Nd-Hf Isotopic Decoupling of the Silurian—Devonian Granitoids in the Chinese Altai: A Consequence of Crustal Recycling of the Ordovician Accretionary Wedge?

Abstract

Voluminous Silurian-Devonian granitoids intruded a greywacke-dominated Ordovician accretionary wedge in the Chinese Altai. These granitoids are characterized by significant Nd-Hf isotopic decoupling, the underlying mechanism of which, so far, has been poorly understood. This issue is addressed in this study by the integration of our new and regional published geological and geochemical data. Geological studies indicated a close spatial relationship between the regional anatexis of the Ordovician wedge and the formation of the granitoids, which is characterized by a gradual textural evolution from the partial molten Ordovician wedge sedimentary rocks (the Habahe Group) to the granitoid bodies. Compositionally, these granitoids and the Ordovician Habahe Group rocks displayed close geochemical similarities, in the form of arclike trace elemental signatures as well as comparable Nd isotopic characteristics. Combined with regional available data, we suggest that the Silurian-Devonian granitoids originated from the immature and chemically primitive Habahe Group rocks. Since Nd and Hf isotopic data for the Habahe Group rocks show significant Nd-Hf isotopic decoupling, we propose that the Silurian-Devonian granitoids inherited the Nd and Hf isotopic signatures from their sources, i.e., the Habahe Group rocks. In other words, the Nd-Hf decoupling in the Habahe Group rocks is the primary causative factor leading to the prevailing Nd-Hf isotopic decoupling of the Silurian-Devonian granitoids in the Chinese Altai.

Keywords

granitoids / crustal recycling / Ordovician wedge sediments / partial melting / Nd-Hf decoupling / Chinese Altai / geochemistry

References

[1] Badarch G, Dickson Cunningham W, Windley B F. A New Ter-rane Subdivision for Mongolia: Implications for the Phanerozoic Crustal Growth of Central Asia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2002, 21(1): 87-110.

[2] Bédard J H. A Catalytic Delamination-Driven Model for Coupled Genesis of Archaean Crust and Sub-Continental Lithospheric Mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2006, 70(5): 1188-1214.

[3] Bennett V C, Nutman A P, McCulloch M T. Nd Isotopic Evidence for Transient, Highly Depleted Mantle Reservoirs in the Early History of the Earth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1993, 119(3): 299-317.

[4] Bhatia M R, Crook K A W. Trace Element Characteristics of Gray-wackes and Tectonic Setting Discrimination of Sedimentary Basins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1986, 92(2): 181-193.

[5] Bizimis M, Sen G, Salters V J M. Hf-Nd Isotope Decoupling in the Oceanic Lithosphere: Constraints from Spinel Peridotites from Oahu, Hawaii. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2004, 217(1/2): 43-58.

[6] Bowring S A, King J E, Housh T B, . Neodymium and Lead Isotope Evidence for Enriched Early Archaean Crust in North America. Nature, 1989, 340(6230): 222-225.

[7] Broussolle A, Aguilar C, Sun M, . Polycyclic Paleozoic Evolution of Accretionary Orogenic Wedge in the Southern Chinese Altai: Evidence from Structural Relationships and U-Pb Geochronology. Lithos, 2018, 314: 400-424.

[8] Broussolle A, Sun M, Schulmann K, . Are the Chinese Altai “Terranes” the Result of Juxtaposition of Different Crustal Levels during Late Devonian and Permian Orogenesis?. Gondwana Research, 2019, 66: 183-206.

[9] Cai K D, Sun M, Yuan C, . Geochronological and Geochem-ical Study of Mafic Dykes from the Northwest Chinese Altai: Implications for Petrogenesis and Tectonic Evolution. Gondwana Research, 2010, 18(4): 638-652.

[10] Cai K D, Sun M, Yuan C, . Geochronology, Petrogenesis and Tectonic Significance of Peraluminous Granites from the Chinese Altai, NW China. Lithos, 2011, 127(1/2): 261-281.

