Petrology, Metamorphic P-T Paths and Zircon U-Pb Ages for Paleoproterozoic Mafic Granulites from Xuanhua, North China Craton

Abstract

The studied mafic granulites are located at Xiwangshan, Xuanhua region in the north of the Trans-North China Orogen (TNCO), occurring as lens within tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses in the eastern part of the Xiwangshan area. The rocks contain the representative granulite-facies minerals such as garnet, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, amphibolite, rutile and quartz, and also well-developed melt pseudomorph and antiperthite. Although the prograde metamorphic stage (M1) cannot be retrieved due to rare preservation of pre-peak-stage mineral associations, three distinct mineral assemblages that formed in different metamorphic stages can be identified, based on petrography and mineralogy characteristics. The peak stage (M2) is characterized by Grt₂+Cpx₂+Amp₂+Pl₂+Rt+melt pseudomorphs, and a post-peak decompression stage (M3) contains a mineral assemblage of Grt₃+Opx₃+ Cpx₃+Amp₃+Pl₃, while a later-retrogression stage (M4) is featured by coronas of Amp₄+Pl₄ surrounding garnet. By calculating metamorphic P-T conditions using THERMOCALC, stage M2 was constrained to be 13.2–14.8 kbar and 1 050–1 080 °C, and M3 recorded P-T conditions of 5.7–7.3 kbar and 825–875 °C, while M4 yielded P of ~5 kbar and T of ~660 °C, consistent with amphibolite facies metamorphism. Taking into account of all these petrological data, we propose that the mafic granulite experienced a high-pressure (HP) and ultra-high temperature (UHT) granulite-facies metamorphism during the peak metamorphism, which was accompanied with a clockwise P-T path. U-Pb dating of metamorphic zircons in the granulites yields two groups of ages at 1 853±14 and 1 744±44 Ma, respectively. We suggest that the older age corresponded to the HP-UHT metamorphism, while the younger age represented an retrograde metamorphic event during cooling.

Keywords

ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism / phase equilibrium modeling / mafic granulite / Trans-North China Orogen / North China Craton

References

[1] Anderson J R, Payne J L, Kelsey D E, . High-Pressure Granulites at the Dawn of the Proterozoic. Geology, 2012, 405: 431-434.

[2] Anderson L J, Smith R D. The Effects of Temperature and fO₂ on the Al-in-Hornblende Barometer. American Mineralogist, 1995, 80(5/6): 549-559.

[3] Brown M. Metamorphic Conditions in Orogenic Belts: A Record of Secular Change. International Geology Review, 2007, 49(3): 193-234.

[4] Brown M. The Contribution of Metamorphic Petrology to Understanding Lithosphere Evolution and Geodynamics. Geoscience Frontiers, 2014, 5(4): 553-569.

[5] Brown M, Johnson T. Secular Change in Metamorphism and the Onset of Global Plate Tectonics. American Mineralogist, 2018, 103(2): 181-196.

[6] Chen S, Li X-P, Kong F M, . Metamorphic Evolution and Zircon U-Pb Ages of the Nanshankou Mafic High Pressure Granulites from the Jiaobei Terrane, North China Craton. Journal of Earth Science, 2018, 29(5): 1219-1235.

[7] Chen S, Li X-P, Duan W Y, . Petrological and Geochronological Study of Amphibolite from Jiaobei Terrane. Earth Science, 2018, 43(3): 716-732.

[8] Chopin F, Schulmann K, Štípská P, . Microstructural and Metamorphic Evolution of a High-Pressure Granitic Orthogneiss during Continental Subduction (Orlica-Śnieżnik Dome, Bohemian Massif). Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2012, 30(4): 347-376.

[9] Dong J, Wei C J, Zhang J X. Ultra High Temperature Metamorphism of Mafic Granulites from South Altyn Orogen, West China: A Result from the Rapid Exhumation of Deeply Subducted Continental Crust. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2019, 37(3): 315-338.

[10] Ernst W G, Liu J. Phase-Equilibrium Study of Aland Ti-Contents of Calcic Amphibole in MORB: A Semiquantitative Thermobarometer. American Mineralogist, 1998, 83(9/10): 952-969.

[11] Ernst W G, Liou J G. High- and Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism: Past Results and Future Prospects. American Mineralogist, 2008, 93(11/12): 1771-1786.

[12] Fuhrman M L, Lindsley D H. Ternary-Feldspar Modeling and Thermometry. American Mineralogist, 1988, 73: 201-215.

