For technical and other reasons there is a dilemma that data providers cannot find an appropriate way to redistribute spatial forest data and data users who need spatial data cannot access and integrate available forest resources information. To overcome this dilemma, this paper proposed a spatial forest information system based on Web service using an open source software approach. With Web service based architecture, the system can enable interoperability, integrate Web services from other application servers, reuse codes, and shorten the development time and cost. At the same time, it is possible to extend the local system to a regional or national spatial forest information system. The growth of Open Source Software (OSS) provides an alternative choice to proprietary software for operating systems, web servers, Web-based GIS applications and database management systems. Using open source software to develop spatial forest information systems can greatly reduce the cost while providing high performance and sharing spatial forest information. We chose open source software to build a prototype system for Xixia County, Henan Province, China. By integrating OSS packages Deegree and UMN MapServer which are compliant to the OGC open specifications, the prototype system enables users to access spatial forest information and travelling information of Xixia County which come from two different data servers via a standard Web browser and promotes spatial forest information sharing.

Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and spore population was investigated in different agroforestry trees and crop species collected from different locations of Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. Roots and rhizosphere soils of Albizia procera Benth., Capsicum frutescens L, Curcuma domestica Vahl., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. and Swietenia macrophylla King. from Dashmail; C. domestica, D. sissoo, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnn., Gmelina arborea (Roxb) DC and Oryza sativa L. from Kantaji and C. domestica, D. sissoo, Litchi chinensis Sonn. and O. sativa from Ramsagar were collected. Roots and soils were assessed following standard methods. The range of AM colonization was recorded 36%–79% from Dashmail. The highest AM colonization was recorded in C. frutescens (79%) and the lowest was in C. domestica (36%). The range of colonization was recorded as 33%–70% from Kantaji. The highest AM colonization was recorded in G. arborea (70%) and the lowest was in O. sativa (33%). The range of AM colonization was recorded as 35%–70% from Ramsagar. The highest AM colonization was recorded in D. sissoo (70%) and the lowest was in O. sativa (35%). Arbuscular mycorrhizal spore population varied from 54 to 140/100g dry soil in the soils from Dashmail. The highest was in the soils of D. sissoo (140) and the lowest was in C. domestica (54). The spore population varied from 63 to 221 in Kantaji. The highest was in G. arborea (221) and the lowest was in O. sativa (63). The range population in Ramsagar varied from 69 to 160. The highest was recorded in D. sissoo (160) and the lowest was in L. chinensis (69). No significant relationship of soil pH and soil OM with AM colonization and with spore population was observed. Simpson’s index of diversity (Ds) and Shannon’s index of diversity-(Hs) were highest in the soil of D. sissoo from Kantaji and the lowest in the soils of O. sativa from Ramsagar. Biodiversity of AM colonization, spore population and the distribution of AM fungi in the rhizosphere soils of different agroforestry plants indicated the occurrence of AM fungi, mycotrophic nature of the trees and crop species, contribution and necessity of AM fungi and the AM dependence of the agroforestry plants growing in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh.

The remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) technologies were adopted and a mathematic method was developed to evaluate the changes of ecosystem services in the upper reaches of Minjiang River-valley for providing advices to manage the ecosystem. The results showed that the land use change mainly occurred on forest, farmland and grassland. From 1986 to 1994, the area of farmland increased by 477% (60801 hm²), while the area of forest decreased by 4.97% (89012.17 hm²). From 1986 to 2000, the eco-service value of forest was degressive but that of farmland increased greatly as the increasing of planting area, while the total eco-service value decreased by 771.11×10⁸ yuan RMB due to the rapid increase of population in this region. The driving force of eco-service change was also discussed in the paper. The nation policy of Natural Forest Protection Project has taken effect in preventing the decline of eco-services.

The leaf epidermis of Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) and Wild Honeysuckle (Lonicera confusa) in the genus of Flos Lonicerae were mainly observed by scanning electron microscopes (SEM) to study the characteristics of stomata, trichomes and dermal cell, etc.. The results showed that stoma exists only on the lower epidermis and its distribution is irregular, and leaf epidermis consist of epidermis cells, stoma complexes and bushy trichomes including glandular hair and non-glandular hair. On the upper epidermis, anticlinal wall caves in sinuous groove to countercheck the transpiration. Evidences from leaf morphological structures serve as another proof on drought-resistant mechanisms. Some strumaes distributing regularly are hypothesized as oxalic calcium on the lower epidermis under laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) with Fluo-3/AM, which can increase their endurance to drought stress. Therefore, the above characteristics of Flos Lonicerae can reduce the loss of water and make Japanese honeysuckle and Wild Honeysuckle adapt to the droughty environment at Karst area in southwest China. However, there is some difference of the two species. From the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) result, it is shown that on the upper epidermis, some glandular hair regularly present along the midrib of Japanese honeysuckle, but Wild Honeysuckle has no glandular hair on the upper epidermis, which can verify the relationships of Flos Lonicerae species and provide the significance for classification of Flos Lonicerae.