[11] Cai K D, Sun M, Yuan C, . Prolonged Magmatism, Juvenile Nature and Tectonic Evolution of the Chinese Altai, NW China: Evidence from Zircon U-Pb and Hf Isotopic Study of Paleozoic Granitoids. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2011, 42(5): 949-968.

[12] Castro A, Gerya T, Garcia-Casco A, . Melting Relations of MORB-Sediment Melanges in Underplated Mantle Wedge Plumes; Implications for the Origin of Cordilleran-Type Batholiths. Journal of Petrology, 2010, 51(6): 1267-1295.

[13] Chase C G, Patchett P J. Stored Mafic/Ultramafic Crust and Early Archean Mantle Depletion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1988, 91(1/2): 66-72.

[14] Chen B, Jahn B M. Geochemical and Isotopic Studies of the Sedimentary and Granitic Rocks of the Altai Orogen of Northwest China and Their Tectonic Implications. Geological Magazine, 2002, 139(1): 1-13.

[15] Conrad W K, Nicholls I A, Wall V J. Water-Saturated and -Undersaturated Melting of Metaluminous and Peraluminous Crustal Compositions at 10 Kb: Evidence for the Origin of Silicic Magmas in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, and other Occurrences. Journal of Petrology, 1988, 29(4): 765-803.

[16] Debon F, le Fort P. A Chemical-Mineralogical Classification of Common Plutonic Rocks and Associations. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 1983, 73(3): 135-149.

[17] DePaolo D J, Manton W I, Grew E S, . Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr and U-Th-Pb Systematics of Granulite Facies Rocks from Fyfe Hills, En-derby Land, Antarctica. Nature, 1982, 298(5875): 614-618.

[18] Dudas M J, Schmitt R A, Harward M E. Trace Element Partitioning between Volcanic Plagioclase and Dacitic Pyroclastic Matrix. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1971, 11(1–5): 440-446.

[19] Farina F, Stevens G, Gerdes A, . Small-Scale Hf Isotopic Variability in the Peninsula Pluton (South Africa): The Processes that Control Inheritance of Source ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf Diversity in S-Type Granites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2014, 168 4 1065.

[20] Galer S J G, Goldstein S L. Early Mantle Differentiation and Its Thermal Consequences. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1991, 55(1): 227-239.

[21] Gerdes A, Montero P, Bea F, . Peraluminous Granites Frequently with Mantle-Like Isotope Compositions: The Continental-Type Murzinka and Dzhabyk Batholiths of the Eastern Urals. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2002, 91(1): 3-19.

[22] Harris N B W, Inger S. Trace Element Modelling of Pelite-Derived Granites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1992, 110(1): 46-56.

[23] Hermann J, Rubatto D. Accessory Phase Control on the Trace Element Signature of Sediment Melts in Subduction Zones. Chemical Geology, 2009, 265(3/4): 512-526.

[24] Hu A Q, Jahn B M, Zhang G X, . Crustal Evolution and Phan-erozoic Crustal Growth in Northern Xinjiang: Nd Isotopic Evidence. Part I. Isotopic Characterization of Basement Rocks. Tectonophysics, 2000, 328(1/2): 15-51.

[25] Huang Y Q, Jiang Y D, Collett S, . Nd Isotope Characteristics of the Chinese Altai Accretionary Wedge: Implications of Syn-Tectonic Granitoids Petrogenesis, 2018, Beijing: 2018 Annual Meeting of Chinese Geoscience Union, 341.

[26] Ionov D A, Blichert-Toft J, Weis D. Hf Isotope Compositions and HREE Variations in Off-Craton Garnet and Spinel Peridotite Xenoliths from Central Asia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2005, 69(9): 2399-2418.

[27] Irving A J, Frey F A. Distribution of Trace Elements between Garnet Megacrysts and Host Volcanic Liquids of Kimberlitic to Rhyolitic Composition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1978, 42(6): 771-787.

