Conodont Biostratigraphic Constraint on the Lower Taiyuan Formation in Southern North China and Its Paleogeographic Implications

Abstract

The Late Paleozoic Taiyuan Formation in North China is mainly composed of a mixed shallow-marine carbonate and terrigenous clastic deposits. Its basal limestones have been constrained in the late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian. To further constrain the age of the lowest Taiyuan Formation, we obtained two genera and 16 species of conodonts from the bottom limestones of the Taiyuan Formation in two sections in Henan Province, southern North China. The fauna includes Idiognathodus hebeiensis, Streptognathodus isolatus, S. elongatus, S. cf. longus, S. acuminatus, S. cf. recreatus, S. cf. cristellaris, S. bellus, S. invaginatus, S. wabaunsensis, S. glenisteri, S. conjunctus, S. binodosus, S. fuchengensis, S. nodulinearis, and S. sp. A genus of Streptognathodus dominated conodont assemblage with some Idiognathodus elements. It indicates a late Gzhelian (latest Pennsylvanian) age for the lowest Taiyuan Formation in southern North China. This is consistent with recently published high-precision zircon U-Pb ages from ash layers. Based on conodont biostratigraphy, the basal limestones of the Taiyuan Formation in Henan Province (southern North China) can be correlated with the upper part of Miaogou limestones of the Taiyuan Formation in Shanxi Province (northern North China). This correlation might reflect a significant sea-level rise in North China, possibly corresponding to a deglaciation event at the Permo-Carboniferous transition.

Keywords

Taiyuan Formation / conodonts / Gzhelian / southern North China / biostratigraphy

References

Alekseev A S, Goreva N V. Wong T E. Conodont Zonation for the Type Kasimovian and Gzhelian Stages in the Moscow Basin, Russia. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress on Carboniferous and Permian Stratigraphy, 2007, Utrecht: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 229-242

Barrick J E, Lambert L, Heckel P, . Midcontinent Pennsylvanian Conodont Zonation. Stratigraphy, 2013, 10(1/2): 55-72

Boardman D R I I, Wardlaw B R, Nestell M K. Stratigraphy and Conodont Biostratigraphy of Uppermost Carboniferous and Lower Permian from North American Midcontinent. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, 2009, 255: 1-253.

Chernykh V V, Reshetkova N P. Biostratigraphy and Conodonts of the Carboniferous and Permian Boundary Beds of the Western Slope of the Southern and Central Urals, 1987, Sverdlovsk: Urals Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 45

Chernykh V V, Ritter S M. Streptognathodus (Conodonta) Succession at the Proposed Carboniferous-Permian Boundary Stratotype Section, Aidaralash Creek, Northern Kazakhstan. Journal of Paleontology, 1997, 71(3): 459-474.

Chernykh V V, Ritter S M, Wardlaw B R. Streptognathodus isolatus New Species (Conodonta): Proposed Index for the Carboniferous-Permian Boundary. Journal of Paleontology, 1997, 71(1): 162-164.

Chernykh V V. Chuvashov B L, Amon E A. Zonal Scale of the Gzhelian and Kasimovian Stages Based on Conodonts of the Genus Streptognathodus. Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of Carboniferous of Eurasia, 2002, Ekaterinburg: Nauka, 302-306

Chernykh V V. Zonal Method of Biostratigraphy, Conodont Zonal Scale of the Lower Permian of the Urals, 2005, Ekaterinburg: The Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, UB RAS, 217

Chernykh V V. Lower Permian Conodonts in the Urals. The Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, 2006, Ekaterinburg: UB RAS, 130

Chernykh V V. Divergence and the Directed Change of the Pa Element in Conodonts of the Streptognathodus Group. Litosfera, 2010, 4: 69-80.

Chernykh V V. Conodonts of Gzhelian Stage of Urals, 2012, Ekaterinburg: Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, UB RAS, 158

Chernykh V V. General Regularities in the Development Gzhelian-Asselian Conodonts. Litosfera, 2020, 20(4): 471-485

Davydov V I, Biakov A S. Discovery of Shallow-Marine Biofacies Conodonts in a Bioherm within the Carboniferous-Permian Transition in the Omolon Massif, NE Russia near the North Paleo-Pole: Correlation with a Warming Spike in the Southern Hemisphere. Gondwana Research, 2015, 28(2): 888-897.