This paper examined the carbon storage and flux of vegetation-litter-soil in alpine tundra ecosystems in Changbai Mountains. Approximately 17251 t·a⁻¹ of carbon was yearly stored in the vegetation and 15043.1 t·a⁻¹ of carbon flew into soil by litters. The vegetation-litter-soil ecosystem stored 452624 t·a⁻¹ of carbon, which was the important CO₂ sink. The net carbon storage was currently 3146 t·a⁻¹ in vegetation-litter-soil ecosystem.

A comparison between simulated land surface fluxes and observed eddy covariance (EC) measurements was conducted to validate Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) at Tongyu field observation station (44°25′N, 122°52′E) in Jilin Province, China. Results showed that the IBIS model could reproduce net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE), sensible and latent heat fluxes reasonably, as indicated by correlation coefficients exceeding the significant level of 0.05. It was also evident that the NEE and sensible heat fluxes were characterized by diurnal and seasonal variation both in the grassland and the cropland ecosystems, while the latent heat fluxes correlated with evapotranspiration, only took on the diurnal variation during the growing season. Moreover, both sensible heat fluxes and the latent heat fluxes were larger in the cropland ecosystem than that in the degraded grassland ecosystem. This different characteristic was possibly correlated with vegetation growing situation in the two kinds of ecosystems. A close agreement between observation and simulation on NEE, sensible heat fluxes and latent heat flux was obtained both in the degraded grassland and the cropland ecosystems. In addition, the annual NEE in the model was overestimated by 23.21% at the grassland and 27.43% at the cropland, sensible heat flux with corresponding 9.90% and 11.98%, respectively, and the annual latent heat flux was underestimated by 4.63% and 3.48%, respectively.

A study was conducted to determine the responses of soil enzymes (invertase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, and dehydrogenase) to long-term CO₂ enrichment at the Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences (42°24′N, 128°28′E; 738 m in elevation) in the northeast China during 1999–2006. Three treatments of the CO₂ enrichment, designed as 500 μmol·mol⁻¹ CO₂ open-top chamber (OTC), ambient control chamber and unchambered field (approx. 370 μmol·mol⁻¹CO₂), were conducted with Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis tree species. Soil sampling was made and analyzed separately in spring, summer and autumn in 2006 after the soil enzymes were exposed to elevated CO₂ concentration (500 μmol·mol⁻¹) for eight growing seasons. Results showed that, at elevated CO₂ concentration (500 μmol·mol⁻¹), the activities of invertase (except for the summer samples of P. koraiensis) presented a remarkable decline in all growing seasons, while the activities of dehydrogenase had an increase but only part of the results was remarkable; the activities of polyphenol oxidase in P. sylvestriformis rhizosphere showed a remarkable decrease; the catalase activities increased in spring, while in turn were decline in other seasons. This study also revealed that the soil enzyme activities are significantly correlated with the tree species under the CO₂ enhancement.

The noises of remote sensing images, caused by imaging system and ground environment, negatively affect the accuracy and efficiency in extracting forest information from remote sensing images. The denoising is critical for image classifications for forest areas. The objective of this research is to assess the effectiveness of currently used spatial filtering methods for extracting with forest information related from Landsat 5 TM images. Five spatial filtering methods including low-pass filter, median filter, mean filter, sigma filter and enhanced self-adaptive filter were examined. A set of evaluation indices was designed to assess the ability of each denoising method for flatness, edge/boundary retention and enhancement. Based on the designed evaluation indices and visual assessment, it was found that sigma filter (D=1) and enhanced self-adaptive filter were the most effective denoising methods in classifying TM images for forest areas.

An experiment was conducted to observe the inhibitory effects of the leaf extracts derived from Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. on germination and growth behavior of some popular agricultural crops (receptor) of Bangladesh. Experiments were set on sterilized petridishes with a photoperiod of 24 h at room temperature of 27–30°C. The effects of the different concentrations of aqueous extracts were compared to distil water (control.). The aqueous extracts of leaf caused significant inhibitory effect on germination, root and shoot elongation and development of lateral roots of receptor plants. Bioassays indicated that the inhibitory effect was proportional to the concentrations of the extracts and higher concentration (50%–100%) had the stronger inhibitory effect whereas the lower concentration (10%–25%) showed stimulatory effect in some cases. The study also revealed that, inhibitory effect was much pronounced in root and lateral root development rather than germination and shoot growth.

Experiments of ultrasonic-associated extraction and hot water extraction of water soluble polysaccharides from defatted Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) were conducted in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. The factors affecting extraction yield and content, such as extracting temperature, extracting time, the ratio of water to defatted kernel and concentration of ethanol were analyzed under specific condition. The optimal extracting parameters for ultrasound-associated extraction were determined as the ultrasonic temperature 70°C, the ratio of defatted kernel to water 1:20, the extracting time 40 min, and ethanol concentration 80%. Under such extraction conditions, the yield of water soluble polysaccharide was 3.65% and the average content of polysaccharide was 45.38% in the raw polysaccharides which gained in the experiment. Both extraction yield and content of polysaccharides extracted with ultrasound-associated extraction were higher than that with hot water extraction. The study demonstrates that ultrasound is a reliable and extremely effective tool for the fast extraction of water soluble polysaccharide of Korean pine kernel.

