Displacement and force analyses of piles in the pile-caisson composite structure under eccentric inclined loading considering different stratum features

Abstract

A novel anchorage for long-span suspension bridges, called pile-caisson composite structures, was recently proposed by the authors in an attempt to reduce the construction period and costs. This study aims to investigate the displacement and force behavior of piles in a pile-caisson composite structure under eccentric inclined loading considering different stratum features. To this end, both 1g model tests and three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed. Two groups of 1g model tests were used to validate the finite-element (FE) method. Parametric studies were then performed to investigate the effects of groundwater level, burial depth of the pile-caisson composite structure, and distribution of soil layers on the performance of the pile-caisson composite structure. The numerical analyses indicated that the influence of the groundwater level on the stability of the caisson was much greater than that of the piles. In addition, increasing the burial depth of the pile-caisson composite structure can assist in reducing the displacements and improving the stability of the pile-caisson composite structure. In addition, the distribution of soil layers can significantly affect the stability of the pile-caisson composite structure, especially the soil layer around the caisson.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

composite structure / piles / foundation / suspension bridge / 1g model test / finite-element analysis

References

[1] Frandsen J B. Simultaneous pressures and accelerations measured full-scale on the Great Belt East suspension bridge. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2001, 89(1): 95–129

[2] Kitagawa M. Technology of the Akashi Kaikyo bridge. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 2004, 11(2): 75–90

[3] Chen J, Xu Y L, Zhang R C. Modal parameter identification of Tsing Ma suspension bridge under Typhoon Victor: EMD-HT metod. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2004, 92(10): 805–827

[4] Brownjohn J M W, Magalhaes F, Caetano E, Cunha A. Ambient vibration re-testing and operational modal analysis of the Humber Bridge. Engineering Structures, 2010, 32(8): 2003–2018

[5] Tao T Y, Wang H, Gao Y Q. Parametric analysis on flutter performance of a long-span quadruple-tower suspension bridge. Structures, 2020, 28: 1108–1118

[6] Giaccu G F, Caracoglia L. A gyroscopic stabilizer to improve flutter performance of long-span cable-supported bridges. Engineering Structures, 2021, 240: 112373

[7] Qin X, Liang M Z, Xie X L, Song H L. Mechanical performance analysis and stiffness test of a new type of suspension bridge. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2021, 15(5): 1160–1180

[8] Yamagata M, Yasuda M, Nitta A, Yamamoto S. Effects on the Akashi Kaikyo bridge. Soils and Foundations, 1996, 36(Special): 179–187

[9] LiY S. Experimental study on the north anchorage of the Jiangyin Yangtze Bridge. Journal of Tongji University, 1995, 23: 134−140 (in Chinese)

[10] Liu X, Shao G J, Huang J S, Su J B, Xu H Z. Stability analysis of gravity anchorage: A case study of Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2021, 25(6): 1002–1024

[11] Zhao X Q, Gong X N, Guo P P. Caisson-bored pile composite anchorage foundation for long-span suspension bridge: Feasibility study and parametric analysis. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2022, 27(12): 04022117

[12] Sun Y, Su J B, Xia X H, Xu Z L. Numerical analysis of soil deformation behind the reaction wall of an open caisson induced by horizontal parallel pipe-jacking construction. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2015, 52(12): 1–9

[13] Jiang B N, Wang M T, Chen T, Zhang L L, Ma J L. Experimental study on the migration regularity of sand outside a large, deep-water, open caisson during sinking. Ocean Engineering, 2019, 193: 106601

[14] Lai F, Liu S Y, Deng Y F, Sun Y X, Wu K, Liu H X. Numerical investigations of the instalation process of giant deep-buried circular open caissons in undrained clay. Computers and Geotechnics, 2020, 118: 103322

[15] Royston R, Sheil B, Byrne W. Monitoring the construction of a large-diameter caisson in sand. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical Engineering, 2022, 175(3): 323–339

[16] Li J, Chen S X, Yu F, Dai Z J, Luo H M, Zhang Y, Wang B. Mechanics and deformation characteristics of an oversized inclined caisson foundation when being reused. Ocean Engineering, 2022, 248: 110780

[17] Wang A H, Zhang Y F, Xia F, Luo R P, Wang N. Study of the lateral bearing capacity and optimization reinforcement scheme of an open caisson with consideration of soil disturbance. Applied Sciences, 2022, 12(11): 5498

[18] Zhang J, Prader J, Grimmelsman K A, Moon F, Aktan A E, Shama A. Experimental vibration analysis for structural identification of a long-span suspension bridge. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2013, 139(6): 748–759

[19] Gu M, Kong L G, Chen R P, Chen Y M, Bian X C. Response of 1×2 pile group under eccentric lateral loading. Computers and Geotechnics, 2014, 57: 114–121

[20] Kong L G, Chen R P, Wang S H, Chen Y M. Response of 3×3 pile groups in silt subjected to eccentric lateral loading. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2015, 141(7): 04015029

[21] Chanda D, Saha R, Haldar S. Behaviour of piled raft foundation in sand subjected to combined V M-H loading. Ocean Engineering, 2020, 216: 107596