Davydov V I, Haig D W, McCartain E. A Latest Carboniferous Warming Spike Recorded by a Fusulinid-Rich Bioherm in Timor Leste: Implications for East Gondwana Deglaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2013, 376: 22-38.

Fan G Q. Carboniferous Marine Transgression in North China. Regional Geology of China, 1991, 10(4): 349-355

Fielding C R, Frank T D, Birgenheier L P, . Stratigraphic Imprint of the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age in Eastern Australia: A Record of Alternating Glacial and Nonglacial Climate Regime. Journal of the Geological Society, 2008, 165(1): 129-140.

Frakes L A, Francis J E, Syktus J I. Climate Modes of the Phanerozoic, 1992, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 274

Gao F, Xu X Q, Zhou G Q. The Distribution of Conodonts from Taiyuan Formation and Its Stratigraphic Significance in Xuzhou Area. Coal Geology of China, 1999, 11(1): 17-19

Gao L F, Ding H, Wan X Q. Taxonomic Revision of Conodont Sweetognathus Species in the Uppermost Taiyuan Formation, Yuhuai Basin and Its Significance. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 2005, 22(4): 370-382

Goreva N V, Alekseev A S. Upper Carboniferous Conodont Zones of Russia and Their Global Correlation. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 2010, 18(6): 593-606.

Griffis N P, Montañez I P, Mundil R, . Coupled Stratigraphic and U-Pb Zircon Age Constraints on the Late Paleozoic Icehouse-to-Greenhouse Turnover in South-Central Gondwana. Geology, 2019, 47(12): 1146-1150.

Griffis N P, Mundil R, Montañez I P, . A New Stratigraphic Framework Built on U-Pb Single-zircon TIMS Ages and Implications for the Timing of the Penultimate Icehouse (Paraná Basin, Brazil). GSA Bulletin, 2018, 130(5/6): 848-858.

Grossman E L, Joachimski M M. Chapter 10-Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy. Geologic Time Scale 2020, 2020, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 279-307.

Gunnell F H. Conodonts and Fish Remains from the Cherokee, Kansas City, and Wabaunsee Groups of Missouri and Kansas. Journal of Paleontology, 1933, 7(3): 261-297

Gunnell F H. Conodonts from the Fort Scott Limestone of Missouri. Journal of Paleontology, 1931, 5(3): 244-252

Heckel P H, Alekseev A S, Barrick J E, . Cyclothem [“Digital”] Correlation and Biostratigraphy across the Global Moscovian-Kasimovian-Gzhelian Stage Boundary Interval (Middle-Upper Pennsylvanian) in North America and Eastern Europe. Geology, 2007, 35(7): 607-610.

Heckel P H. Evaluation of Evidence for Glacio-Eustatic Control over Marine Pennsylvanian Cyclothems in North America and Consideration of Possible Tectonic Effects. Tectonic and Eustatic Controls on Sedimentary Cycles. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology, 1994, 4: 65-87.

Heckel P H. Fielding C R, Frank T D, Isbell J L. Pennsylvanian Cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as Far-Field Effects of Waxing and Waning of Gondwana Ice Sheets. Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in Time and Space, 2008 275-289.

Heckel P, Alekseev A, Barrick J E, . Cyclothem [Sequence Stratigraphic] Correlation and Biostratigraphy across the Moscovian-Kasimovian and Kasimovian-Gzhelian Stage Boundaries (Upper Pennsylvanian Series) in North America and Eurasia. Newsletter on Carboniferous Stratigraphy, 2005, 23: 36-44.

Henderson C M. Permian Conodont Biostratigraphy. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2018, 450(1): 119-142.

Hogancamp N J. P1 Element Morphological Variability within the Late Pennsylvanian Asymmetrical Idiognathodus Clade from the Midcontinent, USA and Implications for Ontogeny, Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Function. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2020, 549: 109090

Hu K Y, Qi Y P, Qie W K, . Carboniferous Conodont Zonation of China. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 2020, 53(2): 141-190.