Polymorphism of nine strains (CF05, CF09, 29, 916, AU9, Chang10, Chang7, 8808 and AU. Japanese) of A. auricular cultivated in Heilongjiang Province were analyzed by RAPD (Random Amplication polymorphic DNA). Thirteen primers were selected from forty PCR primers with 10bp long random primer. The results showed that nine strains of A. auricular have a high level of genetic diversity and the percentage of DNA polymorphic was 96.05. The genotypes of 9 strains of Auricularia auricular were identified by the fingerprints from primer 27 and primer 46 by RAPD analysis. The results are helpful for quickly identifying strains of A. auricular in its early breeding time, and also provides a powerful theoretic basis to differentiate strains (Auricularia auricular) whose morphology is very similar in breeding programs of edible fungus.

Total RNA was isolated from mycelium of T. harzianum by Total RNA extraction kit, and two clear bands of rRNA (28S and 18S) were observed in agarose electrophoresis. By joining the 3′end sequence with the known SA76 EST from cDNA library of T. harzianum, a full-length cDNA sequence of 2019bp was obtained, whose open reading frame contained 1593bp, a stop codon TAA, a 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) of 266bp, a 3′untranslated region (3′UTR) of 201bp, and poly (A) 29 encoded a protein of 530 amino acids, had a signal peptide. T. harzianum shared 53% identity of secreted aspartic proteinase gene with G. zeae, 37% with N. crassa and 36% with C. globosum. The full-length cDNA sequence of secreted aspartic proteinase gene from T. harzianum was cloned for the first time by using BD SMART RACE technique, which provides a foundation to obtain and validate functional genes of T. harzianum.

This paper reports two noctuid moths, Atrachea japonica (Leech, 1889) and Autographa macrogamma (Eversmann, 1842) that are new to the Chinese fauna. They are distributed in Tahe County in Daxing’anling forest region, China. In addition, a new recourd species, Neustrotia rectilineata Ueda, 1987, which is described from Mt, Sudo-san, Korea and Hotso, Prov. Taiwan, is newly added to continental fauna of the family Noctuidae s.l.. The external characteristics, genitalia photos, and the distributional ranges of those species are provided, and all the materials examined in this study are deposited in the collection of the Entomological Laboratory, Forestry college of Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.

Seven species of family Cleridae are reported from Heilongjiang Province in the present paper, including one species, Orthrius striatulus (Motschlsky), which is firstly recorded from China. Distributional data and adult photos for all the species and brief diagnosis for new record species are also provided.

In July 2006, the diurnal activity rhythms of 13 heads of captive Qinling golden takin were observed in Shaanxi Provincial Centre for the Breeding and Conservation of Rare Wildlife (SPCBCRW) at daylight (from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm in July). The behavioral ethnogram was identified through observation at the sampling site, with the behaviors of golden takin recorded at 5 min interval using instantaneous scannable sampling method. The results indicated that the resting of golden takin took an important part in the daylight activities. Meanwhile, drinking and urinating and defecating were 1.92 and 0.54 and 0.92 times per head per day. Ambient temperature had a strong effect on the diurnal activity rhythms of golden takin. The diurnal activity rhymes were affected by ages of the animals effectively, which was expressed through differentiation of the time budgets. Moreover, different individuals in the same population showed some non-synchronously activity rhythms.

Hainan Island is the biggest supplier of domestic rattan canes in China and is considered the best area to develop rattan plantation in large-scale. This paper discusses the rattan production in Hainan Island on the basis of comprehensively collected information on rattan through interviewing with farmers, middle man, manufacture and official, on-site observation and literatures. The stock of available rattan is more than 25×10⁶kg, but the real production annually is 4×10⁵ kg. The area of rattan plantation established during 2000–2005 was about 10 000 hm², however, they don not produce yet. Four indigenous rattan species (C. Simplicifolius, C. Faberii, C. Tetradactylus, D. margaritae) and three kinds of exotic canes are mainly utilized in Hainan island. Large quality of canes is treated as timber regulated by government, tax should be paid and a license should be applied from the government if canes are transport out of Hainan Island. The production-to-consumption flow of rattan in Hainan Island was drawn out based on the investigation. Constraints and advantages of the rattan sector in Hainan are identified and recommendations are proposed finally.

On the basis of analysis of the present situation of the ecological benefit compensation in China and foreign countries, this paper discusses the necessity, principle and approach of establishing the compensation mechanism of forest ecological benefit, as well as compensation standard in order to provide scientific basis for further perfecting the compensation mechanism of forest ecological engineering benefit in China. It is suggested that setting up the compensation mechanism of forest ecological benefit can not only provide the steady funds source of managing and protecting forest resources, but resolve radically the dynamic and mechanism problems of commonweal forest ecological engineering construction, which will produce a widespread and profound influence on China forestry and ecological construction.