[13] Gerya T V, Perchuk L L, Triboulet C, . Petrology of the Tumanshet Zonal Metamorphic Complex. Eastern Sayan Petrology, 1997, 5(6): 503-533.

[14] Green E C R, White R W, Diener J F A, . Activity-Composition Relations for the Calculation of Partial Melting Equilibria in Metabasic Rocks. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2016, 34(9): 845-869.

[15] Guo J H, O’Brien P J, Zhai M G. High-Pressure Granulites in the Sanggan Area, North China Craton: Metamorphic Evolution, P-T Paths and Geotectonic Significance. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2002, 20(8): 741-756.

[16] Guo J H, Sun M, Chen F K, . Sm-Nd and SHRIMP U-Pb Zircon Geochronology of High-Pressure Granulites in the Sanggan Area, North China Craton: Timing of Paleoproterozoic Continental Collision. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2005, 24(5): 629-642.

[17] Guo J H, Chen Y, Peng P, . Sapphirine Granulite from Daqingshan Area, Inner Mongolia 1.85 Ga Ultrahigh Temperature (UHT) Metamorphism. Proceedings of National Conference on Petrology and Geodynamics in China, Nanjing, 2006, 213-216.

[18] Guo J H, Peng P, Chen Y, . UHT Sapphirine Granulite Metamorphism at 1.93–1.92 Ga Caused by Gabbronorite Intrusions: Implications for Tectonic Evolution of the Northern Margin of the North China Craton. Precambrian Research, 2012, 222/223: 124-142.

[19] Guo J H, Zhai M G, Peng P, . Paleoproterozoic Granulites in the North China Craton and Their Geological Implications. Precambrian Geology of China, 2015, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 137-169

[20] Harley S L. An Experimental Study of the Partitioning of Fe and Mg between Garnet and Orthopyroxene. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1984, 86(4): 359-373.

[21] Holland T J B, Powell R. Activity-Composition Relations for Phases in Petrological Calculations: An Asymmetric Multicomponent Formulation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2003, 145(4): 492-501.

[22] Holland T J B, Powell R. An Improved and Extended Internally Consistent Thermodynamic Dataset for Phases of Petrological Interest, Involving a New Equation of State for Solids. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2011, 29(3): 333-383.

[23] Hu Z C, Liu Y S, Chen L, . Contrasting Matrix Induced Elemental Fractionation in NIST SRM and Rock Glasses During Laser Ablation ICP-MS Analysis at High Spatial Resolution. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2011, 26(2): 425-430.

[24] Huang G Y, Brown M, Guo J H, . Challenges in Constraining the P-T Conditions of Mafic Granulites: An Example from the Northern Trans-North China Orogen. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2018, 36(6): 739-768.

[25] Jiao S J, Fitzsimons C M, Guo J H. Paleoproterozoic UHT Metamorphism in the Daqingshan Terrane, North China Craton: New Constraints from Phase Equilibria Modeling and SIMS U-Pb Zircon Dating. Precambrian Research, 2017, 303: 208-227.

[26] Korhonen F J, Brown M, Clark C, . Osumilite-Melt Interactions in Ultrahigh Temperature Granulites: Phase Equilibria Modelling and Implications for the P-T-t Evolution of the Eastern Ghats Province, India. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2013, 31(8): 881-907.

[27] Krogh E J. The Garnet-Clinopyroxene Fe-Mg Geothermometer—A Reinterpretation of Existing Experimental Data. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1988, 99(1): 44-48.

[28] Leake B E, Woolley A R, Arps C E S, . Nomenclature of Amphiboles: Report of the Subcommittee on Amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 1997, 82(9): 1019-1037.

[29] Liao Y, Wei C J. Ultrahigh-Temperature Mafic Granulite in the Huai’an Complex, North China Craton: Evidence from Phase Equilibria Modelling and Amphibole Thermometers. Gondwana Research, 2019, 76: 62-76.

[30] Li J H, Zhai M G, Qian X L, . The Geological Occurrence, Regional Tectonic Setting and Exhumation of Late Archaean High-Pressure Granulite with the High Grade Metamorphic Terranes, North to Central Portion of North China Craton. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 1998, 14: 176-189.

[31] Li X-P, Wang H, Kong F M. Probe into the Genesis of High Temperature-Ultrahigh Temperature Metamorphism: The Enlightenment from the Western Khondalite Belt of the North China Craton and the Namaqua Mobile Belt and the Bushveld Metamorphic Complex of South Africa. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2019, 35(2): 295-311.

