Final Results and Recommendations of the Last 10 Years IGCP 572 and 630 Field Workshops in South Turkey, Oman, India (Kashmir) and Armenia

Abstract

Being involved in the organization of IGCP 572 field workshops in Turkey (2009), in Oman (2010), as in the following IGCP 630 field workshops in Kashmir (India, 2014) and in Armenia (2017), I co-wrote for each of them detailed guidebooks and extended reports that can be found and downloaded from ResearchGate website. This paper summarizes the final results obtained by IGCP 572 and 630 members from these four important field workshop sites in the past 10 years, and also attempts to make recommendations for future studies based on these unique localities surrounding the Tethys Ocean. The first field workshop of IGCP 572 was organized in South Turkey in September, 2009, with the logistical support of Dr. Erdal Kosun from the Antalya University. Following the South Turkey field workshop, eight important papers have been published and concerned the well-preserved Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) microbialites and their ecosystems (including ostracodes, brachiopods, and many of other clades). The 3rd IGCP 572 annual field workshop was held during February, 2010 in the Sultanate of Oman, with Dr. Michaela Bernecker and the deep support from the GuTech University in Muscat. More than 15 papers have derived from the P-Tr successions that IGCP 572 members have investigated during this workshop, including the first study on oceanic acidification based on Boron isotopes. New paleontological studies are still on progress, and concern the Smithian ammonoids, Lower Triassic shark teeth and dental remains as well as basal Triassic conodonts, crinoids and ammonoids. The 1st IGCP 630 annual field workshop was held during November, 2014 in Srinagar, Kashmir, and North India, with the helpful assistance of Prof. Ghulam Bhat from Jammu University. This meeting renewed studies on the classic Guryul Ravine and adjacent P-Tr boundary sections in that region, with new geochemical works on carbon isotopes and pyrite framboids as well as a detailed Induan conodont taxonomy and zonation. Other new paleontological works concern the palynology of the Guryul Ravine Section as some well-preserved organic eukariotic protist (thecamoebians) that cross without damage the PTB. Lilit Sahakyan, Aymon Baud, and Zhong-Qiang Chen organized the 5th IGCP 630 annual conference and field workshop in Armenia on October 8–14, 2017. Several PTB and Lower Triassic sections have been systematically sampled for biogeochemical and geobiological studies. These Armenian sections provide unique paleoenvironmental settings that have the longest record, from Griesbachian to Dienerian, of microbial proliferation following the P-Tr mass extinction in the world. The basal Triassic giant sponge-microbial build-ups are encouraging more comprehensive studies on metazoan-microbial reef developments after the greatest extinction event.

Keywords

Permian-Triassic boundary / Lower Triassic / microbialites / southern Turkey / Oman / Kashmir / Armenia

References

Bagherpour B., Bucher H., Baud A., . Onset, Development, and Cessation of Basal Early Triassic Microbialites (BETM) in the Nanpanjiang Pull–Apart Basin, South China Block. Gondwana Research, 2017, 44: 178-204.

Baud A. Historical Review. IGCP 572 Annual Meeting & Field Workshop in Southern Turkey, Sept. 2–6, 2009, Antalya. Field Guide Book, 2009, 1: 3-4.

Baud A., Atudorei V., Sharp Z. Late Permian and Early Triassic Evolution of the Northern India Margin: Carbon Isotope and Sequence Stratigraphy. Geodinamica Acta, 1996, 9: 57-77.

Baud A., Beauchamp B., Richoz S. Paleokarst in the Saiq Formation (Saiq Plateau, Oman). Abstract of International Conference on the Geology of the Arabian Plate and the Oman Mountains, Sultan Qaboos University, 2012, Muscat. GeoArabia, Journal of the Middle East Petroleum Geosciences, 2012, 17/3: 198-199.

Baud A., Richoz S., Beauchamp B., . The Buday’ah Formation, Sultanate of Oman: A Middle Permian to Early Triassic Oceanic Record of the Neotethys and the Late Induan Microsphere Bloom. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2012, 43(1): 130-144.

Baud A., Bernecker M., Krystyn L., . The Arabian Plate and the IGCP 572 (Permo–Triassic Extinction and Recovery): Results from the Muscat–Gutech Field Meeting (February 2010). GeoArabia, Journal of the Middle East Petroleum Geosciences, 2012, 17/1: 199-202.

Baud A., Bernecker M. The Permian–Triassic Transition in the Oman Mountains., 2010, 1-109.