[28] Jahn B M, Wu F Y, Chen B. Barbarin B, Stephens W E, Bonin B. Granitoids of the Central Asian Oro-genic Belt and Continental Growth in the Phanerozoic. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh-Earth Sciences. Geological Society of America, 2000, 181-193.

[29] Janoušek V, Jiang Y D, Buriánek D, . Cambrian–Ordovician Magmatism of the Ikh-Mongol Arc System Exemplified by the Khan-taishir Magmatic Complex (Lake Zone, South-Central Mongolia). Gond-wana Research, 2018, 54: 122-149.

[30] Jiang Y D, Schulmann K, Kröner A, . Neoproterozoic–Early Paleozoic Peri-Pacific Accretionary Evolution of the Mongolian Collage System: Insights from Geochemical and U-Pb Zircon Data from the Or-dovician Sedimentary Wedge in the Mongolian Altai. Tectonics, 2017, 36(11): 2305-2331.

[31] Jiang Y D, Schulmann K, Sun M, . Anatexis of Accretionary Wedge, Pacific-Type Magmatism, and Formation of Vertically Stratified Continental Crust in the Altai Orogenic Belt. Tectonics, 2016, 35(12): 3095-3118.

[32] Jiang Y D, Schulmann K, Sun M, . Structural and Geochron-ological Constraints on Devonian Suprasubduction Tectonic Switching and Permian Collisional Dynamics in the Chinese Altai, Central Asia. Tectonics, 2019, 38(1): 253-280.

[33] Jiang Y D, Štípská P, Sun M, . Juxtaposition of Barrovian and Migmatite Domains in the Chinese Altai: A Result of Crustal Thickening Followed by Doming of Partially Molten Lower Crust. Journal of Meta-morphic Geology, 2015, 33(1): 45-70.

[34] Jiang Y D, Sun M, Zhao G C, . Precambrian Detrital Zircons in the Early Paleozoic Chinese Altai: Their Provenance and Implications for the Crustal Growth of Central Asia. Precambrian Research, 2011, 189(1/2): 140-154.

[35] Jiang Y, Sun M, Zhao G, . The 390 Ma High-T Metamorphic Event in the Chinese Altai: A Consequence of Ridge-Subduction?. American Journal of Science, 2010, 310(10): 1421-1452.

[36] Kong X Y, Zhang C, Liu D D, . Disequilibrium Partial Melting of Metasediments in Subduction Zones: Evidence from O-Nd-Hf Isotopes and Trace Elements in S-Type Granites of the Chinese Altai. Lithosphere, 2018, 11(1): 149-168.

[37] Li P F, Sun M, Rosenbaum G, . Structural Evolution of the Irtysh Shear Zone (Northwestern China) and Implications for the Amalgamation of Arc Systems in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Journal of Structural Geology, 2015, 80: 142-156.

[38] Li X H, Liu D Y, Sun M, . Precise Sm-Nd and U-Pb Isotopic Dating of the Supergiant Shizhuyuan Polymetallic Deposit and Its Host Granite, SE China. Geological Magazine, 2004, 141(2): 225-231.

[39] Li Zilong, Yang Xiaoqiang, Li Yinqi, Santosh M., Chen Hanlin, Xiao Wenjiao. Late Paleozoic tectono–metamorphic evolution of the Altai segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Constraints from metamorphic P–T pseudosection and zircon U–Pb dating of ultra-high-temperature granulite. Lithos, 2014, 204: 83-96.

[40] Liu W, Liu X J, Xiao W J. Massive Granitoid Production without Massive Continental-Crust Growth in the Chinese Altay: Insight into the Source Rock of Granitoids Using Integrated Zircon U-Pb Age, Hf-Nd-Sr Isotopes and Geochemistry. American Journal of Science, 2012, 312(6): 629-684.

[41] Long X P, Sun M, Yuan C, . Detrital Zircon Age and Hf Isotopic Studies for Metasedimentary Rocks from the Chinese Altai: Implications for the Early Paleozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Tectonics, 2007, 26 5 TC5015.