Huang D M, Dong C Y, Wan Y S. Late Neoarchean-Late Paleoproterozoic Magmato-Tectonothermal Events in the Xiaoqinling Area, Southern Margin of the North China Craton, as Documented by Zircon U-Pb-Hf Isotope Analyses and Whole-Rock Geochemistry. Earth Science, 2020, 45(9): 3330-3340

Isbell J L, Lenaker P A, Askin R A, . Reevaluation of the Timing and Extent of Late Paleozoic Glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains. Geology, 2003, 31(11): 977-980.

Jia Y Y, Ding H, Zhang W M. The Taiyuan Formation Conodont Biostratigraphy of Huainan Coalfield. Shanxi Mining Institute Learned Journal, 1994, 12(2): 133-142

Jiang H C, Zhang X Q, Wang M Z, . Conodont Biostratigraphy in Taiyuan and Benxi Formations from the Jining Coalfield (East Area), Shandong. Journal of Stratigraphy, 2002, 26(1): 27-32

Joeckel R M. Virgilian (Upper Pennsylvanian) Paleosols in the Upper Lawrence Formation (Douglas Group) and Its Snyderville Shale Member (Oread Formation, Shawnee Group) of the Northern Midcontinent, USA; Pedologic Contrasts in a Cyclothem Sequence. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1994, 64(4): 853-866.

Joeckel R M. Paleosol in Galesburg Formation (Kansas City Group, Upper Pennsylvanian), Northern Midcontinent, USA: Evidence for Climate Change and Mechanisms of Marine Transgression. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1999, 69(3): 720-737.

Kong X Z, Xu H L, Li R L, . Late Paleozoic Coal-Bearing Strata and Biota in Shanxi, Taiyuan, China, 1996, Taiyuan: Science and Technology of Shanxi Press, 280

Lang J B. Late Carboniferous Conodonts from Southeastern Liaoning and Re-study of the Benxi Formation: [Dissertation], 2010, Changchun: Jilin University, 1-109.

Li B F, Wen X D, Li G D. High Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy Analysis on the Permo-Carboniferous in North China Platform. Earth Science Frontiers, 1999, 6(S1): 81-94

Li C F, Wang Z L, Zhou Y Q, . Discussion on Taiyuan Formation Foraminiferal Fauna and Permian-Carboniferous Boundary in Hebi Area, Henan. Coal Geology of China, 2013, 25(11): 11-16

Li H Y, He B, Xu Y G, . U-Pb and Hf Isotope Analyses of Detrital Zircons from Late Paleozoic Sediments: Insights into Interactions of the North China Craton with Surrounding Plates. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2010, 39(5): 335-346.

Li Z X, Wei J C, Wang M Z, . Sequence Stratigraphic Framework and Sea-Level Changes in the Late Palaeozoic Epicontinental Basin in Northern China. Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography, 1996, 16(5): 1-11

Liang X Y. The Preliminary Study of Biostratigraphic Strata in Hebi City, Henan Province. Coal Geology of China, 1989 12-17

Liang X Y. Fusulinid Zones of the Taiyuan Formation in Yingyang-Gongxian Area, Henan. Journal of Stratigraphy, 1994, 18(3): 189-195

Lin Y L, Mao G Y. The Conodonts Association and Their Features of Taiyuan Formation from Jiaozuo Area. Journal of Henan Polytechnic University (Natural Science), 1990, 9(1): 30-37

Liu C, Jarochowska E, Du Y S, . Stratigraphical and δ¹³C Records of Permo-Carboniferous Platform Carbonates, South China: Responses to Late Paleozoic Icehouse Climate and Icehouse-Greenhouse Transition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2017, 474: 113-129.

Liu S, Sun Z Y, Ji C, . Conodont Biostratigraphy and Age of the Early Triassic Fish-Bearing-Nodule Levels from Nanjing and Jurong, Jiangsu Province, South China. Journal of Earth Science, 2020, 31(1): 9-22.

