Early Eocene Crust-Mantle Interaction in the Middle Gangdese Magmatic Belt, Southern Tibet: Evidence from a Host Granitic Pluton and Mafic Microgranular Enclaves

Abstract

The Gangdese magmatic belt is ideal for studying crustal growth/reworking and crust-mantle interaction processes. In this study, we report a newly identified late Early Eocene granitic pluton and mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) in the Middle Gangdese magmatic belt. The MMEs hosted within the granitic pluton display fine-grained textures and contain more mafic minerals (amphibole and clinopyroxene) than the host pluton. The sharp contacts and fine-grained textures of the MMEs as well as acicular apatite crystals indicate a rapid quenching process. Zircon U-Pb dating results indicate that the host pluton formed ca. 48.41 ° 0.29 Ma (MSWD = 0.58), and MMEs crystallized at 48.94 ± 0.56 Ma (MSWD = 2.9), potentially suggesting a crust-mantle interaction process during the late Early Eocene. Geochemically, the host pluton has variable silica contents (SiO₂) of 58.67 wt.%–64.65 wt.%, Mg# values of 42–58, and low aluminum saturation ratios (A/CNK = 0.81–0.91) that show an I-type granitic affinity. Additionally, the host pluton is characterized by enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs), and depletion of high field strength elements (HFSEs) that show arc-type geochemical features. Like the host pluton, the MMEs also show arc-type geochemical features characterized by enrichment of LREEs and LILEs but depletion of HFSEs. Isotopically, the host pluton and associated MMEs both have depleted Hf isotopic compositions Additionally, the host pluton and MMEs have low Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ ratios of 18.48–114.29 and 2.59–36.45, resembling Chilean ore-barren granitoid rocks. Integrated with petrological and whole-rock geochemical and zircon Hf isotopic features, we argue that the host pluton originated from partial melting of juvenile mafic lower crust with the contribution of mantle-derived materials. The MMEs were derived from partial melting of depleted mantle and was a product of two end-member magmas mixing. Based on the previous studies, we argue that the late Early Eocene magmatism and crust-mantle interaction were related to the breakoff the Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab, and further propose that crustal large-scale thickening might begin during the Middle–Late Eocene in the Gangdese magmatic belt rather than the Early Eocene.

Keywords

Eocene / U-Pb-Hf isotopes / petrogenesis / crust-mantle interaction / Gangdese magmatic belt

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