Model Test of Deformation Evolution and Multi Factor Prediction of Anchorage Slope Stability under Rainfall Condition

Abstract

The stability of the anchorage slope on the Baiyang Yangtze River Highway Bridge in Yichang, China, was investigated under different rainfall conditions using model test, numerical simulation, and factor analysis. The results of the study are as follows: (1) with the increase of rainfall intensity, the change of earth pressure can be divided into three stages. However, when the rainfall intensity was larger than a certain value, the change of earth pressure of cut slope became two stages; with the increase of rainfall intensity, pore water pressure increased with the increase of rainfall time, while at a certain stage after the rainfall, the pore water pressure in the cut slope did not decrease immediately, but increased for a period of time. (2) When the rainfall stopped, the stability coefficient of the anchorage slope continued to decrease, then slowly increased, and finally tended to be gentle. Meanwhile, when the rainstorm reached a certain intensity, the main factor that restricted the rainfall infiltration rate became the geotechnical permeability coefficient of the cut slope, which was no longer the rainfall intensity. (3) Factor analysis shows that the rainfall intensity and rainfall duration were the most important factors for anchorage slope stability, while earth pressure, pore water pressure and slope displacement were much less significant.

Keywords

anchorage slope / model test / rainfall condition / safety / factor analysis

References

[1] Anderson T W, Laake P. Exact and Approximate Distributions of the Maximum Likelihood Estimate in a Simple Factor Analysis Model. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 1998, 25(1): 39-51.

[2] Atangana A, Vermeulen P D. Analytical Solutions of a Space-Time Fractional Derivative of Groundwater Flow Equation. Abstract and Applied Analysis, 2014, 2014(1): 1-11

[3] Benson J D, Benson C T, Critser J K. Mathematical Model Formulation and Validation of Water and Solute Transport in Whole Hamster Pancreatic Islets. Mathematical Biosciences, 2014, 254: 64-75.

[4] Biddoccu M, Ferraris S, Cavallo E, . Hillslope Vineyard RainfallRunoff Measurements in Relation to Soil Infiltration and Water Content. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2013, 19: 351-360.

[5] Blake J R, Renaud J P, Anderson M G, . Prediction of Rainfall-Induced Transient Water Pressure Head Behind a Retaining Wall Using a High-Resolution Finite Element Model. Computers and Geotechnics, 2003, 30(6): 431-442.

[6] Egeli I, Pulat H F. Mechanism and Modelling of Shallow Soil Slope Stability during High Intensity and Short Duration Rainfall. Scientia Iranica, 2011, 18(6): 1179-1187.

[7] Hamza A, Bahar R, Abrishami J. Finite Element Modelling of a Two Dimensional Transient Flow Using Saturated and Unsaturated Theory. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2008, 2(1): 69-76.

[8] Hossain, M. S., Lozano, N., Hossain, J., et al., 2011. Investigation of Geohazard Potential of Highway Embankment Slopes on Expansive Clay by Using Geophysical Method. In: Wardani, S. P. R., Chu, J., Robert Lo, S. C., et al., eds., Proceedings of the 3rd and 5th International Conference. Semarang, Indonesia, May 18–20, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814365161_0073

[9] Hu X L, Tang H M, Li C D, . Stability of Huangtupo Riverside Slumping Mass II# under Water Level Fluctuation of Three Gorges Reservoir. Journal of Earth Science, 2012, 23(3): 326-334.

[10] Huang R Q. Some Catastrophic Landslides since the Twentieth Century in the Southwest of China. Landslides, 2009, 6(1): 69-81.

[11] Huat B B K, Ali F H, Low T H. Water Infiltration Characteristics of Unsaturated Soil Slope and Its Effect on Suction and Stability. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2006, 24(5): 1293-1306.

[12] Jiang Q, Su G S, Feng X T, . Excavation Optimization and Stability Analysis for Large Underground Caverns under High Geostress: A Case Study of the Chinese Laxiwa Project. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2019, 52(3): 895-915.

[13] Jiang Q, Zhong S, Pan P Z, . Observe the Temporal Evolution of Deep Tunnel’s 3D Deformation by 3D Laser Scanning in the Jinchuan No. 2 Mine. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2020, 97: 103237

[14] Kawamura, M., Tsujino, K., Tsujiko, Y., 2003. Analysis of Slope Failures due to the 2000 Tokai Heavy Rainfall Using High Resolution Satellite Images. IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium. Toulouse. 2413–2418. https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2003.1294459

[15] Kim J, Kim Y, Jeong S, . Rainfall-Induced Landslides by Deficit Field Matric Suction in Unsaturated Soil Slopes. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2017, 76(23): 808

[16] Kimoto S, Oka F, Garcia E. Numerical Simulation of the Rainfall Infiltration on Unsaturated Soil Slope Considering a Seepage Flow. Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA, 2013, 44 3 1-13

[17] Kundu J, Sarkar K, Singh P K, . Deterministic and Probabilistic Stability Analysis of Soil Slope—A Case Study. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 2018, 91(4): 418-424.

