Recovery of brachiopod and ammonoid faunas following the End-Permian crisis: Additional evidence from the lower Triassic of the Russian Far East and Kazakhstan

Abstract

After the End-Permian mass extinction, ammonoids reached levels of taxonomic diversity higher than in the Changhsingian by the Dienerian Substage of the Induan. However, brachiopods exhibit a prolonged delay in recovery, and their taxonomic diversity had not recovered to Late Permian levels even by the Olenekian. The differential patterns of recovery between these two clades may reflect fundamental differences in physiology and behavior. Brachiopods were benthic organisms that were dependent on specific trophic sources, and their general reduction in size during the Early Triassic may have been a response to a relative paucity of food resources. In contrast, ammonoids were sluggishnektic organisms that utilized a wider range of trophic sources and that suffered no comparable size decrease during the Early Triassic. Brachiopods may have been at a disadvantage also due to vulnerabilities associated with their larval stage, during which they had to locate a suitable substrate for settlement. In contrast, ammonoids had no larval stage and juveniles may have been dispersed widely into favorable habitats. These factors may account for differences in the relative success of ammonoids and brachiopods at high-latitude regions following the End-Permian mass extinction: ammonoids successfully recolonized the Boreal region during the Early Triassic whereas brachiopods did not.

Keywords

Lower Triassic / South Primorye / Kazakhstan / brachiopod / ammonoid / biotic recovery

References

[1] Astachova T V, Markovskiy B P. New Early Triassic Ceratites of Mangyshlak. New species of fossil plants and invertebrates of the USSR, 1960 Moscow: Gosgeoltekhizdat, 139-159.

[2] Bajarunas M V. Age of the Doricranites Beds. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya, 1936, 4: 539-546.

[3] Balini M, Gavrilova V A, Nicora A. Biostratigraphical Revision of the Classic Lower Triassic Dolnapa Section (Mangyshlak, West Kazakhstan). Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie I, 2000, 1998: 1441-1462.

[4] Bittner A. Himalayan Fossils. Trias Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata. Palaeontologica Indica, 1899, 15(2): 1-76.

[5] Bittner A. Versteinerungen aus den Trias-Ablagerungen des Süd-Ussuri-Gebietes in der Ostsibirischen Küstenprovinz. Mémores du Comité Géologique, 1899, 7(4): 1-35.

[6] Bogoslovskaya M F, Kuzina L F, Leonova T B. Rozanov A Y, Shevyrev A A. Classification and Distribution of Late Paleozoic Ammonoids. Fossil Cephalopods: Recent Advances in Their Study, 1999 Moscow: Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 89-124.

[7] Brayard A, Bucher H. Smithian (Early Triassic) Ammonoid Faunas from Northwestern Guangxi (South China): Taxonomy and Biochronology. Fossils and Strata, 2008, 56: 1-179.

[8] Brayard A, Bucher H, Escarguel G, . The Early Triassic Ammonoid Recovery: Palaeoclimatic Significance of Diversity Gradients. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2006, 239(3–4): 374-395.

[9] Brayard A, Escarguel G, Bucher H. The Biogeography of Early Triassic Ammonoid Faunas: Clusters, Gradients, and Networks. Geobios, 2006, 40: 749-765.

[10] Brühwiler T, Brayard A, Bucher H, . Griesbachian and Dienerian (Early Triassic) Ammonoid Faunas from Northwestern Guangxi and Southern Guizhou (South China). Palaeontology, 2008, 51(5): 1151-1180.

[11] Brühwiler T, Bucher H, Goudemand N. Smithian (Early Triassic) Ammonoids from Tulong, South Tibet. Geobios, 2010, 43(4): 403-431.

[12] Brühwiler T, Ware D, Bucher H, . New Early Triassic Ammonoid Faunas from the Dienerian/Smithian Boundary Beds at the Induan/Olenekian GSSP Candidate at Mud (Spiti, Northern India). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2010, 39(6): 724-739.

[13] Brühwiler T, Bucher H, Brayard A, . High-Resolution Biochronology and Diversity Dynamics of the Early Triassic Ammonoid Recovery: The Smithian Faunas of the Northern Indian Margin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2010, 297(2): 491-501.

[14] Brühwiler T, Bucher H, Krystin L. Middle and Late Smithian (Early Triassic) Ammonoids from Spiti (India). Special Papers in Palaeontology, 2012, 88: 115-174.