Baud A., Bernecker M. Report on the Second IGCP 572 Field Workshop, Feb. 20–26, 2010, in the Sultanate of Oman. Albertiana, 2012, 40: 21-27.

Baud A., Bhat G. The Permian–Triassic Transition in the Kashmir Valley. IGCP 630 Field Guide Book., 2014, India: Jimmu University, 36.

Baud A., Bhat G., Bachmann G. H., . Report on the First IGCP 630 Field Workshop, November 17–22, 2014, in Kashmir (India). Permophiles, 2014, 60: 26-30.

Baud A., Cirilli S., Marcoux J. Biotic Response to Mass Extinction: The Lowermost Triassic Microbialites. Facies, 1997, 36: 238-242.

Baud A., Crasquin S., Kershaw S. Report on the First IGCP 572 Field Workshop, Sept. 2–6, 2009 in Antalya, 2009.

Baud A., Crasquin S., Kershaw S. Report on the First IGCP 572 Field Workshop, Sept. 2–6, 2009, in Antalya, Southern Turkey. Permophiles, 2010, 38: 14-15.

Baud A., Friesenbichler E., Richoz S., . Induan (Early Triassic) Giant Sponge–Microbial Build–ups in Armenia. Program and Abstract of the 5th IGCP 630 International Conference and Field Workshop, 2017.

Baud A., Magaritz M., Holser W. T. Permian–Triassic of the Tethys: Carbon Isotope Studies. Geologische Rundschau, 1989, 78(2): 649-677.

Baud A., Richoz S., Brandner R., . Sponge Microbial Build–up: A New View on the Enigmatic Basal Triassic Crystal Layer Records from Central Iran., 2018.

Baud A., Richoz S., Krystyn L. Seismites during the Permian–Triassic Transition: The Oman Record. Second Boreal Triassic Conference 2015, Svalbard. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, 2015, 4 1.

Baud A., Friesenbichler E., Krystyn L., . Proterozoic–Like/Type Basal Triassic Microbial Build–ups of Unusual Height in Armenia. Goldschmidt 2015, Abstract Book, 2015.

Baud A., Richoz S., Marcoux J. Calcimicrobial Cap Rocks from the Basal Triassic Units: Western Taurus Occurrences (SW Turkey). Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2005, 4: 569-582.

Baud A., Richoz S., Pruss S. The Lower Triassic Anachronistic Carbonate Facies in Space and Time. Global and Planetary Change, 2007, 55: 81-89.

Brookfield M. E., Algeo T. J., Hannigan R., . Shaken and Stirred: Seismites and Tsunamites at the Permian–Triassic Boundary, Guryul Ravine, Kashmir, India. Palaios, 2013, 28: 568-582.

Brookfield M. E., Sun Y. D. Preliminary Report of New Conodont Records from the Permian–Triassic Boundary Section at Guryul Ravine, Kashmir, India. Permophiles, 2015, 61: 24-25.

Brookfield M. E., Twitchett R. J., Goodings C. Palaeoenvironments of the Permian–Triassic Transition Sections in Kashmir, India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2003, 198(3/4): 353-371.

Brosse M., Baud A., Bhat G. M., . Conodont–Based Griesbachian Biochronology of the Guryul Ravine Section (Basal Triassic, Kashmir, India). Geobios, 2017, 50(5/6): 359-387.

Brosse M., Bucher H., Baud A., . New Data from Oman Indicate benthic High Biomass Productivity Coupled with Low Taxonomic Diversity in the Aftermath of the Permian–Triassic Boundary Mass Extinction. Lethaia, 2018.

Brühwiler T., Bucher H., Goudemand N., . Smithian (Early Triassic) Ammonoid Faunas from Exotic Blocks from Oman: Taxonomy and Biochronology. Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 2014, 296(1/2/3/4): 3-107.

Chen Z. Q., Benton M. J. The Timing and Pattern of Biotic Recovery Following the End–Permian Mass Extinction. Nature Geoscience, 2012, 5(6): 375-383.

Clarkson M. O., Wood R. A., Poulton S. W., . Dynamic Anoxic Ferruginous Conditions during the End–Permian Mass Extinction and Recovery. Nature Communications, 2016, 7 12236

Collin P. Y., Kershaw S., Tribovillard N., . Geochemistry of Post–Extinction Microbialites as a Powerful Tool to Assess the Oxygenation of Shallow Marine Water in the Immediate Aftermath of the End–Permian Mass Extinction. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2014, 104(4): 1025-1037.