[18] Kyngdon A. Comparing Factor Analysis and the Rasch Model for Ordered Response Categories: An Investigation of the Scale of Gambling Choices. Journal of Applied Measurement, 2004, 5(4): 398-418

[19] Lange B, Bronstert A. Rainfall-Runoff Relation: A physically Based Model to Investigate Interactions between Rainfall Duration, Slope Angle, Soil Depth and Bedrock Topography. EGU General Assembly, 2013, 15 EGU2013-7076. 2013

[20] Li A G, Yue Z Q, Tham L G, . Field-Monitored Variations of Soil Moisture and Matric Suction in a Saprolite Slope. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2005, 42(1): 13-26.

[21] Li S J, Gao H, Xu D M, . Comprehensive Determination of Reinforcement Parameters for High Cut Slope Based on Intelligent Optimization and Numerical Analysis. Journal of Earth Science, 2012, 23(2): 233-242.

[22] Li Y H, Tang X J, Yang S, . Evolution of the Broken Rock Zone in the Mixed Ground Tunnel Based on the DSCM. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2019, 84: 248-258.

[23] Li Y H, Zhang Q, Lin Z B, . Spatiotemporal Evolution Rule of Rocks Fracture Surrounding Gob-Side Roadway with Model Experiments. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 2016, 26(5): 895-902.

[24] Mazaeva O, Khak V, Kozyreva E. Model of Erosion-Landslide Interaction in the Context of the Reservoir Water Level Variations (East Siberia, Russia): Factors, Environment and Mechanisms. Journal of Earth System Science, 2013, 122(6): 1515-1531.

[25] Mein R G, Larson C L. Modeling Infiltration during a Steady Rain. Water Resources Research, 1973, 9(2): 384-394.

[26] Pham K, Kim D, Choi H J, . A Numerical Framework for Infinite Slope Stability Analysis under Transient Unsaturated Seepage Conditions. Engineering Geology, 2018, 243: 36-49.

[27] Rahardjo H, Lee T T, Leong E C, . Response of a Residual Soil Slope to Rainfall. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2005, 42(2): 340-351.

[28] Robinson J D, Vahedifard F, AghaKouchak A. Rainfall-Triggered Slope Instabilities under a Changing Climate: Comparative Study Using Historical and Projected Precipitation Extremes. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2017, 54(1): 117-127.

[29] Take W A, Bolton M D, Wong P C P, . Evaluation of Landslide Triggering Mechanisms in Model Fill Slopes. Landslides, 2004, 1(3): 173-184.

[30] Taniguchi J, Tabei K, Imai M. Profiles of Water and Solute Transport along Long-Loop Descending Limb: Analysis by Mathematical Model. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 1987, 252(3): F393-F402.

[31] Trandafir A C, Sidle R C, Gomi T, . Monitored and Simulated Variations in Matric Suction during Rainfall in a Residual Soil Slope. Environmental Geology, 2008, 55(5): 951-961.

[32] Tu X B, Kwong A K L, Dai F C, . Field Monitoring of Rainfall Infiltration in a Loess Slope and Analysis of Failure Mechanism of Rainfall-Induced Landslides. Engineering Geology, 2009, 105(1/2): 134-150.

[33] van Genuchten M T. A Closed-Form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1980, 44(5): 892-898.

[34] Xu J T, Jian W B, Wu N S, . Unsaturated Seepage Characteristics of Slope under Rainfall Infiltration. Earth Science, 2018, 43(3): 922-932. (in Chinese with English Abstract)

[35] Yan B, Toda S, Lin A M. Coulomb Stress Evolution History as Implication on the Pattern of Strong Earthquakes along the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault System, China. Journal of Earth Science, 2018, 29(2): 427-440.

[36] Yeh W W G. Optimal Management of Flow in Groundwater Systems. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2000, 81(28): 315

[37] Zhang T T, Yan E C, Cheng J T, . Mechanism of Reservoir Water in the Deformation of Hefeng Landslide. Journal of Earth Science, 2010, 21 6 870-875.