[42] Long X P, Sun M, Yuan C, . Early Paleozoic Sedimentary Record of the Chinese Altai: Implications for Its Tectonic Evolution. Sedimentary Geology, 2008, 208(3/4): 88-100.

[43] Long X P, Yuan C, Sun M, . Detrital Zircon Ages and Hf Isotopes of the Early Paleozoic Flysch Sequence in the Chinese Altai, NW China: New Constrains on Depositional Age, Provenance and Tectonic Evolution. Tectonophysics, 2010, 480(1–4): 213-231.

[44] Long X P, Yuan C, Sun M, . Geochemistry and Nd Isotopic Composition of the Early Paleozoic Flysch Sequence in the Chinese Altai, Central Asia: Evidence for a Northward-Derived Mafic Source and Insight into Nd Model Ages in Accretionary Orogen. Gondwana Research, 2012, 22(2): 554-566.

[45] McCulloch M T, Bennett V C. Progressive Growth of the Earth’s Continental Crust and Depleted Mantle: Geochemical Constraints. Geo-chimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1994, 58(21): 4717-4738.

[46] McLennan S M, Taylor S R, McGregor V R. Geochemistry of Archean Metasedimentary Rocks from West Greenland. Geochimica et Cosmo-chimica Acta, 1984, 48(1): 1-13.

[47] Montel J M, Vielzeuf D. Partial Melting of Metagreywackes, Part II. Compositions of Minerals and Melts. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1997, 128(2/3): 176-196.

[48] Patchett P J. Importance of the Lu-Hf Isotopic System in Studies of Planetary Chronology and Chemical Evolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1983, 47(1): 81-91.

[49] Patchett P J, Tatsumoto M. Lu-Hf Total-Rock Isochron for the Eucrite Meteorites. Nature, 1980, 288(5791): 571-574.

[50] Patchett P J, White W M, Feldmann H, . Hafnium/Rare Earth Element Fractionation in the Sedimentary System and Crustal Recycling into the Earth’s Mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1984, 69(2): 365-378.

[51] Patiño Douce A E, Beard J S. Dehydration-Melting of Biotite Gneiss and Quartz Amphibolite from 3 to 15 Kbar. Journal of Petrology, 1995, 36(3): 707-738.

[52] Pearce J A, Kempton P D, Nowell G M, . Hf-Nd Element and Isotope Perspective on the Nature and Provenance of Mantle and Subduction Components in Western Pacific Arc-Basin Systems. Journal of Petrology, 1999, 40(11): 1579-1611.

[53] Peccerillo A, Taylor S R. Geochemistry of Eocene Calc-Alkaline Volcanic Rocks from the Kastamonu Area, Northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1976, 58(1): 63-81.

[54] Pettijohn F J, Potter P E, Siever R. Sand and Sandstone, 1987, New York: Springer

[55] Safonova I Y, Utsunomiya A, Kojima S, . Pacific Superplume-Related Oceanic Basalts Hosted by Accretionary Complexes of Central Asia, Russian Far East and Japan. Gondwana Research, 2009, 16(3/4): 587-608.

[56] Salters V J M, Longhi J. Trace Element Partitioning during the Initial Stages of Melting beneath Mid-Ocean Ridges. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1999, 166(1/2): 15-30.

[57] Scherer E E, Cameron K L, Johnson C M, . Lu-Hf Geochro-nology Applied to Dating Cenozoic Events Affecting Lower Crustal Xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico. Chemical Geology, 1997, 142(1/2): 63-78.

[58] Schmidberger S S, Simonetti A, Francis D, . Probing Archean Lithosphere Using the Lu-Hf Isotope Systematics of Peridotite Xenoliths from Somerset Island Kimberlites, Canada. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2002, 197(3/4): 245-259.

[59] Schmitz M D, Vervoort J D, Bowring S A, . Decoupling of the Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd Isotope Systems during the Evolution of Granu-litic Lower Crust beneath Southern Africa. Geology, 2004, 32(5): 405-408.

