butt joints could reach 46.8 MPa and the effect of interfacial IMC layer on mechanical property of the joint was discussed in detail in the present study.

X80 pipeline steel was welded with submerged arc automatic welding, the microstructures, cavity sizes, fusion depths and plane scanning of chemical elements in the welded zone, fusion zone, heat affected zone and base steel were observed with OM (optical microscope) and SEM (scanning electron microscope), respectively. The experimental results show that there is main acicular ferrite in the base steel and welded zone, the microscopic structure of fusion zone is a blocked bainite, and the heat affected zone is composed of multilateral ferrite and pearlite. M-A unit of the welded zone is the main factor to strengthen the welded zone, composed of acicular ferrites. The percentage of cavities in the welded joint is less than that in the base steel, which is beneficial to increasing its mechanical performance and corrosion resistance. The fusion depth in the fusion zone and welded zone is 101.13 μm and 115.85 μm, respectively, and the distribution of chemical elements in the welded zone is uniform, no enrichment phenomena.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of artificial weathering test on the photoaging behavior of TPU films. Changes in mechanical properties, morphology and chemical structures are studied by tensile test, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the photoaging negatively affects the initial modulus and stress at break values of TPU films. The surface of the specimen that is exposed to irradiation becomes rough, and some visible micro-defects such as blisters and voids can be detected. The morphology of the fracture surfaces illustrates that irradiation reduces the plasticity but increases the brittleness of the TPU films. The chemical structure analyses of the accelerated aged films prove that chemical structural changes in TPU films occur. The irradiation may break the long molecular chains on the surface of the specimens and form the low-molecular weight oxygen-containing groups. The number of chain scissions increases with the increase in exposure time.

In order to investigate the effect of space environmental factors on spacecraft materials, a ground-based simulation facility for space atomic oxygen (AO) irradiation was developed in our laboratory. Some Kapton film samples were subjected to AO beam generated by this facility. The Kapton films before and after AO exposure were analyzed comparatively using optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, atomic force microscopy, high-precision microbalance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental results indicate that the transmittance of Kapton film will be reduced by AO irradiation notably, and its color deepens from pale yellow to brown. Surface roughness of the AO-treated sample is already increased obviously after AO irradiation for 5 hours, and exhibits a flannel-like appearance after 15 hours’ exposure in AO beam. The imide rings and benzene rings in kapton molecule are partially decomposed, and some new bonds form during AO irradiation. The mass loss of kapton film increases linearly with the increase of AO fluence, which is resulted from the formation of volatile products, such as CO, CO₂ and NO _x. The breakage in structure and degradation in properties of AO-treated Kapton film can be attributed to the integrated effect of impaction and oxidization of AO beam. The test results agree well with the space flight experimental data.

A novel UV-curable oligmer 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol glycidyl ether acrylate (CHDMGEA) was synthesized by utilizing 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol glycidyl ether (CHDMGE) and acrylic acid (AA) as starting materials, triphenyl phosphine as catalyst and p-hydroxyanisole as inhibitor. The optimum synthetic conditions were that the concentration of triphenyl phosphine was 0.90% of reactants by weight, the concentration of p-hydroxyanisole was 0.20% of reactants by weight, the reaction temperature was 90–100 °C, and the molar ratio of CHDMGE to AA was 0.5:1.1. The experimental results show that CHDMGEA is a kind of good UV-curable oligmer. The impact resistance of the UV-cured films with CHDMGEA as oligmer to prepare UV-curing coating was superior to that of the UV-cured films with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether diacrylate (BPGEA) as oligmer to prepare UV-curing coating.

We have analyzed the photorefractive (PR) effect of a polymer composite was reported which combines a novel bi-functional poly(N-vinyl)-3-[p-nitrophenylazo]carbazolyl (PVNPAK) and 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone (TNF). PVNPAK was synthesized by a post-azo-coupling reaction, with an azo derivative as the electrooptic chromophore and carbazolyl as photoconductive moiety. The asymmetric two-beam coupling gain of 13.9 cm⁻¹ and diffraction efficiency of 1.2% for poled polymer film fabricated using a corona poling are obtained at the wavelength of 647.1 nm, confirming photorefractivity. We interpreted this result as the orientational enhancement, in which the spatial charge field may enhance the modulated orientation of the azobenzen chromophore. It is unexpected that the photorefractive gain of 9.5 cm⁻¹ for the unpoled polymer film also was observed without external field in two-beam coupling (TBC) experiment. This phenomenon is attributed to a light-induced orientational grating when the azobenzene groups are illuminated by polarized light.

A new carbon bridged cyclopentadienyl chromium complex of the type [(C₅H₄)C(CH₃)₂ CH₂(C₅H₄N)]CrCl₂ was prepared by treatment of CrCl₃·(THF)₃ in THF solution with the lithium salt of ligand containing cyclopentadienyl and pyridyl groups. The chromium complex was characterized by ¹H NMR and elemental analysis(EA), and the crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Activated by Al(i-Bu)₃, the chromium complex displayed a very high activity for methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization. After 24 hours,more than 95.5% MMA was converted to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with a viscosity average molecular weight (W _η) of 416000 g·mol⁻¹ at 60 °C for MMA/Al(i-Bu)₃/chromium catalyst molar ratio of up to 2000:20:1. Effects of temperature, molar ratios of MMA/catalyst and catalyst/cocatalyst on the polymerization have been studied. The high conversion of MMA and high molecular weight of PMMA with narrow molecular weight distribution is caused by the unique stable active site formed by the new chromium complex and aluminum cocatalyst.