[15] Brühwiler T, Bucher H, Ware D, . Smithian (Early Triassic) Ammonoids from the Salt Range, Pakistan. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 2012, 88: 1-114.

[16] Bucher H. Lower Anisian Ammonoids from the Northern Humboldt Range (Northern Nevada, USA) and Their Bearing upon the Lower-Middle Triassic Boundary. Eclogae Geological Helvetiae, 1989, 82(3): 945-1002.

[17] Burij I V. Stratigraphy of Triassic Sediments of South Primorye. Trudy Dalnevostochnogo Politekhnicheskogo Instituta, 1959, 54(1): 3-34.

[18] Burij I V, Zharnikova N K. Shvedov N A. New Triassic Ceratitid Species of Far East. Collected Papers on Palaeontology and Biostratigraphy. Nauchno-Issledovatelskij Institut Geologii Arktiki Ministerstva Geologii I Okhrany Nedr SSSR, 1962, 78-92.

[19] Burij I V, Zharnikova N K. Ammonoids from the Tirolites Zone of South Primorye. Paleontologicheskij Zhurnal, 1981, 3: 61-69.

[20] Buryi G I. Lower Triassic Conodonts of South Primorye, 1979 Moscow: Nauka, 143.

[21] Chen Z Q, Kaiho K, George A D. Survival Strategies of Brachiopod Faunas from the End-Permian Mass Extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2005, 224(1–3): 270-290.

[22] Chen Z Q, Kaiho K, George A D, . Survival Brachiopod Faunas of the End-Permian Mass Extinction from the Southern Alps (Italy) and South China. Geological Magazine, 2006, 143(3): 301-327.

[23] Chen Z Q, Shi G R. Revision of Prelissorhynchia Xu and Grant, 1994 (Brachiopoda) from the Upper Permian of South China. Proceeding of the Royal Society of Victoria, 1999, 111: 15-26.

[24] Chen Z Q, Shi G R, Shen S Z, . Tethyochonetes gen. nov. (Chonetida, Brachiopoda) from the Late Permian of China. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 2000, 112: 1-15.

[25] Chen Y M. New Advance in the Study of Triassic Brachiopods in Tulong District of Nyalam Country, Tibet, 1983 Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 145-156.

[26] Dagys A, Ermakova S. Induan (Triassic) Ammonoids from North-Eastern Asia. Revue de Paléobiologie, 1996, 15: 401-447.

[27] Dagys A S. Triassic Brachiopods of Siberia, 1965 Moscow: Nauka, 240.

[28] Dagys A S. Triassic Brachiopods (Morphology, Classification, Phylogeny, Stratigraphical Significance and Biogeography). Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geophiziki Sibirskogo Otdeleniya Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1974, 214: 1-388.

[29] Dagys A S. Geographical Differentiation of Triassic Brachiopods. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1993, 100: 79-87.

[30] Diener C. Triadische Cephalopodenfaunen der Ostsibirischen Küstenprovinz. Mémores du Comité Geologique, 1895, 14(3): 1-59.

[31] Ermakova S P. Zonal Standard of the Boreal Lower Triassic, 2002 Moscow: Nauka, 110.

[32] Gavrilova V A. The Upper Olenekian of Gornyj Mangyshlak (Stratigraphy, Correlation, Ammonoids). Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta, 7th Seriya, 2007, 3: 20-34.

[33] Gavrilova V A. Some Late Olenekian Ammonoids of Gornyj Mangyshlak. Ezhegodnik Vsesoyuznogo Paleontologicheskogo Obschestva, 1980, 23: 16-27.

[34] Gavrilova V A. On Some Dinaritid Ammonoids of Mangyshlak. Ezhegodnik Vsesoyuznogo Paleontologicheskogo Obschestva, 1989, 32: 162-181.

[35] Girty G H. New Species of Lower Triassic Fossils from the Woodside and Thaynes Formations. Geography, Geology, and Mineral Resources of Part of Southeastern Idaho, with Descriptions of Carboniferous and Triassic Fossils by G. H. Girty. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1927, 152: 434-446.

[36] Grant R E. Teichert C, Kummel B. Brachiopods from Permian-Triassic Boundary Beds and Age of Chhidru Formation, West Pakistan. Stratigraphic Boundary Problems: Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan 4, 1970 Kansas: Kansas University Press Special Publication, 117-151.

