Post-orogenic granites in Pingwu region, Northwest Sichuan: Evidence for North China block and Yangtze block collision during Triassic

Abstract

The Nanyili (南一里), Laohegou (老河沟), and Shaiziyan (筛子岩) granitic intrusions are located in the southern margin of the Bikou (碧口) block in Pingwu (平武) area, Northwest Sichuan (四 川). The petrography and geochemical characteristics of the granitic intrusions as well as their source and tectonic settings are reported and discussed in this article. The Laohegou and Shaiziyan granites are with high SiO₂ (69.89 wt.%–73.05 wt.%) and Al₂O₃ contents, and A/CNK=1.04–1.12. They are typical strongly peraluminous granites, with supersaturation in Al and Si. The abundance of ΣREE varies in the range of (33.13−89.12)×10⁻⁶. The rocks show an LREE enrichment pattern and obvious Eu negative anomaly. The trace element geochemistry is characterized evidently by a negative anomaly of Ta, Nb, Ti, etc. and a positive anomaly of Rb, Ba, Sr, etc.. Zircons of the Nanyili granite have higher Th/U ratios, and their CL images have internal oscillatory zoning, suggesting that the zircons of the samples are igneous in origin. The LA ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotopic concordia diagram yields an age of 223.1±2.6 Ma (MSWD=1.4), which indicates that the granodiorite intrusions formed in the early Late Triassic. The Nanyili, Laohegou, and Shaiziyan granites have the characteristics of post-collisional granites and are regarded as post-orogenic granites. Thus, the granite intrusions are interpreted as syn-collisional granites that resulted from the crustal thickening caused by the collisions between the North China plate and the Yangtze plate during the Indosinian. The granitic intrusions formed in a transitional environment from syn- (compressional environment) to post-collision (extensional environment).

Keywords

strongly peraluminous granite / LA ICP-MS dating / geochemistry / tectonic setting / post-collision / Bikou block

References

[1] Barth M. G., McDonough W. F., Rudnick R. L.. Tracking the Budget of Nb and Ta in the Continental Crust. Chemical Geology, 2000, 165(3–4): 197-213.

[2] Beard J. S., Lofgren G. E.. Dehydration Melting and Water-Saturated Melting of Basaltic and Andesitic Greenstones and Amphibolites at 1.3 and 6.9 kb. Journal of Petrology, 1991, 32(2): 365-401.

[3] Belousova E. A., Suzanne G. W., Fisher Y.. Igneous Zircon: Trace Element Composition as an Indicator of Source Rock Type. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2002, 143(5): 602-622.

[4] Brown G. C.. Thorpe R. S.. Calc-alkaline Intrusive Rocks: Their Diversity, Evolution and Relation to Volcanic Arcs. Andesites-Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks, 1982, New York: John Wiley and Sons 437-461.

[5] Burchfiel B. C., Chen Z. L., Liu Y. P., . Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and Adjacent Regions, Central China. International Geology Review, 1995, 37(8): 661-735.

[6] Castro A., Patino-Douce A. E., Correge L. G.. Origin of Peraluminous Granites and Granodiorites, Iberian Massif, Spain: An Experimental Test of Granite Petrogenesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1999, 135(2–3): 255-276.

[7] Chappell B. W., White A. J. R.. Two Contrasting Granite Types. Pacific Geology, 1974, 8: 173-174.

[8] Chen D. L., Liu L., Sun Y., . Determination of the Neoproterozoic Shicaogou Syn-collisional Granite in the Eastern Qinling Mountains and Its Geological Implications. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2004, 78(1): 73-82.

[9] Chen Z. H., Lu S. N., Li H. K., . The Age of the Dehe Biotite Monzogranite Gneiss in the North Qinling: TIMS and SHRIMP U-Pb Zircon Dating. Geological Bulletin of China, 2004, 23(2): 136-142.

[10] de Paolo D. J., Daley E. E.. Neodymium Isotopes in Basalts of the Southwest Basin and Range and Lithospheric Thinning during Continental Extension. Chemical Geology, 2000, 169(1): 157-185.

[11] Dewey J. F., Shackelton R. M., Cheng C.. The Tectonic Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1988, 327(1594): 379-413.

[12] Ding Z. J., Yao S. Z., Zhou Z. G., . Tectonic Attribute of the Mid Proterozoic Bikou Terrane. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 1998, 22(3): 219-226.

[13] Dong G. F., Wang G. F., Liu J. S.. Tectonic Environment Analysis of Volcanic Rocks from the Donggouba Group in the Mianluening Region. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 1998, 22(2): 163-169.