Crasquin S., Baud A., Kershaw S., . Baud A., . The Permian–Triassic Transition in the Southwestern Taurus Mountains (South Turkey). IGCP 572 Annual Meeting & Field Workshop in Southern Turkey, Guide Book, 2009, 1-48.

Crasquin–Soleau S., Marcoux J., Angiolini L., . A New Ostracode Fauna from the Permian–Triassic Boundary in Turkey (Taurus, Antalya Nappes). Micropaleontology, 2004, 50(3): 281-296.

Crasquin–Soleau S., Marcoux J., Angiolini L., . Palaeocopida (Ostracoda) across the Permian–Triassic Events: New Data from Southwestern Taurus (Turkey). Journal of Micropalaeontology, 2004, 23(1): 67-76.

Crasquin–Soleau S., Richoz S., Marcoux J., . Les Événements de La Limite Permien–Trias: Derniers Survivants Et/ou Premiers Re–Colonisateurs Parmi Les Ostracodes Du Taurus (Sud–Ouest de La Turquie). Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 2002, 334(7): 489-495.

Dai X., Song H. J., Wignall P. B., . Rapid Biotic Rebound during the Late Griesbachian Indicates Heterogeneous Recovery Patterns after the Permian–Triassic Mass Extinction, 2018, Bulletin: Geological Society of America

Erwin D. H. The Permo–Triassic Extinction. Nature, 1994, 367(6460): 231-236.

Fang Y. H., Chen Z. Q., Kershaw S., . Permian–Triassic Boundary Microbialites at Zuodeng Section, Guangxi Province, South China: Geobiology and Palaeoceanographic Implications. Global and Planetary Change, 2017, 152: 115-128.

Forel M. B. Extinctions et Reconquêtes Lors des Événements Associés à la Limite Permien–Trias: Les Ostracodes (Crustacea): [Dissertation]. Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, 2010, 2: 1-294.

Forel M. B. Heterochronic Growth of Ostracods (Crustacea) from Microbial Deposits in the Aftermath of the End–Permian Extinction. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2014, 13(4): 315-349.

Forke H. C., Koehrer B., Walz L. B., . Pöppelreiter M., . Biostratigraphy and Biofacies of Khuff Time–Equivalent Strata in the Al Jabal al–Akhdar Area (Hajar Mountains), Northern Oman. Permo–Triassic Sequence of the Arabian Plate, 2014, 77-125.

Forke H. C., Pöppelreiter M., Aigner T., . Integrated Biostratigraphy of the Saiq Formation (Al Jabal al–Akhdar, Oman Mountains) and Its Implication for the Regional Correlation of Khuff Time–Equivalent Deposits. GeoArabia, 2013, 17: 230-234.

Friesenbichler E., Baud A., Krystyn L., . Giant Microbial Build–ups of Earliest Triassic in Armenia. Ber. Inst. Erdwiss. K.–F.–Univ. Graz, 2015, 21 113.

Friesenbichler E., Baud A., Krystyn L., . Microfacies Analyses and Carbon Isotope Studies on Lower Triassic Microbialites from Armenia. Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Vienna (Austria). Geophysical Research Abstracts, 2016, 18 79.

Friesenbichler E., Baud A., Krystyn L., . Basal Induan (Early Triassic) Giant Sponge–Microbial Build–ups in Armenia: Microfacies Analyses and Carbon Isotope Studies. GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, 2016, Colorado, USA: Abstracts with Programs

Friesenbichler E., Richoz S., Baud A., . Sponge–Microbial Build–Ups from the Lowermost Triassic Chanakhchi Section in Southern Armenia: Microfacies and Stable Carbon Isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2018, 490: 653-672.

Goudemand N. Induan–Olenekian Boundary Conodonts from Oman. Abstract Book of the 4th International Conodont Symposium, 2017, 36.

Grigoryan A., Alekseev A. S., Joachimski M. M., . Permian–Triassic Biotic Crisis: A Multidisciplinary Study of Armenian Sections. Abstract Volume of XVIII International Congress on the Carboniferous and Permian, Kazan., 2015, 74.

Heindel K., Foster W. J., Richoz S., . The Formation of Microbial–Metazoan Bioherms and Biostromes Following the Latest Permian Mass Extinction. Gondwana Research, 2018, 61: 187-202.

Heindel K., Richoz S., Birgel D., . Biogeochemical Formation of Calyx–Shaped Carbonate Crystal Fans in the Subsurface of the Early Triassic Seafloor. Gondwana Research, 2015, 27(2): 840-861.