[32] Li X-P, Wang X, Chen S, . and Zircon U-Pb Dating of Meta-Calcsilicate from the Jiaobei Terrane in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt of the North China Craton. Precambrian Research, 2018, 313: 221-241.

[33] Li X-P, Yang Z Y, Zhao G C, . Geochronology of Khondalite- Series Rocks of the Jining Complex: Confirmation of Depositional Age and Tectonometamorphic Evolution of the North China Craton. International Geology Review, 2011, 53(10): 1194-1211.

[34] Li X W, Wei C J. Phase Equilibria Modelling and Zircon Age Dating of Pelitic Granulites in Zhaojiayao, from the Jining Group of the Khondalite Belt, North China Craton. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2016, 34(6): 595-615.

[35] Li X W, Wei C J. Ultrahigh-Temperature Metamorphism in the Tuguiwula Area, Khondalite Belt, North China Craton. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2018, 36(4): 489-509.

[36] Li Y, Zhang C, Liu X Y, . Metamorphism and Oceanic Crust Exhumation—Constrained by the Jilang Eclogite and Meta-Quartzite from the Sumdo (U)HP Metamorphic Belt. Journal of Earth Science, 2019, 30(3): 510-524.

[37] Liu H, Li X-P, Kong F M, . Ultra-High Temperature Overprinting of High Pressure Pelitic Granulites in the Huai’an Complex, North China Craton: Evidence from Thermodynamic Modeling and Isotope Geochronology. Gondwana Research, 2019, 72: 15-33.

[38] Liu F, Guo J H, Peng P, . Zircon U-Pb Ages and Geochemistry of the Huai’an TTG Gneisses Terrane: Petrogenesis and Implications for 2.5 Ga Crustal Growth in the North China Craton. Precambrian Research, 2012, 212/213: 225-244.

[39] Liu J H, Liu F L, Ding Z J, . The Growth, Reworking and Metamorphism of Early Precambrian Crust in the Jiaobei Terrane, the North China Craton: Constraints from U-Th-Pb and Lu-Hf Isotopic Systematics, and REE Concentrations of Zircon from Archean Granitoid Gneisses. Precambrian Research, 2013, 224: 287-303.

[40] Liu T, Wei C J. Metamorphic Evolution of Archean Ultrahigh-Temperature Mafic Granulites from the Western Margin of Qian’an Gneiss Dome, Eastern Hebei Province, North China Craton: Insights into the Archean Tectonic Regime. Precambrian Research, 2018, 318: 170-187.

[41] Liu Y S, Hu Z C, Zong K Q, . Reappraisement and Refinement of Zircon U-Pb Isotope and Trace Element Analyses by LA-ICP-MS. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2010, 55(15): 1535-1546.

[42] Liu Y C, Wang A D, Rolfo F, . Geochronological and Petrological Constraints on Palaeoproterozoic Granulite Facies Metamorphism in Southeastern Margin of the North China Craton. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2009, 27(2): 125-138.

[43] Liu S W, Zhao G C, Wilde S A, . Th-U-Pb Monazite Geochronology of the Lüliang and Wutai Complexes: Constraints on the Tectonothermal Evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen. Precambrian Research, 2006, 148(3/4): 205-224.

[44] Ludwig, K. R., 2003. Users Manual for Isoplot/Ex (Rev. 2.49). Ageochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center, Special Publication No. 1a, Berkeley. 55

[45] Morimoto N. Nomenclature of Pyroxenes. Mineralogy & Petrology, 1988, 39: 55-76.

[46] Newton R C, Perkins D. Thermodynamic Calibration of Geobarometers Based on the Assemblages Garnet-Plagioclase-Orthopyroxene (Clinopyroxene)-Quartz. American Mineralogist, 1982, 67: 203-222.

[47] Nickel K G, Brey G P, Kogarko L. Orthopyroxene-Clinopyroxene Equilibria in the System CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ (CMAS): New Experimental Results and Implications for Two-Pyroxene Thermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1985, 91(1): 44-53.

[48] O’Brien P J, Walte N, Li J H. The Petrology of Two Distinct Granulite Types in the Hengshan Mts, China, and Tectonic Implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2005, 24(5): 615-627.