[14] Durmus B., Yehudit H., Greg B., . K-Ar Age, Whole-Rock and Isotope Geochemistry of A-Type Granitoids in the Divriği-Sivas Region, Eastern-Central Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos, 2007, 97(1–2): 193-218.

[15] Ferrara G., Lombardo B., Tonarini S.. Sr, Nd and O Isotopic Characterization of the Gophu La and Gumburanjun Leucogranites (High Himalaya). Schweizerische Mineral. Petrogr. Mitteilungen, 1991, 71: 35-51.

[16] Förster H. J., Tischendorf G., Gottesmann B.. Late-Collisional Granites in the Variscan Erzgebirge, Germany. Journal of Petrology, 1999, 40(11): 1613-1645.

[17] Green T. H.. Significance of Nb/Ta as an Indicator of Geochemical Processes in the Crust-Mantle System. Chemical Geology, 1995, 120(3–4): 347-359.

[18] Green T. H., Pearson N. J.. An Experimental Study of Nb and Ta Partitioning between Ti-Rich Minerals and Silicate Liquids at High Pressure and Temperature. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1987, 51(1): 55-62.

[19] Hacker, B. R., Ratsehhacher, L., Webb, L., 1998. U-Pb Zircon Ages Constrain the Architecture of the Ultrahigh-Pressure Qinling-Dabie Orogen, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 161(1–4): 215–230

[20] Hacker B. R., Wallis S. R., Ratschbacher L., . High-Temperature Geochronology Constraints on the Tectonic History and Architetecture of Ultrahigh-Pressure Dabie-Sulu Orogen. Tectonics, 2006, 25(5): TC5006

[21] Han B. F.. Diverse Post-Collisional Granitoids and Their Tectonic Setting Discrimination. Earth Science Frontiers, 2007, 14(3): 64-72.

[22] Harris N. B. W., Inger S.. Trace Element Modelling of Pelite-Derived Granites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1992, 110(1): 46-56.

[23] Harris, N. B. W., Pearce, J. A., Tindle, A. G., 1986. Geochemical Characteristics of Collision-Zone Magmatism. In: Coward, M. P., Reis, A. C., eds., Collision Tectonics. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 19: 67–81

[24] Hsu K., Pan G. T., Sengör A. M. C.. Tectonic Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau: A Working Hypothesis Based on the Archipelago Model of Orogenesis. International Geological Review, 1995, 37(6): 473-508.

[25] Hu J. M., Meng Q. R., Shi Y. R., . SHRIMP U-Pb Dating of Zircons from Granite Bodies in the Songpan-Ganzi Terrane, Sichuan, China and Its Implications. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2005, 21(3): 867-880.

[26] Jahn B. M., Wu F. Y., Lo C. H.. Crust-Mantle Interaction Induced by Deep Subduction of the Continental Crust: Geochemical and Sr-Nd Isotopic Evidence from Post-Collisional Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions of the Northern Dabie Complex, Central China. Chemical Geology, 1999, 157(1–2): 119-146.

[27] Jiang C. F., Wang Z. Q., Li J. Y.. Opening-Closing Tectonics of the Central Orogenic Belt, 2000, Beijing: Geological Publishing House

[28] Jin W. J., Zhang Q., He D. F., . SHRIMP Dating of Adakites in Western Qinling Mountains, China and Its Implication. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2005, 21(3): 959-966.

[29] Johannes W., Holtz F.. Petrogenesis and Experiment Petrology of Granitic Rock, 1996, Berlin: Springer-Verlag

[30] Kalsbeek F., Jepsen H., Nutman A.. From Source Migmatites to Plutons: Tracking the Origin of ca. 435 Ma S-type Granites in the East Greenland Caledonian Orogen. Lithos, 2001, 57(1): 1-21.

[31] Kemp A. I. S., Hawkesworth C. J.. Granitic Perspectives on the Generation and Secular Evolution of the Continental Crust. Treatise on Geochemistry, 2003, 3: 349-410.

[32] Kuang Y. Q., Zhang B. R., Ouyang J. P.. Decomposition and Stratigraphic Subdivision of Bikou Group at Northwestern Margin of the Yangtze Platform. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 1999, 24(3): 251-255.

[33] Lai S. C., Li Y. F., Qin J. F.. Geochemistry and LAICP-MS Zircon U-Pb Dating of the Dongjiahe Ophiolite Complex from the Western Bikou Terrane. Science in China (Ser. D), 2007, 50(Suppl.II): 305-313.

