Genesis of the Shijia Gold Deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotopes

Abstract

The Shijia gold deposit, situated in Penglai City, Shandong Province, is distinguished by fracture-filling auriferous quartz-sulfide veins. Studies of fluid inclusions and stable isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur were conducted on this deposit. The results reveal that the auriferous quartz primarily contains four types of fluid inclusions, including CO₂-H₂O inclusions, pure CO₂ inclusions, two-phase aqueous inclusions, and solid mineral-bearing multiphase inclusions. The ore-forming fluids of Shijia belong to a heterogeneous H₂O-CO₂-NaCl system, characterized by moderate to high temperatures (187–386 °C), a wide range of salinities (0.2%–41.2% NaCl_eq), and low densities (0.72–1.07 g/cm³). Evidence suggests that fluid immiscibility and fluid-rock interaction occurred at Shijia, with mineralization depths ranging from 3.3 to 3.9 km. The δD and $\delta^{18}\rm{O}_{\rm{H}_{2}\rm{O}}$ values of auriferous quartz vary from −86.1‰ to −79.1‰ and from 9.4‰ to 10.5‰, respectively, suggesting that the ore-forming fluids are of magmatic origin. Carbon isotope compositions of hydrothermal calcite (−3.31‰ to −0.86‰) indicate the carbon might be related to a mantle source that was contaminated by marine carbonates. The positive δ³⁴S values of sulfides (4.3‰–7.3‰) reflect that the ore-forming materials may be sourced from the metasomatized lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton, related to the subduction of the Yangtze Craton in the Triassic. Collectively, geology, fluid inclusion and H-O-C-S isotopes evidence indicate that the Shijia gold deposit is of magmatic-hydrothermal origin and related to the Guojialing granite formed by the mixing of crust- and mantle-derived magmas.

Keywords

fluid inclusions / stable isotopes / ore genesis / Shijia gold deposit / Jiaodong Peninsula / economic geology

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