[49] Peng P, Wang X P, Windley B F, . Spatial Distribution of 1 950–1 800 Ma Metamorphic Events in the North China Craton: Implications for Tectonic Subdivision of the Craton. Lithos, 2014, 202/203: 250-266.

[50] Peng P, Zhai M G, Guo J H, . Nature of Mantle Source Contributions and Crystal Differentiation in the Petrogenesis of the 1.78 Ga Mafic Dykes in the Central North China Craton. Gondwana Research, 2007, 12(1/2): 29-46.

[51] Peng P, Zhai M G, Zhang H F, . Geochronological Constraints on the Paleoproterozoic Evolution of the North China Craton: SHRIMP Zircon Ages of Different Types of Mafic Dikes. International Geology Review, 2005, 47(5): 492-508.

[52] Perkins D III, Chipera S J. Garnet-Orthopyroxene-Plagioclase-Quartz Barometry: Refinement and Application to the English River Subprovince and the Minnesota River Valley. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1985, 89(1): 69-80.

[53] Powell R, Holland T J B. An Internally Consistent Dataset with Uncertainties and Correlations: 3. Applications to Geobarometry, Worked Examples and a Computer Program. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 1988, 6(2): 173-204.

[54] Prakash D, Arima M, Mohan A. Ultrahigh-Temperature Mafic Granulites from Panrimalai, South India: Constraints from Phase Equilibria and Thermobarometry. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2007, 29(1): 41-61.

[55] Qian J H, Wei C J, Clarke G L, . Metamorphic Evolution and Zircon Ages of Garnet-Orthoamphibole Rocks in Southern Hengshan, North China Craton: Insights into the Regional Paleoproterozoic P-T-t History. Precambrian Research, 2015, 256: 223-240.

[56] Qian J H, Wei C J. P-T-t Evolution of Garnet Amphibolites in the Wutai-Hengshan Area, North China Craton: Insights from Phase Equilibria and Geochronology. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2016, 34(5): 423-446.

[57] Qian J H, Wei C J, Yin C Q. Paleoproterozoic P-T-t Evolution in the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping Area, North China Craton: Evidence from Petrological and Geochronological Data. Precambrian Research, 2017, 303: 91-104.

[58] Santosh M, Sajeev K, Li J H. Extreme Crustal Metamorphism during Columbia Supercontinent Assembly: Evidence from North China Craton. Gondwana Research, 2006, 10(3/4): 256-266.

[59] Santosh M, Tsunogae T, Li J H, . Discovery of Sapphirine- Bearing Mg-Al Granulites in the North China Craton: Implications for Paleoproterozoic Ultrahigh Temperature Metamorphism. Gondwana Research, 2007, 11(3): 263-285.

[60] Santosh M, Wilde S, Li J. Timing of Paleoproterozoic Ultrahigh-Temperature Metamorphism in the North China Craton: Evidence from SHRIMP U-Pb Zircon Geochronology. Precambrian Research, 2007, 159(3/4): 178-196.

[61] Santosh M, Kusky T M. Origin of Paired High Pressure-Ultrahigh-Temperature Orogens: A Ridge Subduction and Slab Window Model. Terra Nova, 2010, 22(1): 35-42.

[62] Santosh M, Liu S J, Tsunogae T, . Paleoproterozoic Ultrahigh-Temperature Granulites in the North China Craton: Implications for Tectonic Models on Extreme Crustal Metamorphism. Precambrian Research, 2012, 222/223: 77-106.

[63] Santosh M, Yang Q Y, Teng X M, . Paleoproterozoic Crustal Growth in the North China Craton: Evidence from the Lüliang Complex. Precambrian Research, 2015, 263: 197-231.

[64] Santosh M, Teng X M, He X F, . Discovery of Neoarchean Suprasubduction Zone Ophiolite Suite from Yishui Complex in the North China Craton. Gondwana Research, 2016, 38: 1-27.

[65] Shen Q H, Geng Y S, Song H X. Progress on Metamorphic Petrology and Metamorphic Geology of China in the Last nearly 70 Years. Earth Science, 2018, 43(1): 1-23.

[66] Shen Q H, Geng Y S, Song H X. Geological Characters, Metamorphic Ages, P-T Paths and Their Tectonic Settings of the Granulites in Phanerozoic Orogens, China. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2014, 30: 2777-2807.

[67] Sun G M, Li X-P, Duan W Y, . Metamorphic Characteristics and Tectonic Implications of the Kadui Blueschist in the Central Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone, Southern Tibet. Journal of Earth Science, 2018, 29(5): 1026-1039.