[60] Şengör A M C, Natal’in B A. Turkic-Type Orogeny and Its Role in the Making of the Continental Crust. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1996, 24(1): 263-337.

[61] Şengör A M C, Natal’in B A, Burtman V S. Evolution of the Altaid Tectonic Collage and Palaeozoic Crustal Growth in Eurasia. Nature, 1993, 364(6435): 299-307.

[62] Shi W X, Zhang J D, Liu W G, . Hronology and Petrology Characteristics of Early Devonian Gnessic Granites from East Altai Orogenic Belt. Xinjiang Geology, 2015, 33(4): 456-462.

[63] Song P, Tong Y, Wang T, . Zircon U-Pb Ages and Genetic Evolution of Devonian Granitic Rocks in the Southeastern Chinese Altai and Its Tectonic Implications: New Evidence for Magmatic Evolution of Calc-Alkaline-High-K Calc-Alkaline-Alkaline Rocks. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2017, 91(1): 55-79. (in Chinese with English Abstract)

[64] Sun M, Long X P, Cai K D, . Early Paleozoic Ridge Subduction in the Chinese Altai: Insight from the Abrupt Change in Zircon Hf Isotopic Compositions. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2009, 52(9): 1345-1358.

[65] Sun M, Yuan C, Xiao W J, . Zircon U-Pb and Hf Isotopic Study of Gneissic Rocks from the Chinese Altai: Progressive Accretionary History in the Early to Middle Palaeozoic. Chemical Geology, 2008, 247(3/4): 352-383.

[66] Sun S S, McDonough W F. Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1989, 42(1): 313-345.

[67] Sylvester P J. Post-Collisional Strongly Peraluminous Granites. Li-thos, 1998, 45(1–4): 29-44.

[68] Tang G J, Wang Q, Wyman D A, . Recycling Oceanic Crust for Continental Crustal Growth: Sr-Nd-Hf Isotope Evidence from Granitoids in the Western Junggar Region, NW China. Lithos, 2012, 128–131: 73-83.

[69] Tong Y, Wang T, Hong DW, . Ages and Origin of the Early Devonian Granites from the North Part of Chinese Altai Mountains and Its Tectonic Implications. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2007, 23(8): 1933-1944. (in Chinese with English Abstract)

[70] Vervoort J D, Blichert-Toft J. Evolution of the Depleted Mantle: Hf Isotope Evidence from Juvenile Rocks through Time. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1999, 63(3/4): 533-556.

[71] Vervoort J D, Jonathan Patchett P. Behavior of Hafnium and Neo-dymium Isotopes in the Crust: Constraints from Precambrian Crustally Derived Granites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1996, 60(19): 3717-3733.

[72] Vervoort J D, Patchett P J, Albarède F, . Hf-Nd Isotopic Evolution of the Lower Crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2000, 181(1/2): 115-129.

[73] Vervoort J D, Patchett P J, Blichert-Toft J, . Relationships between Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd Isotopic Systems in the Global Sedimentary System. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1999, 168(1/2): 79-99.

[74] Villaseca C, Barbero L, Herreros V. A Re-Examination of the Typology of Peraluminous Granite Types in Intracontinental Orogenic Belts. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 1998, 89(2): 113-119.

[75] Wang T, Hong D W, Jahn B M, . Timing, Petrogenesis, and Setting of Paleozoic Synorogenic Intrusions from the Altai Mountains, Northwest China: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of an Accre-tionary Orogen. The Journal of Geology, 2006, 114(6): 735-751.

[76] Wang T, Jahn B M, Kovach V P, . Nd-Sr Isotopic Mapping of the Chinese Altai and Implications for Continental Growth in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Lithos, 2009, 110(1/2/3/4): 359-372.

[77] Wei C J, Clarke G, Tian W, . Transition of Metamorphic Series from the Kyanite- To Andalusite-Types in the Altai Orogen, Xinjiang, China: Evidence from Petrography and Calculated KMnFMASH and KFMASH Phase Relations. Lithos, 2007, 96(3/4): 353-374.