Huang Y. G., Chen Z. Q., Algeo T., . Two–Stage Marine Anoxia and Biotic Response during the Permian–Triassic Transition in Kashmir, Northern India: Pyrite Framboid Evidence. Global and Planetary Change., 2018.

Jasper A., Uhl D., Agnihotri D., . Evidence of Wildfires in the Late Permian (Changhsingian) Zewan Formation of Kashmir, India. Current Science, 2016, 110(3): 419-423.

Joachimski M. M., Alekseev A. S., Grigoryan A. Climatic Warming across the Permian–Triassic Boundary––New Evidence from Armenia. Abstract Book of International Meeting of Sedimentology, October 10–12, 2017, Toulouse., 2017, 444.

Joachimski M. M., Alekseev A. S., Lai X., . Catastrophic Climate Warming in the Latest Permian to Early Triassic: Evidence from Oxygen Isotopes. 2013 GSA Annual Meeting, Denver. Abstracts with Programs, 2013, 45 7 89.

Kershaw S., Crasquin S., Forel M. B., . Earliest Triassic Microbialites in Çürük Dag, Southern Turkey: Composition, Sequences and Controls on Formation. Sedimentology, 2011, 58(3): 739-755.

Kershaw S., Crasquin S., Li Y., . Microbialites and Global Environmental Change across the Permian–Triassic Boundary: A Synthesis. Geobiology, 2012, 10(1): 25-47.

Kershaw S., Tang H., Li Y., . Oxygenation in Carbonate Microbialites and Associated Facies after the End–Permian Mass Extinction: Problems and Potential Solutions. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2018, 7(1): 32-47.

Koot M. B., Cuny G., Orchard M. J., . New Hybodontiform and Neoselachian Sharks from the Lower Triassic of Oman. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2015, 13(10): 891-917.

Krystyn L., Horacek M., Brandner R., . Late Permian Tsunamites in Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India): Revisited and Rejected., 2014, 15312.

Krystyn L., Richoz S., Baud A., . A Unique Permian–Triassic Boundary Section from the Neotethyan Hawasina Basin, Central Oman Mountains. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2003, 191: 329-344.

Kumar K., Tewari R., Agnihotri D., . Geochemistry of the Permian–Triassic Sequences of the Guryul Ravine Section, Jammu and Kashmir, India: Implications for Oceanic Redox Conditions. Geological Research Journal, 2017, 13: 114-125.

Leu M., Baud A., Brosse M., . Earthquake Induced Soft Sediment Deformation (Seismites): New Data from the Early Triassic Guryul Ravine Section (Kashmir). Abstract Book of 19th International Sedimentological Congress, Geneva., 2014, 396.

Li F., Yan J. X., Chen Z. Q., . Global Oolite Deposits Across the Permian–Triassic Boundary: A Synthesis and Implications for Palaeoceanography Immediately after the End–Permian Biocrisis. Earth–Science Reviews, 2015, 149: 163-180.

Liao W., Wang Y. B., Kershaw S., . Shallow–Marine Dysoxia across the Permian–Triassic Boundary: Evidence from Pyrite Framboids in the Microbialite in South China. Sedimentary Geology, 2010, 232(1/2): 77-83.

Marcoux J., Baud A. The Permo–Triassic Boundary in the Antalya Nappes (Western Taurides, Turkey). Memoir, Society of Geology Italy, 1986, 34: 243-252.

Marenco P. J., Baud A., Corsetti F. A., . Sulfur Isotope Anomalies across Permo–Triassic Boundary Sections in Turkey. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Programs, 2004, 36: 140-6.

Mir A. R., Balaram V., Ganai J. A., . Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rocks from Permian–Triassic Boundary Sections of Tethys Himalaya: Implications for Paleo–Weathering, Provenance, and Tectonic Setting. Acta Geochimica, 2016, 35(4): 428-436.

Nakazawa K., Kapoor M. H., Ishii K., . The Upper Permian and Lower Triassic in Kashmir, India. Memoir, Faculty of Sciences, Kyoto University, Series Geology & Mineralogy, 1975, 42: 1-106.

Nye S., Brookfield M. E., Hannigan R. E. Paleo–Environmental Changes Leading to the Permian–Triassic Transition in Mandakpal Valley, Kashmir, India. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 2016, 48(7): 225-1.

Pande P. K., Sharma S. P. A Record of Rotaloid Foraminifera from the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic Rocks of Kashmir, India. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2015, 7(2): 191-202.