[68] Sun S S, McDonough W F. Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1989, 42(1): 313-345.

[69] Tang L, Santosh M, Tsunogae T, . Petrology, Phase Equilibria Modelling and Zircon U-Pb Geochronology of Paleoproterozoic Mafic Granulites from the Fuping Complex, North China Craton. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2017, 35(5): 517-540.

[70] Tang L, Santosh M. Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic Terrane Assembly and Wilson Cycle in the North China Craton: An Overview from the Central Segment of the Trans-North China Orogen. Earth-Science Reviews, 2018, 182: 1-27.

[71] Tsunogae T, Dunkley D J, Horie K, . Petrology and SHRIMP Zircon Geochronology of Granulites from Vesleknausen, Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica: Neoarchean Magmatism and Neoproterozoic High-Grade Metamorphism. Geoscience Frontiers, 2014, 5(2): 167-182.

[72] Wang H Z, Zhang H F, Zhai M G, . Granulite Facies Metamorphism and Crust Melting in the Huai’an Terrane at ~1.95 Ga, North China Craton: New Constraints from Geology, Zircon U-Pb, Lu-Hf Isotope and Metamorphic Conditions of Granulites. Precambrian Research, 2016, 286: 126-151.

[73] Wang J, Wu Y B, Gao S, . Zircon U-Pb and Trace Element Data from Rocks of the Huai’an Complex: New Insights into the Late Paleoproterozoic Collision between the Eastern and Western Blocks of the North China Craton. Precambrian Research, 2010, 178(1/2/3/4): 59-71.

[74] Wang L J, Guo J H, Peng P, . Metamorphic and Geochronological Study of Garnet-Bearing Basic Granulites from Gushan, the Eastern End of the Khondalite Belt in the North China Craton. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2011, 27: 3689-3700.

[75] Wang L J, Guo J H, Peng P, . Lithological Units at the Boundary Zone between the Jining and Huai’an Complexes (Central-Northern Margin of the North China Craton): A Paleoproterozoic Tectonic Mélange?. Lithos, 2015, 227: 205-224.

[76] Wang K Y, Li J L, Hao J, . The Wutaishan Orogenic Belt within the Shanxi Province, Northern China: A Record of Late Archaean Collision Tectonics. Precambrian Research, 1996, 78(1/2/3): 95-103.

[77] Wang S J, Wang L, Brown M, . Multi-Stage Barite Crystallization in Partially Melted UHP Eclogite from the Sulu Belt, China. American Mineralogist, 2016, 101(3): 564-579.

[78] Wang S J, Wang L, Brown M, . Fluid Generation and Evolution during Exhumation of Deeply Subducted UHP Continental Crust: Petrogenesis of Composite Granite-Quartz Veins in the Sulu Belt, China. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2017, 35(6): 601-629.

[79] Wang S J, Li X-P, Schertl H P, . Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous Andesite Dykes in the Sulu Orogenic Belt, Eastern China. Mineralogy and Petrology, 2019, 113(1): 77-97.

[80] Wang S J, Schertl H P, Pang Y M. Geochemistry, Geochronology and Sr-Nd-Hf Isotopes of Two Types of Early Cretaceous Granite Porphyry Dykes in the Sulu Orogenic Belt, Eastern China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2019.

[81] Wei C J. Paleoproterozoic Metamorphism and Tectonic Evolution in Wutai-Hengshan Region, Trans-North China Orogen. Earth Science, 2018, 43: 24-43.

[82] Wei C J, Powell R. Calculated Phase Relations in High-Pressure Metapelites in the System NKFMASH (Na₂O-K₂O-FeO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O). Journal of Petrology, 2004, 45(1): 183-202.

[83] Wei C J, Qian J H, Zhou X W. Paleoproterozoic Crustal Evolution of the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping Region, North China Craton. Geoscience Frontiers, 2014, 5(4): 485-497.

[84] White R W, Powell R, Holland T B, . The Effect of TiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ on Metapelitic Assemblages at Greenschist and Amphibolite Facies Conditions: Mineral Equilibria Calculations in the System K₂O-FeO-MgOAl₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O-TiO₂-Fe₂O₃. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2000, 18(5): 497-511.

[85] Whitney D L, Evans B W. Abbreviations for Names of Rock-Forming Minerals. American Mineralogist, 2010, 95(1): 185-187.