Liu Y, Liu H F. Conodonts of Taiyuan Formation in Xulou Area, Tengxian County, Shandong Province and Its Stratigraphic Significance. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 1988, 3: 87-88.

Lü D W, Wei X W, Liu H Y, . Classification of Paleogeomorphology Units and Law of Coal Accumulation in Late Carboniferous of North China Plate. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2009, 17(5): 24-27

Montañez I P, McElwain J C, Poulsen C J, . Climate, pCO₂ and Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Linkages during Late Palaeozoic Glacial-Interglacial Cycles. Nature Geoscience, 2016, 9(11): 824-828.

Montañez I P, Poulsen C J. The Late Paleozoic Ice Age: An Evolving Paradigm. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2013, 41: 629-656.

Montañez I P, Tabor N J, Niemeier D, . CO₂-Forced Climate and Vegetation Instability during Late Paleozoic Deglaciation. Science, 2007, 315(5808): 87-91.

Pei F. Multiple Stratigraphic Division and Correlation of the Permo-Carboniferous of Yuzhou of Henan and Taiyuan of Shanxi. Regional Geology of China, 1999, 18(2): 132-139

Pei F. The North China Type Permo-Carboniferous Fusulinid and Conodont Biostratigraphic Units of Henan Province. Journal of Stratigraphy, 2004, 28(4): 344-353

Pitman W C III, Golovchenko X. Stanley D J, Moore G T. The Effect of Sealevel Change on the Shelfedge and Slope of Passive Margins. The Shelfbreak: Critical Interface on Continental Margins, 1983 41-58.

Reshetkova N P, Chernikh V V. New Species of Asselian Conodonts from the Western Slope of the Urals. Paleontological Journal, 1986, 4: 99-104.

Rygel M C, Fielding C R, Frank T D, . The Magnitude of Late Paleozoic Glacioeustatic Fluctuations: A Synthesis. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2008, 78(8): 500-511.

Saltzman M R. Late Paleozoic Ice Age: Oceanic Gateway or pCO₂?. Geology, 2003, 31(2): 151-154.

Scheffler K, Hoernes S, Schwark L. Global Changes during Carboniferous-Permian Glaciation of Gondwana: Linking Polar and Equatorial Climate Evolution by Geochemical Proxies. Geology, 2003, 31(7): 605-608.

Schmitz M D, Davydov V I. Quantitative Radiometric and Biostratigraphic Calibration of the Pennsylvanian-Early Permian (Cisuralian) Time Scale and Pan-Euramerican Chronostratigraphic Correlation. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2012, 124(3/4): 549-577.

Shang G X. Late Paleozoic Coal Geology of North China Platform, 1997, Taiyuan: Shanxi Science and Technology Press, 1-406

Shen S Z, Zhang H, Zhang Y C, . Permian Integrative Stratigraphy and Timescale of China. Science China Earth Sciences, 2019, 62(1): 154-188.

Sobolev N N, Nakrem H A. Middle Carboniferous-Lower Permian Conodonts of Novaya Zemlya, 1996, Oslo: Norwegian Polar Institute, 1-99

Song H B, Hu B, Zhang L, . Characteristics of Lithofacies Paleogeography of the Taiyuan Formation Sedimentary Period, Henan Province. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2011, 29(5): 876-888

Song J J, Song H B, Hu B. Geologic Age of the Taiyuan Formation in Northwest Henan Province: Evidences from Fusulinids (Foraminifera). Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 2014, 31(2): 190-204

Song X S, Jiang Y, Chen J, . Study on Microfossil Assemblage and Age of Xujiazhuang Limestone at the Bottom of Taiyuan Formation in Xinwen Coalfield Shangdong Province. Shangdong Land and Resources, 2021, 37(1): 19-27

Soreghan G S, Soreghan M J, Heavens N G. Explosive Volcanism as a Key Driver of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age. Geology, 2019, 47(7): 600-604.

Stauffer C R, Plummer H J. Texas Pennsylvanian Conodonts and Their Stratigraphic Relations. University of Texas, Bulletin, 1932, 3201: 13-50.