[37] Guex J. Lower Triassic of the Salt Range (Pakistan): Biochronological Problems. Eclogae geologicae Helvetia, 1978, 71: 105-141.

[38] Guex J, Jenks J K, O’Dog Herty L, . Spathian (Lower Triassic) Ammonoids from Western USA (Idaho, California, Utah, and Nevada). Mémoire de Géologie (Lausanne), 2010, 49: 1-82.

[39] Hoover P R. Early Triassic Terebratulid Brachiopods from the Western Interior of the United States. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1979, 1057: 1-21.

[40] Hyatt A, Smith J P. The Triassic Cephalopod Genera of America. Professional Papers, Series C, 1905, 40: 1-394.

[41] Jordan M. Palfy J, Jordan M. Triassic Brachiopods of Romania. Mesozoic Brachiopods of Alpine Europe, 1993 Budapest: Hungarian Geological Society, 49-58.

[42] Kiparisova L D. Palaeontological Basis of Triassic Stratigraphy of Primorye. 1. Cephalopods. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Geologicheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Instituta, Novaya Seriya, 1961, 48: 1-278.

[43] Kiparisova L D. Palaeontological Basis of Triassic Stratigraphy of Primorye. 2. Late Triassic Bivalve Mollusks and General Stratigraphy. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Geologicheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Instituta, Novaya Seriya, 1972, 181: 1-246.

[44] Korzh M V. Triassic Petrography and Palaeogeography of South Primorye. Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1959, 83.

[45] Kotlyar G V, Zakharov Y D, Kozhirkevich B V, . Evolution of the Latest Permian Biota, Dzhulfian and Dorashamian Regional Stages in the USSR, 1983 Leningrad: Nauka, 199.

[46] Kummel B. Ammonoids of the Late Scythian (Lower Triassic). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1969, 137: 311-702.

[47] Kummel B, Teichert K. Kummel B, Teichert C. Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Permian-Triassic Boundary Beds, Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges, West Pakistan. Stratigraphic Boundary Problems: Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan, Special Publication 4, 1970 Kansas: University of Kansas, Department of Geology, 1-110.

[48] Liao Z T. Brachiopod Zones of Changhsingian Stage and Brachiopod of the Mixed Fauna in South China. Journal of Stratigraphy, 1979, 3(3): 200-213.

[49] Liao Z T. Brachiopod Assemblages from the Upper Permian and Permian-Triassic Boundary Beds, South China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 1980, 17(2): 289-295.

[50] Liao Z T. New Genera and Species of Late Permian and Earliest Triassic Brachiopods from Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 1984, 23(3): 276-285.

[51] Liao Z T. Nanjing Institute of GeologyPalaentology, Academia Sinica Palaeontological Characters and Stratigraphic Significance of Silicified Brachiopods of the Upper Permian from Heshan, Laibin, Guangxi. Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Systemic Boundaries in China, Permian and Triassic Boundary 1, 1987 Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 81-125.

[52] Licharev B K. Permian Brachiopoda of North Caucasus (Families: Chonetidae Hall et Clarke and Productidae Gray). Paleontology of USSR Monographs, 1937, 29(1): 1-151.

[53] MacFarlan D A B. Triassic & Jurassic Rhynchonellacea (Brachiopoda) from New Zealand & New Caledonia. The Royal Society of New Zealand, Bulletin, 1992, 31: 1-310.

[54] Markevich P V, Zakharov Y D. Triassic and Jurassic of the Sikhote-Alin. 1. Terrigenous Assemblage, 2004 Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 421.

[55] Mu L, Zakharov Y D, Shen S Z. Early Induan (Early Triassic) Cephalopods from the Daye Formation at Guiding, Guizhou Province, South China. Journal of Paleontology, 2007, 81(5): 858-872.

[56] Perry D G, Chatterton B D E. Late Early Triassic Brachiopod and Conodont Fauna. Thaynes Formation, Southeastern Idaho. Journal of Paleontology, 1979, 53(2): 307-319.

[57] Shen S Z, He X L. The Changhsingian Brachiopod Fauna from Guiding, Guizhou. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 1994, 33(4): 440-454.

[58] Shen S Z, Zhang H, Li W Z, . Brachiopod Diversity Pattern from Carboniferous to Triassic in South China. Geological Journal, 2006, 41(3): 345-361.

