Small-Scale Heterogeneity and Seismic Anisotropy in the Mid-Mantle: Oceanic Crust versus Meta-Stable Olivine

References

Ballmer M D, Houser C, Hernlund J W, . Persistence of Strong Silica-Enriched Domains in the Earth’s Lower Mantle. Nature Geoscience, 2017, 10(3): 236-240.

Ballmer M D, Schmerr N C, Nakagawa T, . Compositional Mantle Layering Revealed by Slab Stagnation at ∼1 000-km Depth. Science Advances, 2015, 1(11): e1500815

Faccenda M, Ferreira A M G, Tisato N, . Extrinsic Elastic Anisotropy in a Compositionally Heterogeneous Earth’s Mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 2019, 124 2 1671-1687.

Ferreira A M G, Faccenda M, Sturgeon W, . Ubiquitous Lower-Mantle Anisotropy beneath Subduction Zones. Nature Geoscience, 2019, 12(4): 301-306.

Foley B J, Long M D. Upper and Mid-Mantle Anisotropy beneath the Tonga Slab. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, 38(2): 1-5.

French S W, Romanowicz B. Broad Plumes Rooted at the Base of the Earth’s Mantle beneath Major Hotspots. Nature, 2015, 525(7567): 95-99.

Fukao Y, Obayashi M. Subducted Slabs Stagnant Above, Penetrating Through, and Trapped below the 660 km Discontinuity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2013, 118(11): 5920-5938.

Haugland S M, Ritsema J, Kaneshima S, . Estimate of the Rigidity of Eclogite in the Lower Mantle from Waveform Modeling of Broadband S-to-P Wave Conversions. Geophysical Research Letters, 2017, 44(23): 11778-11784.

He X B, Zheng Y X. S-to-P Conversions from Mid-Mantle Slow Scatterers in Slab Regions: Observations of Deep/Stagnated Oceanic Crust?. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2018, 175(6): 2045-2055.

Hsieh W P, Marzotto E, Tsao Y C, . High Thermal Conductivity of Stishovite Promotes Rapid Warming of a Sinking Slab in Earth’s Mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2022, 584: 117477

Justo J F, Morra G, Yuen D A. Viscosity Undulations in the Lower Mantle: The Dynamical Role of Iron Spin Transition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2015, 421 20-26.

Kaneshima S. Seismic Scatterers in the Lower Mantle near Subduction Zones. Geophysical Journal International, 2019, 219(Supplement_1): S2-S20.

Kong F S, Gao S S, Liu K H, . Metastable Olivine within Oceanic Lithosphere in the Uppermost Lower Mantle beneath the Eastern United States. Geology, 2022, 50(7): 776-780

Lynner C, Long M D. Heterogeneous Seismic Anisotropy in the Transition Zone and Uppermost Lower Mantle: Evidence from South America, Izu-Bonin and Japan. Geophysical Journal International, 2015, 201(3): 1545-1552.

Marquardt H, Miyagi L. Slab Stagnation in the Shallow Lower Mantle Linked to an Increase in Mantle Viscosity. Nature Geoscience, 2015, 8(4): 311-314.

Mohiuddin A, Long M D, Lynner C. Mid-Mantle Seismic Anisotropy beneath Southwestern Pacific Subduction Systems and Implications for Mid-Mantle Deformation. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 2015, 245: 1-14.

Niu F L. Distinct Compositional Thin Layers at Mid-Mantle Depths beneath Northeast China Revealed by the USArray. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2014, 402: 305-312.

Niu F L, Kawakatsu H, Fukao Y. Seismic Evidence for a Chemical Heterogeneity in the Midmantle: A Strong and Slightly Dipping Seismic Reflector beneath the Mariana Subduction Zone. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2003, 108(B9): 2419

Nowacki A, Kendall J M, Wookey J, . Mid-Mantle Anisotropy in Subduction Zones and Deep Water Transport. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2015, 16 3 764-784.

Rudolph M L, Lekić V, Lithgow-Bertelloni C. Viscosity Jump in Earth’s Mid-Mantle. Science, 2015, 350(6266): 1349-1352.

Shahnas M H, Pysklywec R N, Justo J F, . Spin Transition-Induced Anomalies in the Lower Mantle: Implications for Mid-Mantle Partial Layering. Geophysical Journal International, 2017, 210(2): 765-773.

Shahnas M H, Yuen D A, Pysklywec R N. Mid-Mantle Heterogeneities and Iron Spin Transition in the Lower Mantle: Implications for Mid-Mantle Slab Stagnation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2017, 458: 293-304.

Tsuchiya T. Elasticity of Subducted Basaltic Crust at the Lower Mantle Pressures: Insights on the Nature of Deep Mantle Heterogeneity. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 2011, 188(3): 142-149. 4

Tsujino N, Nishihara Y, Yamazaki D, . Mantle Dynamics Inferred from the Crystallographic Preferred Orientation of Bridgmanite. Nature, 2016, 539(7627): 81-84.

Wang L M, He X B. Sharpness of the Paired 660-km Discontinuity beneath the Izu-Bonin Area. Earth and Planetary Physics, 2020, 4(6): 627-638.

Wang W Z, Xu Y H, Sun D Y, . Velocity and Density Characteristics of Subducted Oceanic Crust and the Origin of Lower-Mantle Heterogeneities. Nature Communications, 2020, 11 64

Waszek L, Schmerr N C, Ballmer M D. Global Observations of Reflectors in the Mid-Mantle with Implications for Mantle Structure and Dynamics. Nature Communications, 2018, 9 385

Wookey J, Kendall J M, Barruol G. Mid-Mantle Deformation Inferred from Seismic Anisotropy. Nature, 2002, 415(6873): 777-780.

Xiang G J, Wang Z S, Kusky T M. Density and Viscosity Changes between Depleted and Primordial Mantle at ∼1 000 km Depth Influence Plume Upwelling Behavior. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2021, 576 117213

Yang Z T, He X B. Oceanic Crust in the Mid-Mantle beneath West-Central Pacific Subduction Zones: Evidence from S to P Converted Waveforms. Geophysical Journal International, 2015, 203(1): 541-547.

Yuan Y, Sun D, Leng W, . Southeastward Dipping Mid-Mantle Heterogeneities beneath the Sea of Okhotsk. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2021, 573 117151

Zhang L M, Li J, Wang T, . Body Waves Retrieved from Noise Cross-Correlation Reveal Lower Mantle Scatterers beneath the Northwest Pacific Subduction Zone. Geophysical Research Letters, 2020, 47 19 1873

Zhang Y Y, Fu S Y, Karato S I, . Elasticity of Hydrated Al-Bearing Stishovite and Post-Stishovite: Implications for Understanding Regional Seismic VS Anomalies along Subducting Slabs in the Lower Mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2022, 127 4 e2021JB023170