Newly Identified Au-Ag-Bi-Te Mineralization in the Aydindere Skarn Fe and Cu Deposit, Giresun, NE Turkey: Implications of Gold Mineralization during Retrograde Skarn Evolution

Abstract

This study investigates the mineralogy and mineral-chemistry of a newly discovered Au-Ag-Bi-Te mineralization at the Aydindere Fe-Cu skarn deposit, within the Pontides Tectonic Unit, northeastern Turkey. The mineralization is developed in the skarn zone at the contact between Upper Cretaceous andesite-pyroclastic rocks and a Paleocene-Eocene I-type granitoid. The principal ore minerals of the Aydindere Fe-Cu deposit are oxides (magnetite), sulfides (pyrite-chalcopyrite-galena-sphalerite), tellurides/sulfotellurides (tetradymite, hessite), sulfosalts (wittichenite, emplectite, aikinite) and native gold-electrum. Skarn minerals include anhydrous phases (garnet) formed in a prograde stage and hydrous phases (amphibole, epidote, chlorite), which were formed in a retrograde stage in association with quartz, adularia, apatite and late calcite. Sulfides, tellurides and sulfosalts are introduced during the retrograde stage. The Au-Ag-Bi-Te mineralization was detected for the first time within the western ore body of the Aydindere deposit, and occurs in calcite-bearing sulfide bodies that cut magnetite-garnet-amphibole-epidote skarns with magnetite ores of different grade, including massive magnetite. Chlorite geothermometry indicates formation of the Au-Ag-Bi-Te mineralization at temperatures between 300 and 250 °C, during the retrograde skarn evolution. Assuming the temperature is ∼275 °C, logfS₂ = −10.5 to −13, logfO₂ = −37 to −33, and logfTe₂ values range from approximately −12 to −8.5 were estimated. The available mineralogical and geological data (presences of magnetite, oxidized-type tellurides/sulfotellurides, and andraditic garnets, and absence of pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite) suggest that Aydindere is an oxidized Au-bearing skarn deposit. The discovery of Au-Ag-Bi-Te mineralization at Aydindere increases its productivity and requires more detailed exploration in the deposit for precious (Au, Ag) and critical (Bi, Te) metals.

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