[59] Sheng J Z, Chen C Z, Wang Y G, . Permian-Triassic Boundary in Middle and Eastern Tethys. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, 1984, 21(1): 133-181.

[60] Shevyrev A A. Triassic Ammonoids of the South USSR. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii nauk SSSR, 1968, 110: 1-272.

[61] Shevyrev A A. Triassic Ammonoids. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii nauk SSSR, 1986, 217: 1-184.

[62] Shevyrev A A. Triassic Ammonites of Northwestern Caucasus. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii nauk SSSR, 1995, 264: 1-175.

[63] Shevyrev A A. Rozanov A Y, Shevyrev A A. Induan (Triassic) Ammonite Zones and Their Correlation. Fossil Cephalopods: Recent Advances in Their Study, 1999 Moscow: Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 289-304.

[64] Shevyrev A A. Lower Boundary of the Triassic and Its Correlation within Marine Sediments. 2. Boreal Sections of the Basal Triassic and Their Correlation with near Boundary Sections of the Tethys. Stratigraphiya. Geologicheskaya Korrelyatsiya, 2000, 8(1): 55-65.

[65] Shevyrev A A. Triassic Biochronology: State of the Art and Main Problems. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 2006, 14(6): 629-641.

[66] Shigeta Y, Zakharov Y D, Maeda H, . The Lower Triassic System in the Abrek Bay Area, South Primorye, Russia, 2009 Tokyo: National Museum of Nature and Science, 218.

[67] Smyshlyaeva O P. A New Species of the Genus Euflemingites Spath (Ammonoidea) from the Lower Triassic of South Primorye. Paleontologicheskij Zhurnal, 2010, 2: 124-127.

[68] Smyshlyaeva O P, Zakharov Y D. New Representatives of the Family Melagathiceratidae (Ammonoidea) from the Lower Triassic of South Primorye. Paleontological Journal, 2011, 2: 34-39.

[69] Spath L F. Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum (Natural History). 4. The Ammonoidea of the Trias, 1934 London: Oxford University and British Museum Press, 521.

[70] Sun D L, Hu Z X, Chen T E. Discovery of the Upper Permian Strata in Lhasa, Xizang. Journal of Stratigraphy, 1981, 5(2): 139-142.

[71] Tozer E T. Canadian Triassic Ammonoid Fauna. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin, 1994, 467: 1-663.

[72] Vavilov M N, Zakharov Y D. The Revision of Early Triassic Genus Pachyproptychites. Morphology and systematics of soviet Far East fossil invertebrates. Trudy Biologo-Pochvennogo Instinuta Dalnevostochnogo Nauchnogo Centra Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1976, 42(145): 60-67.

[73] Waagen W. Salt Range Fossils. II. Fossils from the Ceratite Formation. Palaeontologia Indica (Series 13), 1895, 2: 1-323.

[74] Ware D, Jenks J F, Hautmann M. Dienerian (Early Triassic) Ammonoids from the Candelaria Hills (Nevada, USA) and Their Significance for Palaeobiogeography and Palaeocenography. Swiss Journal of Geoscience, 2011, 104(1): 161-181.

[75] Waterhouse J B. Permian Brachiopoda and Mollusca from Nepal. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 1978, 160(1–6): 1-175.

[76] Waterhouse J B. The Early and Middle Triassic Ammonoid Succession of the Himalayas in Western and Central Nepal. Part 1. Stratigraphy, Classification and Early Scythian Ammonoid Systematics. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 1994, 232: 1-83.

[77] Waterhouse J B. The Early and Middle Triassic Ammonoid Succession of the Himalayas in Western and Central Nepal. Part 2. Systematic Studies of the Early Middle Scythian. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 1996, 241(1–3): 27-100.

[78] Waterhouse J B. The Early and Middle Triassic Ammonoid Succession of the Himalayas in Western and Central Nepal. Part 3. Late Middle Scythian Ammonoids. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 1996, 241(1–3): 101-167.

[79] Waterhouse J B, Shi G R. Mackinnon D I, Lee D E, Campbell J D. Late Permian Faunales from the Marsyandi Formation, North Central Nepal, and the Implications for the Permian-Triassic Boundary. Brachiopods through Time, 1991 Leiden: Balkema, 381-387.