[86] White R W, Powell R, Holland T J B, . New Mineral Activity- Composition Relations for Thermodynamic Calculations in Metapelitic Systems. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2014, 32(3): 261-286.

[87] Wu J L, Zhang H F, Zhai M G, . Discovery of Pelitic High-Pressure Granulite from Manjinggou of the Huai’an Complex, North China Craton: Metamorphic P-T Evolution and Geological Implications. Precambrian Research, 2016, 278: 323-336.

[88] Yang C, Wei C J. Ultrahigh Temperature (UHT) Mafic Granulites in the East Hebei, North China Craton: Constraints from a Comparison between Temperatures Derived from REE-Based Thermometers and Major Element-Based Thermometers. Gondwana Research, 2017, 46: 156-169.

[89] Yang Jin-Hui, Wu Fu-Yuan, Wilde Simon A., Belousova Elena, Griffin William L. Mesozoic decratonization of the North China block. Geology, 2008, 36 6 467

[90] Yoshino T, Yamamoto H, Okudaira T, . Crustal Thickening of the Lower Crust of the Kohistan Arc (N. Pakistan) Deduced from Al Zoning in Clinopyroxene and Plagioclase. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 1998, 16(6): 729-748.

[91] Zhai M G, Guo J H, Yan Y H. Discovery and Preliminary Study of the Archean High-Pressure Granulites in the North China. Science in China, 1992, 12: 1325-1330.

[92] Zhai M G. Two Kinds of Granulites (HT-HP and HT-UHT) in North China Craton: Their Genetic Relation and Geo Tectonic Implications. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2009, 25: 1753-1771.

[93] Zhai M G, Santosh M. The Early Precambrian Odyssey of the North China Craton: A Synoptic Overview. Gondwana Research, 2011, 20(1): 6-25.

[94] Zhang D D, Guo J H, Tian Z H, . Metamorphism and P-T Evolution of High Pressure Granulite in Chicheng, Northern Part of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-North China Orogen. Precambrian Research, 2016, 280: 76-94.

[95] Zhang H F, Wang H Z, Santosh M, . Zircon U-Pb Ages of Paleoproterozoic Mafic Granulites from the Huai’an Terrane, North China Craton (NCC): Implications for Timing of Cratonization and Crustal Evolution History. Precambrian Research, 2016, 272: 244-263.

[96] Zhang Y C, Li X-P, Sun G M, . Metamorphic Petrology of Clinopyroxene Amphibolite from the Xigaze Ophiolite, Southern Tibet: P-T Constraints and Phase Equilibrium Modeling. Journal of Earth Science, 2019, 30(3): 549-562.

[97] Zhang Y H, Wei C J, Tian W, . Reinterpretation of Metamorphic Age of the Hengshan Complex, North China Craton. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013, 58(34): 4300-4307.

[98] Zhao G C, Cawood P A, Wilde S A, . Metamorphism of Basement Rocks in the Central Zone of the North China Craton: Implications for Paleoproterozoic Tectonic Evolution. Precambrian Research, 2000, 103(1): 55-88.

[99] Zhao G C, Sun M, Wilde S A, . Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic Evolution of the North China Craton: Key Issues Revisited. Precambrian Research, 2005, 136(2): 177-202.

[100] Zhao G C, Wilde S A, Sun M, . SHRIMP U-Pb Zircon Geochronology of the Huai’an Complex: Constraints on Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic Crustal Accretion and Collision of the Trans-North China Orogen. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2006, 70 A740.

[101] Zhao G C. Metamorphic Evolution of Major Tectonicunits in the Basement of the North China Craton: Key Issues and Discussion. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2009, 25(8): 1772-1792.

[102] Zhao G C, Cawood P A, Wilde S A, . High-Pressure Granulites (Retrograded Eclogites) from the Hengshan Complex, North China Craton: Petrology and Tectonic Implications. Journal of Petrology, 2001, 42(6): 1141-1170.

[103] Zhao G C, Wilde S A, Guo J H, . Single Zircon Grainsrecord Two Continental Collisional Events in the North China Craton. Precambrian Research, 2010, 177(3/4): 266-276.

[104] Zhao G C, Cawood P A, Li S Z, . Amalgamation of the North China Craton: Key Issues and Discussion. Precambrian Research, 2012, 222/223: 55-76.

[105] Zhao G C, Zhai M G. Lithotectonic Elements of Precambrian Basement in the North China Craton: Review and Tectonic Implications. Gondwana Research, 2013, 23(4): 1207-1240.