Parcha S., Horacek M., Krystyn L., . Trace Fossil Evidence for Late Permian Shallow Marine Conditions in Guryul Ravine, Kashmir, India. Geophysical Research Abstract, EGU Assembly, Vienna, Austria., 2015, 14859.

Payne J. L., Lehrmann D. J., Wei J. Y., . Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle during Recovery from the End–Permian Extinction. Science, 2004, 305(5683): 506-509.

Pruss S. B., Bottjer D. J., Corsetti F. A., . A Global Marine Sedimentary Response to the End–Permian Mass Extinction: Examples from Southern Turkey and the Western United States. Earth–Science Reviews, 2006, 78(3/4): 193-206.

Richoz S. Stratigraphie et Variations Isotopiques du Carbone Dans le Permien supéRieur et le Trias inféRieur de Quelques Localités de la Néotéthys (Turquie, Oman et Iran). Mémoires de géologie, Lausanne, 2006, 46: 1-284.

Richoz S., Baud A., Beauchamp B., . Pöppelreiter M., . Khuff Margin: Slope to Oceanic Deposits (Permian–Triassic Allochthons and Exotics, Oman). Permo–Triassic Sequence of the Arabian Plate., 2014, Netherlands: EAGE Special Volume, Houten, 55-76.

Richoz S., Krystyn L., Baud A., . Permian–Triassic Boundary Interval in the Middle East (Iran and N. Oman): Progressive Environmental Change from Detailed Carbonate Carbon Isotope Marine Curve and Sedimentary Evolution. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2010, 39(4): 236-253.

Sahakyan L., Baud A., Grigoryan A., . The Permian–Triassic Transition in Southern Armenia. The 5th IGCP 630 International Conference and Field Workshop, 2017.

Sahakyan L., Baud A., Chen Z. Q., . Report on the IGCP 630 Conference and Field Workshop, October 8–14, 2017, in Armenia. Permophiles, 2017, 65: 30-41.

Silva–Tamayo J. C., Lau K. V., Jost A. B., . Global Perturbation of the Marine Calcium Cycle during the Permian–Triassic Transition. GSA Bulletin, 2018, 130(7/8): 1323-1338.

Singh V., Pandita S. K., Tewari R., . Thecamoebians (Testate Amoebae) Straddling the Permian–Triassic Boundary in the Guryul Ravine Section, India: Evolutionary and Palaeoecological Implications. PloS One, 2015, 10 8 e0135593

Tewari R., Awatar R., Pandita S. K., . The Permian–Triassic Palynological Transition in the Guryul Ravine Section, Kashmir, India: Implications for Tethyan–Gondwanan Correlations. Earth–Science Reviews, 2015, 149: 53-66.

Tohver E., Schmieder M., Lana C., . End–Permian Impactogenic Earthquake and Tsunami Deposits in the Intracratonic Paraná Basin of Brazil. GSA Bulletin, 2018, 130(7/8): 1099-1120.

Tong J. N., Zuo J. X., Chen Z.Q. Early Triassic Carbon Isotope Excursions from South China: Proxies for Devastation and Restoration of Marine Ecosystems Following the End–Permian Mass Extinction. Geological Journal, 2007, 42(3/4): 371-389.

Varol B., Kosun E. Ü, Pinar N., . Pyritized Mudstone and Associated Facies in the Permian–Triassic Boundary of the Çürük Dag Section, Southern Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2011, 40(5): 1068-1078.

Weidlich O., Bernecker M. Biotic Carbonate Precipitation Inhibited during the Early Triassic at the Rim of the Arabian Platform (Oman). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2011, 308(1/2): 129-150.

Weidlich O., Bernecker M. Earthquake–Triggered Post–Depositional Deformation at the Rim of the Arabian Platform (Permian–Triassic, Oman Mountains). GeoArabia, Journal of the Middle East Petroleum Geosciences, 2012, 17(1): 253-256.

Wignall P. B., Newton R., Brookfield M. E. Pyrite Framboid Evidence for Oxygen–Poor Deposition during the Permian–Triassic Crisis in Kashmir. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2005, 216(3/4): 183-188.

Wu S. Q., Chen Z.Q., Fang Y. H., . A Permian–Triassic Boundary Microbialite Deposit from the Eastern Yangtze Platform (Jiangxi Province, South China): Geobiologic Features, Ecosystem Composition and Redox Conditions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2017, 486: 58-73.

Yang H., Chen Z.Q., Wang Y. B., . Composition and Structure of Microbialite Ecosystems Following the End–Permian Mass Extinction in South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2011, 308(1/2): 111-128.