[34] Lai S. C., Zhang G. W., Dong Y. P., . Geochemistry and Regional Distribution of Ophiolite and Associated Volcanics in Mianlue Structure, Qinling-Dabie Mountains. Science in China (Ser. D), 2004, 47(3): 289-299.

[35] Lentz D. R.. Petrogenetic Evolution of Felsic Volcanic Sequences Associated with Phanerozoic Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulphide Systems: The Role of Extensional Geodynamics. Ore Geology Reviews, 1998, 12(5): 289-327.

[36] Li M., Zhang C. L., Yuan K. Z., . Geochemical Characteristics of Miba Intrusion in the South Qinling Belt and Its Geological Significance. Journal of Northwest University, 2004, 34(3): 325-330.

[37] Li S. G., Sun W. D., Zhang G. W., . Chronology and Geochemistry of Metavolcanic Rocks from Heigouxia Valley in the Mian-Lue Tectonic Zone, South Qinling: Evidence for a Paleozoic Oceanic Basin and Its Close Time. Science in China (Ser. D), 1996, 39(3): 300-310.

[38] Li Z. C., Pei X. Z., Ding S. P., . Zircon U-Pb Dating of the Nanyili Granodiorite in the Pingwu Area, Northwestern Sichuan, and Its Geological Significance. Geology in China, 2007, 34(6): 1003-1012.

[39] Liu G. H., Zhang S. G., You Z. D., . The Main Metamorphic Rocks Group and Metamorphic Evolution of Qinling Orogenic Belt, 1993, Beijing: Geological Publishing House

[40] Lu X. X., Wei X. D., Xiao Q. H., . Geochronological Studies of Rapakivi Granites in Qinling and Its Geological Implications. Geological Journal of China Universities, 1999, 15(4): 372-377.

[41] Lu Y. L., Huang J. K., Du D. H., . Stratigraphic Sequence and Age of the Bikou Group. Regional Geology of China, 1997, 16(3): 305-314.

[42] Ludwig, K. R., 1991. Isoplot (Rev.2.49): A Plotting and Regression Program for Radiogenic-Isotope Data. US Geological Survey Open-File Report, 39

[43] Ludwig K. R.. Users Manual for Isoplot/Ex (Rev. 2. 49): A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication, 2001, 1a: 1-55.

[44] Maniar P. D., Piccoli P. M.. Tectonic Discrimination of Granitoids. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1989, 101: 635-643.

[45] Montel J. M., Vielzeuf D.. Partial Melting of Metagreywackes, Part II: Compositions of Minerals and Melts. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1997, 128(2–3): 176-196.

[46] Patino-Douce, A. E., 1999. What Do Experiments Tell Us about the Relative Contributions of Crust and Mantle to the Origin of Granitic Magmas? In: Castro, A., Fernandez, C., Vigneresse, J., eds., Understanding Granites: Integrating New and Classical Techniques. Geological Society, Special Publications, 168: 55–75

[47] Patino-Douce A. E., Beard J. S.. Dehydration-Melting of Biotite Gneiss and Quartz Amphibolite from 3 to 15 kbar. Journal of Petrology, 1995, 36(3): 707-738.

[48] Patino-Douce A. E., Harris N.. Experimental Constraints on Himalayan Anatexis. Journal of Petrology, 1998, 39(4): 689-710.

[49] Patino-Douce A. E., Johnston A. D.. Phase Equilibria and Melt Productivity in the Pelitic System: Implications for the Origin of Peraluminous Granitoids and Aluminous Granulites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1991, 107(2): 202-218.

[50] Patino-Douce A. E., McCarty T. C.. Hacker B. R., Liou J. G.. Melting of Crustal Rocks during Continetal Collision and Subduction. When Continents Collide: Geodynamics of Ultrahigh Pressure Rocks, 1998, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher 27-55.

[51] Pearce J. A.. Thorpe R. S.. Trace Element Characteristics of Lavas from Destructive Plate Boundaries. Andesites, 1982, New York: Wiley 525-548.

[52] Pearce J. A.. Sources and Setting of Granitic Rocks. Episodes, 1996, 19(4): 120-125.

[53] Pearce J. A., Bender J. F., DeLong S. E.. Genesis of Collision Volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1990, 44(1–2): 189-229.

[54] Pearce J. A., Harris N. B. W., Tindle A. G.. Trace Element Discrimination Diagrams for the Tectonic Interpretation of Granitic Rocks. Journal of Petrology, 1984, 25(4): 956-983.