[80] Xu G R, Grant R E. Brachiopods near the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 1994, 76: 1-68.

[81] Xu G R, Liu G C. Yang Z Y, Yin H F, Xu G R. Brachiopods. Triassic of the South Qilian Mountains, 1983 Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 84-128.

[82] Yang Z Y, Yin H F, Wu S B, . Permian-Triassic Boundary Stratigraphy and Fauna of South China, 1987 Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 379.

[83] Yin H F, Zhang K X. Yin H F. Eventostratigraphy of the Permian-Triassic Boundary at Meishan Section, South China. The Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Boundary. Candidates of the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic Boundary, 1996 Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Press, 84-96.

[84] Zakharov Y D. Biostratigraphy and Ammonoids of the Lower Triassic of South Primorye, 1968 Moscow: Nauka, 175.

[85] Zakharov Y D. Rannetriasovye Ammonoidei Vostoka SSSR (Lower Triassic Ammonoids of the USSR), 1978 Moscow: Nauka, 224.

[86] Zakharov Y D. The Induan-Olenekian Boundary in the Tethys and Boreal Realm. Annali dei Musei Civici di Rovereto, Sezione: Archeologia, Storia e Scienze Naturali, 1996, 11: 133-156.

[87] Zakharov Y D. Ammonoid Evolution and the Problem of the Stage and Substage Division of the Lower Triassic. Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic Circum-Pacific Events: Biostratigraphy, Tectonic and Ore Deposits of Primorye (Far East Russia). Mémoires de Géologie (Lausanne), 1997, 30: 121-136.

[88] Zakharov Y D. Recent View on the Induan, Olenekian and Anisian Ammonoid Taxa and Zonal Assemblages of South Primorye. Albertiana, 1997, 19: 25-35.

[89] Zakharov Y D, Popov A M. New Data on Induan/Olenekian Boundary in South Primorye. Albertiana, 1999, 22 19.

[90] Zakharov Y D, Popov A M, Biakov A S. Late Permian to Middle Triassic Palaeogeographic Differentiation of Key Ammonoid Groups: Evidence from the Former USSR. Polar Research, 2008, 27(3): 441-468.

[91] Zakharov Y D, Smyshlyaeva O P, Safronov P P, . Triassic Ammonoid Succession in South Primorye: 5. Stratigraphical Position of the Early Olenekian Meekoceras Fauna. Albertiana, 2010, 38: 23-33.

[92] Zakharov Y D, Oleinikov A V. New Data on the Problem of the Permian-Triassic Boundary in the Far East. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologist, 1994, 17: 845-856.

[93] Zakharov Y D, Biakov A S, Baud A, . Significance of Caucasian Sections for Working out Carbon-Isotope Standard for Upper Permian and Lower Triassic (Induan) and Their Correlation with the Permian of North-Eastern Russia. Journal of China Univesity of Geosciences, 2005, 16: 141-151.

[94] Zakharov Y D, Shigeta Y, Igo Y. Correlation of the Induan-Olenekian Boundary Beds in the Tethys and Boreal Realm: Evidence from Conodont and Ammonoid Fossils. Albertiana, 2009, 37: 20-27.

[95] Zakharov Y D, Shigeta Y, Popov A M, . Candidates in Global Stratotypes of Induan-Olenekian Boundary of the Lower Triassic in South Primorye. Stratigrafiya. Geologichjeskaya Korrelyatsiya, 2002, 5: 61-72.

[96] Zharnikova N K. Zanina I E. New Early Triassic Ceratitids of South Primorye. New Species of Ancient Plants and Invertebrates of the USSR 3, 1972 Moscow: Nauka, 150-159.

[97] Zharnikova N K. Ammonoids from the Lower Triassic Columbites Zone in South Primorye. Paleontologicheskij Zhurnal, 1985, 2: 31-37.

[98] Zhou Z, Glenister B F, Furnish W M, . Rozanov A Y, Shevyrev A A, . Multi-Episodal Extinction and Ecological Differentiation of Permian Ammonoids. Fossil Cephalopods: Recent Advances in Their Study, 1999 Moscow: Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 195-212.

[99] Ziegler A M, Gibbs M T, Hulver M L. A Mini-Atlas of Oceanic Water Masses in the Permian Period. Proceedings of Royal Society of Victoria, 1998, 110: 323-344.