Microcrystal muscovite composite superabsorbents (MMCSA) were prepared by water solution polymerization using acrylic acid, acrylamide and itaconic acid as comonomers and microcrystal muscovite as an inorganic additive. Properties, such as water absorbency, salt absorbency, gel strength, water retention capacity and structure of MMCSA characterized by SEM and XRD, were investigated. Water absorbency, salt absorbency, gel strength, water retention capacity and thermostability were enhanced by incorporation of suitable amount of microcrystal muscovite. Water absorption of MMCSA was rapid, requiring 24.55 min to reach 63% of equilibrium absorbency (1218 g/g). Microcrystal muscovite was physically combined into the polymeric network without destroying its polycrystalline structure and microcrystal muscovite composite superabsorbent had some irregular, undulant, and small microporous holes with sheet-like microcrystal muscovite distributed in the polymeric matrix.

With the objective to evaluate the bonding efficacy of a new self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX Unicem, 3M ESPE) to enamel and dentin using a shear bonding strengths test with or without acid etching pretreatment, flat buccal dentin surface and mesial/distal enamel surface were made using a high-speed diamond bur. Copper rings were luted using Rely X Unicem (RU; 3M ESPE), Panavia F (PF; Kuraray) or Vitique (VI; DMG). For RU, the shear bonding strengths using GL (Gluma Etch, Heraeus) acid etching pretreatment were also tested. The teeth were placed into copper rings (inner diameter: 16mm, height: 4mm) and embedded in methylmethacrylate resin. The specimens were stored for 24h in distilled water at 37 °C prior to shear bonding strengths testing. In addition, bond failures were examined by optical microscope and categorized as 4 models such as different adhesive, cohesive, or mixed. Shear bonding strengths were calculated by dividing the maximum debonding force over the cross sectional area of each specimen. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine pairwise statistical differences (P < 0.05) in SBS between the experimental groups. For dentin bonding strength, statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference among RU (12.84 MPa), PF (14.93 MPa) and VI (11.03 MP); and the bonding strengths of them were higher than RU with acid etching pretreatment (9.12 MP). When bonded to enamel, PF (17.99 MP) and VI (17.58 MP) scored significantly higher than RU efficacy. The use of self-adhesive cement RelyX Unicem can obtain the bonding strengths to dentin similar to traditional resin cements. Phosphoric acid etching can improve the bonding strengths of the self-adhesive resin cement to enamel, but was negative for dentin.

Lactic acid is usually formed during strenuous exercise, and a large amount of lactic acid and slow anaerobic glycolysis in muscle lead to limitations of movement ability. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an alkaline inorganic material with a good biocompatibility. It slowly degrades in vivo and releases trace amounts of calcium ions, reducing cell damage by reacting with polylactic acid and neutralizing local acid environment. Whether HAp can reduce the concentration of lactic acid in vivo and improve movement ability is not yet clear. Here, after eight days of training, 40 mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, distilled water, sodium bicarbonate and HAp group. After one day of rest, the mice were intravenously injected via the lateral tail veins with 1 ml distilled water, sodium bicarbonate and HAp suspension (2.2 mg/ml), respectively, and subjected to a swimming exhaustive experiment (load 10%). The swimming time of mice in the water, under water and total time were recorded. The exhaustive exercise mice were immediately subject to abdominal cavity anaesthesia. The concentrations of blood, gastrocnemius and myocardial lactic acid as well as serum LDH activity were detected. We demonstrate that HAp can significantly prolong swimming time and improve serum LDH activity, but does not affect lactic acid concentration. In conclusion, intravenous injection of HAp nanoparticles can significantly improve the exhaustive swimming ability of mice mainly because of the elevated blood LDH activity induced by HAp.

The magnetic nanoparticles (magnetite) were prepared through the fermentation of the Magnetospirillum strain WM-1 newly isolated by our group. The samples were characterized by TEM, SAED, XRD, rock magnetic analysis, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. TEM and SAED measurements showed that the magnetosomes formed by strain WM-1 were single crystallites of high perfection with a cubic spinel structure of magnetite. X-ray measurements also fitted very well with standard Fe₃O₄ reflections with an inverse spinel structure of the magnetite core. The size of crystal as calculated by the Debye-Scherrer’s equation was approximately 55 nm. Rock magnetic analysis showed WM-1 synthesized single-domain magnetite magnetosomes, which were arranged in the form of linear chain. The high delta ratio ((δ _FC / δ _ZFC = 4) supported the criteria of Moskowitz test that there were intact magnetosomes chains in cells. The Verwey transition occurred at 105 K that closed to stoochiometric magnetite in composition. These observations provided useful insights into the biomineralization of magnetosomes and properties of M. WM-1 and potential application of biogenic magnetite in biomaterials and biomagnetism.