[55] Pei X. Z.. The Features and the Tectonic Significance of Rock Assemblage in the Bikou Group, Southern Qinling. Journal of Xi’an College of Geology, 1989, 11(2): 46-56.

[56] Pei, X. Z., Ding, S. P., Li, Z. C., et al., 2007. Geochemistry and Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Ages of Early Paleozoic Intermediate and Acid Volcanic Rocks in the Longmenshan Tectonic Belt. In: Petrology and Geodynamics, and Chemical-Geodynamics Abstact. 395–396 (in Chinese)

[57] Pitcher W. S.. Hsu K.. Granite Type and Tectonic Environment. Mountain Building Processes, 1983, London: Academic Press 19-40.

[58] Propach, G., Baumann, A., Schulz-Schmalschläger, M., et al., 2000. Zircon and Monazite U-Pb Ages of Variscan Granitoid Rocks and Gneisses in the Moldanubian Zone of Eastern Bavaria, Germany. Neues Jahrbuch Geologie and Palaontologie, (6): 345–377

[59] Qin J. F., Lai S. C., Li Y. F.. Petrogenesis and Geological Significance of Yangba Granodiorite Pluton in Bikou Area, Northern Margin of Yangtze Platform. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2005, 21(3): 697-710.

[60] Ren J. S., Jiang C. F., Zhang Z. K., . Geotectonics and Its Evolution of China—A Brief Description of 1: 4 000 000 Geotectonic Map in China, 1980, Beijing: Science Press

[61] Rickwood P. C.. Boundary Lines within Petrologic Diagrams Which Use Oxides of Major and Minor Elements. Lithos, 1989, 22(4): 247-263.

[62] Schaltegger U., Fanning C. M., Günther D., . Growth, Annealing and Recrystallization of Zircon and Preservation of Monazite in High-Grade Metamorphism: Conventional and In-Situ U-Pb Isotope, Cathodoluminescence and Microchemical Evidence. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1999, 134: 186-201.

[63] Schmidberger S. S., Hegner E.. Geochemistry and Isotope Systematics of Calc-alkaline Volcanic Rocks from the Saar-Nahe Basin (SW Germany)-Implications for Late-Variscan Orogenic Development. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1999, 135(4): 373-385.

[64] Sengör A. M. C.. The Cimmeride Orogenic System and the Tectonics of Eurasia. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 1984, 195: 82

[65] Siebel W., Blaha U., Chen F.. Geochronology and Geochemistry of a Dyke-Host Rock Association and Implications for the Formation of the Bavarian Pfahl Shear Zone, Bohemian Massif. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2005, 94(1): 8-23.

[66] Sisson T. W., Ratajeski K., Hankins W. B.. Voluminous Granitic Magmas from Common Basaltic Sources. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2005, 148(6): 635-661.

[67] Streckeisen A. L.. Plutonic Rocks: Classification and Nomenclature Recommended by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. Geotimes, 1973, 18(7): 26-30.

[68] Sun, S. S., McDonough, W. F., 1989. Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes. In: Saunders, A. D., Norry, M. J., eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society Special Publication, 42: 313–345

[69] Sun W. D., Li S. G., Chen Y. D., . Zircon U-Pb Dating of Granitoids from Southern Qinling, Central China and Their Geological Significance. Geochimica, 2000, 29(3): 209-216.

[70] Sylvester P. J.. Post-Collisional Strongly Peraluminous Granites. Lithos, 1998, 45(1): 29-44.

[71] Tao H. X., He H. Y., Wang Q. Q., . The History of Tectonic Evolution in Northern Margin of Yangtze Plate, 1993, Xi’an: Northwest University Press

[72] Taylor S. R., McLennan S. M.. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution, 1985, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific 312

[73] Turner S. P., Platt J. P., George R. M. M.. Magmatism Associated with Orogenic Collapse of the Betic-Alboran Domain, SE Spain. Journal of Petrology, 1999, 40(6): 1011-1036.

[74] Vielzeuf D., Montel J. M.. Partial Melting of Metagreywackes, Part I: Fluid-Absent Experiments and Phase Relationships. Contrihutions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1994, 117(4): 375-393.

[75] Wang X. X., Wang T., Lu X. X., . Laojunshan and Qinlingliang Rapakivi-Textured Granitoids in North Qinling and Their Tectonic Setting: A Possible Orogenic-Type Rapakivi Granitoids. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2003, 19(4): 650-660.