Stollhofen H, Werner M, Stanistreet I G, . Fielding C R, Frank T D, Isbell J L, . Single-Zircon UPb Dating of Carboniferous-Permian Tuffs, Namibia, and the Intercontinental Deglaciation Cycle Framework. Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in Time and Space, 2008 83-96.

Su W, Zhang J S, Zhang X Q, . Conodonts from the Taiyuan Formation and Benxi Formation in the Feicheng Coalfield, Shandong. Geological Review, 2006, 52(2): 145-152

Tang K J. Lithofacies Paleogeography of North China Platform in Late Paleozoic. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1989, 7(4): 97-104

Veevers J J, Powell C M. Late Paleozoic Glacial Episodes in Gondwanaland Reflected in Transgressive-Regressive Depositional Sequences in Euramerica. GSA Bulletin, 1987, 98(4): 475-487.

Wan S L, Ding H. Preliminary Studies of Carboniferous Conodonts from the Western Mountain, Taiyuan. Geological Review, 1984, 30(5): 409-415

Wan S L, Ding H. New Discovery in the Study of Permocarboniferous Conodonts in North China Platform and Its Geological Significance. Journl of China Coal Society, 1987, 12(1): 13-16

Wan S L, Ding H, Zhao S Y. Middle and Late Carboniferous Conodont Biostratigraphy of North China. Journl of China Coal Society, 1983, 8(2): 62-72

Wan Y S, Xie H Q, Dong C Y, . Timing of Tectonothermal Events in Archean Basement of the North China Craton. Earth Science, 2020, 45(9): 3119-3160

Wang J. Late Paleozoic Macrofloral Assemblages from Weibei Coalfield, with Reference to Vegetational Change through the Late Paleozoic Ice-Age in the North China Block. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2010, 83(2/3): 292-317.

Wang Q L, Wang Y, Qi Y P, . Revised Conodont and Fusuline Biostratigraphy of the Bamchi Formation (Pyongan Supergroup) at the Bamchi Section, Yeongwol and the Carboniferous-Permian Boundary in South Korea, Alcheringa: An Australasian. Journal of Palaeontology, 2017, 42(2): 244-257

Wang X D, Hu K Y, Qie W K, . Carboniferous Integrative Stratigraphy and Timescale of China. Science China Earth Sciences, 2019, 62(1): 135-153.

Wang Z H. Conodonts from Carboniferous-Permian Boundary Strara in China with Comments on the Boundary. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 1991, 30: 6-45.

Wang Z H, Li R L. Discovery of Late Carboniferous Conodonts from Shanxi Province and Its Significance. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 1984, 23(2): 196-203

Wang Z H, Weng G Z. Late Carboniferous Conodonts from Southeastern Shanxi. The Coal Bearing Stratum of Late paleozoicand its biota from southeastern Shanxi, 1987, Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 281-291

Wang Z H, Qi Y P. Review of Carboniferous-Permian Conodont Biostratigraphy in North China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 2003, 20(3): 225-243

Wang Z J, Gao L D, Zhang Y X. The Carboniferous System of China, 1990, Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 98-115

Wardlaw B R, Boardman D R, Nestell M K. General Sequence Stratigraphy and Conodont Biostratigraphy (Including New Species) of the Uppermost Carboniferous (Upper Gzhelian) to Lower Permian (Lower Artinskian) from the North American Midcontinent. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, 2009, 255: 1-39.

Weng W H, Grabau A W. Carboniferous Formations of China. XIII Congress Geologogue International, 1925, 2: 657-689.

Wu B J, Li H X, Joachimski M M, . Roadian-Wordian (Middle Permian) Conodont Biostratigraphy, Sedimentary Facies and Paleotemperature Evolution at the Shuixiakou Section, Xikou Area, Southeastern Qinling Region, China. Journal of Earth Science, 2021, 32(3): 534-553.

Wu Q, Ramezani J, Zhang H, . High-Precision U-Pb Age Constraints on the Permian Floral Turnovers, Paleoclimate Change, and Tectonics of the North China Block. Geology, 2021, 49(6): 677-681.