[78] Wilhem C, Windley B F, Stampfli G M. The Altaids of Central Asia: A Tectonic and Evolutionary Innovative Review. Earth-Science Reviews, 2012, 113(3/4): 303-341.

[79] Windley B F, Alexeiev D, Xiao W J, . Tectonic Models for Accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Journal of the Geological Society, 2007, 164(1): 31-47.

[80] Windley B F, Kröner A, Guo J H, . Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic Geology of the Altai Orogen, NW China: New Zircon Age Data and Tectonic Evolution. The Journal of Geology, 2002, 110(6): 719-737.

[81] Wittig N, Baker J A, Downes H. U-Th-Pb and Lu-Hf Isotopic Constraints on the Evolution of Sub-Continental Lithospheric Mantle, French Massif Central. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, 71(5): 1290-1311.

[82] Xiao W J, Huang B C, Han C M, . A Review of the Western Part of the Altaids: A Key to Understanding the Architecture of Accre-tionary Orogens. Gondwana Research, 2010, 18(2/3): 253-273.

[83] Xiao W J, Windley B F, Yuan C, . Paleozoic Multiple Subduction-Accretion Processes of the Southern Altaids. American Journal of Science, 2009, 309(3): 221-270.

[84] Xiao W, Windley B F, Badarch G, . Palaeozoic Accretionary and Convergent Tectonics of the Southern Altaids: Implications for the Growth of Central Asia. Journal of the Geological Society, 2004, 161(3): 339-342.

[85] Yu S Y, Xu Y G, Huang X L, . Hf-Nd Isotopic Decoupling in Continental Mantle Lithosphere beneath Northeast China: Effects of Pervasive Mantle Metasomatism. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2009, 35(6): 554-570.

[86] Yu Y, Sun M, Huang X L, . Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb Isotopic Evidence for Modification of the Devonian Lithospheric Mantle beneath the Chinese Altai. Lithos, 2017, 284: 207-221.

[87] Yu Y, Sun M, Long X P, . Whole-Rock Nd-Hf Isotopic Study of I-Type and Peraluminous Granitic Rocks from the Chinese Altai: Constraints on the Nature of the Lower Crust and Tectonic Setting. Gondwana Research, 2017, 47: 131-141.

[88] Yuan C, Sun M, Xiao W J, . Accretionary Orogenesis of the Chinese Altai: Insights from Paleozoic Granitoids. Chemical Geology, 2007, 242(1/2): 22-39.

[89] Zhang C L, Santosh M, Zou H B, . Revisiting the “Irtish Tectonic Belt”: Implications for the Paleozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Altai Orogen. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2012, 52: 117-133.

[90] Zhang C, Liu D D, Zeng J H, . Nd-O-Hf Isotopic Decoupling in S-Type Granites: Implications for Ridge Subduction. Lithos, 2019, 332: 261-273.

[91] Zhang J J, Wang T, . Tracking Deep Ancient Crustal Components by Xenocrystic/Inherited Zircons of Palaeozoic Felsic Igneous Rocks from the Altai-East Junggar Terrane and Adjacent Regions, Western Central Asian Orogenic Belt and Its Tectonic Significance. International Geology Review, 2017, 59(16): 2021-2040.

[92] Zhang X, Zhang H, Ma Z L, . A New Model for the Granite-Pegmatite Genetic Relationships in the Kaluan-Azubai-Qiongkuer Pegmatite-Related Ore Fields, the Chinese Altay. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2016, 124: 139-155.

[93] Zheng J H, Chai F M, Yang F Q. The 401–409 Ma Xiaodonggou Granitic Intrusion: Implications for Understanding the Devonian Tectonics of the Northwest China Altai Orogen. International Geology Review, 2016, 58(5): 540-555.

[94] Zou T R, Chao H Z, Wu B Q. Orogenic and Anorogenic Granitoids in the Altay Mountains of Xinjiang and Their Discrimination Criteria. Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition, 1989, 2(1): 45-64.