[76] Wang Z. G., Yu X. Y., Zhao Z. H., . Geochemistry of REE, 1989, Beijing: Science Press

[77] Williamson B. J., Shaw A., Downes H.. Geochemical Constraints on the Genesis of Hercynian Two-Mica Leucogranites from the Massif Central, France. Chemical Geology, 1996, 127(1–3): 25-42.

[78] Wolf M. B., Wyllie P. J.. The Formation of Tonalitic Liquids during the Vapor-Absent Partial Melting of Amphibolite at 10 kbar. EOS, 1989, 70: 506-518.

[79] Wu F. Y., Li X. H., Yang J. H., . Discussions on the Petrogenesis of Granites. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2007, 23(6): 1217-1238.

[80] Wu Y. B., Zheng Y. F.. Genesis of Zircon and Its Constraints on Interpretation of U-Pb Age. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2004, 49(15): 1544-1569.

[81] Xia, L. Q., Xia, Z. C., Ren, Y. X., et al., 1989. A Study on Marine Volcanic Rocks of Bikou Group of South Qinling. Bulletin of the Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, CAGS, (25): 97–107 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

[82] Xia L. Q., Xia Z. C., Xu X. Y., . The Character of Volcanic Rocks in Middle-Late Proterozoic of South Qinling and the Cracking of the Mainland in Pre-Cambrian. Science in China (Ser. D), 1996, 26(3): 237-243.

[83] Xia L. Q., Xia Z. C., Xu X. Y., . The Confirmation of Continental Flood Basalt of the Proterozoic Xixiang Group in the South Qinling Mountains, and Its Geological Implications. Geological Review, 1996, 42(6): 513-522.

[84] Xia L. Q., Xia Z. C., Xu X. Y., . The Volcanic Rocks’ Petrogenesis of Bikou Group. Earth Science Frontiers, 2007, 14(3): 84-101.

[85] Xu X. Y., Xia Z. C., Xia L. Q., . Proterozoic Intraplate Volcanic Rocks in South Qinling Mountains and Their Tectonic Implications. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 2001, 20(3): 255-262.

[86] Xu Z. Q., Hou L. W., Wang Z. X., . Orogenic Process of the Songpan-Ganze Orogen in China, 1992, Beijing: Geological Publishing House 1-190.

[87] Yan Q. R., Andrew D. H., Wang Z. Q., . Geochemistry and Tectonic Setting of the Bikou Volcanic Terrane in the Northern Margin of the Yangtze Plate. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 2004, 23(1): 1-11.

[88] Yan Y. X., Zhang C. L.. Geochemical Characteristics and Tectonic Setting of Zhangjiaba and Xinyuan Plutons in South Qinling. Geological Journal of China Universities, 2005, 11(3): 425-433.

[89] Yang F. Q., Yang H. F.. The Songpan-Garze Massif: Its Relationship with the Qinling Fold Belt and Yangtze Platform and Development. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1994, 68(3): 208-218.

[90] Yang K. G., Yang W. R.. Post-Collision Orogeny Process and Origin of a Huge Quantity Granites in an Orogenic Belt. Geological Science and Technology Information, 1997, 16(4): 16-22.

[91] Yang X. M., David R., Lentz C. G. X.. Thorne Geochemical Characteristics of Gold-Related Granitoids in Southwestern New Brunswick, Canada. Lithos, 2008, 104: 355-377.

[92] Yin A., Harrison T. M.. Geologic Evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2000, 28(1): 211-280.

[93] Yin Q., Jagoute K. A.. Precambrian (?) Blueschist/Coesitebearing Ecologite Belt in Central China. Terra Abstract, 1991, 3: 85-86.

[94] Yuan H. L., Wu F. Y., Gao S., . Determination of U-Pb Age and Rare Earth Element Concentrations of Zircons from Cenozoic Intrusions in Northeastern China by Laser Ablation ICP-MS. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2003, 48(22): 2411-2421.

[95] Zhang C. L., Li M., Wang T., . U-Pb Zircon Geochronology and Geochemistry of Granites in the Douling Group in the Eastern Qinling. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2004, 78(1): 83-95.

[96] Zhang C. L., Zhang G. W., Yan Y. X., . Origin and Dynamic Significance of Guangtoushan Granitic Pluton to the North of Mianlue Zone in Southern Qinling. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2005, 21(3): 711-720.