Xia G Y, Ding Y J, Zhao S Y. Subdivision of Carboniferous-Permian Fusulinid-Bearing Strata of Henan and Their Fauna. Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology, 1987, 17(1): 98-128

Yang C H, Du L L, Song H X, . Geochronology and Petrogenesis of Neoarchean Yanzhuang Syenogranites from Sushui Complex in the Zhongtiao Mountains: Implications for the Crustal Evolution of the North China Craton. Earth Science, 2020, 45(9): 3161-3178

Yang J H, Cawood PA, Montañez I P, . Enhanced Continental Weathering and Large Igneous Province Induced Climate Warming at the Permo-Carboniferous Transition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2020, 534: 116074

Yang Z L, Hu X J, Wang S Q, . Identification of Precambrian Strata in Early Paleozoic Accretion Zone on Southern Margin of Xing-Meng Orogenic Belt and Its geological Significance. Earth Science, 2021, 46(8): 2786-2803

Zakharov Y D, Bondarenko L G, Popov A M, . New Findings of Latest Early Olenekian (Early Triassic) Fossils in South Primorye, Russian Far East, and Their Stratigraphical Significance. Journal of Earth Science, 2021, 32(3): 554-572.

Zhai M G, Santosh M. Metallogeny of the North China Craton: Link with Secular Changes in the Evolving Earth. Gondwana Research, 2013, 24(1): 275-297.

Zhai M G, Santosh M. The Early Precambrian Odyssey of the North China Craton: A Synoptic Overview. Gondwana Research, 2011, 20(1): 6-25.

Zhang H Q. Regional Geology of Henan Province, 1989, Beijing: Geology Publishing House, 185-189.

Zhang N M. Discovery of Upper Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation Conodonts in Xinggong-Xinmi Coal Fields, Western Henan. Oil & Gas Geology, 1990, 11(2): 209-213

Zhang W X, Quan X C, Wang Y J, . Study on Biostratigraphic Features of Deep Part Permo-Carboniferous Strata in Jiaxian Area, Northern Shaanxi. Coal Geology of China, 2018, 30(1): 16-21

Zhang W S, Ding H, Wan S L. The Conodont Sequence of the Taiyuan Formation and Boundary of Carboniferous-Permian in Dafengkou, Yuxian, County, Henan Province. Shanxi Mining College Learned Journal, 1988, 6(2): 104-113

Zhang X J, Liang X Y. Ostracoda from the Taiyuan Formation of Xingyang and Gong Xian Districts, Henan. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 1987, 4(3): 293-312

Zhang Z C, Xia G Y. Fusulinid Zonation of the Upper Carboniferous Shanxi Formation, Southeastern Shanxi. Regional Geology of China, 1985, 4(2): 53-61

Zhao G C, Sun M, Wilde S A, . Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic Evolution of the North China Craton: Key Issues Revisited. Precambrian Research, 2005, 136(2): 177-202.

Zhao J M, Liang X Y. A Phaceloid Colonial Rugose Coral from Late Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation of Henan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 1994, 33(5): 593-603

Zhao S Y. Late Carboniferous Conodonts from the Qinshui Basin, Shanxi Province. Geological Survey and Research, 1981, 4: 97-108.

Zhao S Y, Wan S L. Some Conodonts from the Upper Carboniferous Kaiping Formation in Tangshan Area and Their Significance. Geological Survey and Research, 1983, 8: 95-104.

Zhao S Y, Wan S L. Subvolume of Micropaleontology. Atlas of Paleontology in North China, 1984, Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 253-254

Zhao S Y. Carboniferous-Permian Conodonts in Longyin Area, Pu’an County, Guizhou Province, and Their Significance. Bulletin Tianjing Institute Geology Mining Research, 1989, 23: 141-159.

Zheng H. Late Palaeozoic Small Foraminiferal Fauna from Yu Xian, Henan. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 1987, 4(2): 217-224

Zhong R, Fu Z M. The Relationship between the Distribution of Thick Coal Belts and the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian Marine Transgression-Regression in the North China Platform. Acta Geologica Sinica—English Edition, 1998, 72(1): 114-120.