[97] Zhang E. P., Niu D. Y., Huo Y. G., . Introduction of Geological Characteristics of Qinling-Bashan and Adjacent Areas, 1993, Beijing: Geological Publishing House

[98] Zhang G. W., Cheng S. Y., Guo A. L., . Mianlue Paleo-suture on the Southern Margin of the Central Orogenic System in Qinling-Dabie—With Discussion of the Assembly of the Main Part of the Continent of China. Geological Bulletin of China, 2004, 23(9–l0): 846-853.

[99] Zhang G. W., Guo A. L., Yao A. P.. Western Qinling-Songpan Continental Tectonic Node in China’s Continental Tectonics. Earth Science Frontiers, 2004, 11(3): 23-32.

[100] Zhang G. W., Dong Y. P., Lai S. C., . Mianlue Tectonics Belt and Mianlue Paleo-suture on the Southern Margin of the Qinling-Dabie Orogenic Belt. Science in China (Ser. D), 2003, 33(12): 1121-1135.

[101] Zhang G. W., Meng Q. R., Ding Z. P., . Orogenic Processes and Cenozoic Dynamics Characteristics of the Qinling Orogenic Belt. Science in China (Ser. D), 1996, 26(3): 193-200.

[102] Zhang G. W., Meng Q. R., Lai S. C.. Structure and Tectonic of the Qinling Orogenic Belt. Science in China (Ser. B), 1995, 25(3): 994-1003.

[103] Zhang G. W., Zhang B. R., Yuan X. C., . Qinling Orogenic Belt and Continental Dynamics, 2001, Beijing: Science Press 1-855.

[104] Zhang H. F., Jin L. L., Zhang L., . The Restrictions to the Character of Basement and the Tectonic Attribute Result from the Granitoid Geochemistry and Pb-Sr-Nd Isotopic Composition in West Qinling. Science in China (Ser. D), 2005, 35(10): 914-926.

[105] Zhang H. F., Xiao L., Zhang L., . Granitoid Geochemistry during Indosinian of Bikou Block on Northwestern Margin of Yangtze Plate and Pb-Sr-Nd Isotopic Composition: Restrictions to Petrogenesis and Dynamic Setting. Science in China (Ser. D), 2007, 37(4): 460-470.

[106] Zhang H. F., Yang J. P., Ling W. L., . Pb, Sr, Nd Isotope Composition of Ningshan Granites, South Qinling and Their Deep Geological Information. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 1997, 16(1): 22-32.

[107] Zhang H. F., Zhang B. R., Harris N.. U-Pb Zircon SHRIMP Ages, Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb Isotopic Compositions of Intrusive Rocks from the Longshan-Tianshui Area in the Southeast Corner of the Qilian Orogenic Belt, China: Constraints on Petrogenesis and Tectonic Affinity. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2006, 27(6): 751-764.

[108] Zhang H. F., Zhang L., Harris N.. U-Pb Zircon Ages, Geochemical and Isotopic Compositions of Granitoids in Songpan-Garze Fold Belt, Eastern Tibetan Plateau: Constraints on Petrogenesis and Tectonic Evolution of the Basement. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2006, 152(1): 75-88.

[109] Zhang H. F., Zhong Z. Q., Gao S., . U-Pb Zircon Age of the Foliated Garnet-Bearing Granites in Western Dabie Mountains, Central China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2001, 46(19): 1657-1661.

[110] Zhang J. R.. Characteristics and Tectonic Environment of Volcanic Rocks from the Bikou Group in the Northwestern Sichuan. Acta Geologica Sichuan, 1990, 10(4): 227-236.

[111] Zhang J. S., Gao R., Li Q. S., . A Study on Geophysical Characteristic and Basement in the Songpan-Garze and Western Qinling Orogenic Belt. Geological Review, 2007, 53(2): 261-267.

[112] Zhang Z. Q., Zhang G. W., Tang S. H., . Age of the Shahewan Rapakivi Granite in the Qinling Orogen, China, and Its Constraints on the End Time of the Main Orogenic Stage of This Orogen. Science in China, 1999, 44(21): 2001-2004.

[113] Zhao Y. J., Yuan C., Zhou M. F., . Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Laojungou and Mengtonggou Granites in Western Sichuan, China: Constraints on the Nature of Songpan-Ganze Basement. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2007, 23(5): 995-1006.

[114] Zhao Z. H.. The Principle of REE Geochemistry, 1997, Beijing: Science Press

[115] Zhu M. X., Luo T. C., Zhang H. F.. Pb, Sr and Nd Isotopic Geochemistry Characteristics of the Dongjiangkou Plutons in the Southern Qinling Mountains and Constrains on Their Source. Geology-Geochemistry, 1998, 26(1): 30-36.