[22] Basack S, Karami M, Karakouzianc M. Pile-soil interaction under cyclic lateral load in loose sand: Experimental and numerical evaluations. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2022, 162: 107439

[23] di Laora R, de Sanctis L, Aversa S. Bearing capacity of pile groups under vertical eccentric load. Acta Geotechnica, 2019, 14(1): 193–205

[24] Padmavathi M, Padmavathi V, Madhav M R. Response of two-pile group subjected to vertical eccentric load. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2019, 1(6): 626–635

[25] Azizkandi A S, Taherkhani R. Experimental study on connected and non-connected piled raft foundations subjected to eccentric loading. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2020, 18(7B): 743–761

[26] de Sanctis L, Di Laora R, Garala T K, Madabhushi S P G, Viggiani G M B, Fargnoli P. Centrifuge modelling of the behaviour of pile groups under vertical eccentric load. Soil and Foundation, 2021, 61(2): 465–479

[27] Meyerhof G G. Some recent research on the bearing capacity of foundations. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1963, 1(1): 16–26

[28] NimbalkarSBasackS. Pile group in clay under cyclic lateral loading with emphasis on bending moment: Numerical modelling. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2022, 41(3): 269−284

[29] Yavari N, Tang A M, Pereira J M, Hassen G. Mechanical behaviour of a small-scale energy pile in saturated clay. Geotechnique, 2016, 66(11): 878–887

[30] Liang X, Cheng Q G, Wu J J, Chen J M. Mode test of the group piles foundation of a high-speed railway bridge in mined-out area. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2016, 10(4): 488–498

[31] Zhang X Y, Yang Z H, Chen X C, Guan J D, Pei W S, Luo T. Experimental study of frozen soil effect on seismic behavior of bridge pile foundations in cold regions. Structures, 2021, 32: 1752–1762

[32] Rizvi S M F, Wang K, Jalal F E. Evaluating the response of piles subjected to static and multiple dynamic axial loads. Structures, 2022, 40: 187–201

[33] Mroueh H, Shahrour I. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the interaction between tunneling and pile foundations. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2002, 26(3): 217–230

[34] Achmus M, Kuo Y S, Abdel-Rahman K. Behavior of monopile foundations under cyclic lateral load. Computers and Geotechnics, 2009, 36(5): 725–735

[35] Lam S Y, Ng C W W, Leung C F, Chan S H. Centrifuge and numerical modeling of axial load effects on piles in consolidating ground. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2009, 46(1): 10–24

[36] Cui M Z, Ren W X, Yin Y G. Numerical analysis and field load testing of a suspension bridge with a root pile anchorage. Structures, 2021, 34: 1373–1382

[37] Zhang Q Q, Liu S W, Feng R F, Qian J G, Cui C Y. Finite element prediction on the response of non-uniformly arranged pile groups considering progressive failure of pile-soil system. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2020, 14(4): 961–982

[38] Liu X R, Han Y F, Yu C T, Xiong F, Zhou X H, Deng Z Y. Reliability assessment on stability of tunnel-type anchorages. Computers and Geotechnics, 2020, 125: 103661

[39] Zhou Z, Chen C, Wang L, Tian Y, Feng H, Wang K. Stability analysis of the gravity anchorage of a suspension bridge based on large-scale field tests. Stavební obzor-Civil Engineering Journal, 2021, 30(1): 282–297

[40] Baca M, Brzakala W, Rybak J. Bi-directional static load tests of pile models. Applied Sciences, 2020, 10(16): 5492

[41] Baca M, Rybak J. Pile base and shaft capacity under various types of loading. Applied Sciences, 2021, 11(8): 3396

[42] Hettler A, Gudehus G. A pressure-dependent correction for displacement results from 1g model tests with sand. Geotechnique, 1985, 35(4): 497–510

[43] Chu L M, Zhang L M. Centrifuge modeling of ship impact loads on bridge pile foundations. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2011, 137(4): 405–420

[44] Zhu W X, Gu L L, Mei S, Nagasaki K, Chino N, Zhang F. 1g model tests of piled-raft foundation subjected to high-frequency vertical vibration loads. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2021, 141: 106486

[45] StewartJ PTacirogluEWallaceJ WAhlbergE RLemnitzerARhaCTehraniPKeowenSNigborR LSalamancaA. Full Scale Cyclic Large Deflection Testing of Foundation Support Systems for Highway Bridges. I: Drilled Shaft Foundations. Rep.No UCLA SGEL-01. 2007

[46] SchanzTVermeerP ABonnierP. Beyond 2000 in Computational Geotechnics—10 Years of PLAXIS. London: Routledge, 1999, 281–296

[47] Finno R J, Calvello M. Supported excavations: The observational method and inverse modeling. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2005, 131(7): 826–836

[48] Nguyen D D C, Kim D S, Jo S B. Settlement of piled rafts with different pile arrangement schemes via centrifuge tests. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2013, 139(10): 1–9

[49] Zhang W G, Li Y Q, Goh A T C, Zhang R H. Numerical study of the performance of jet grout piles for braced excavations in soft clay. Computers and Geotechnics, 2020, 124: 103631

[50] WangW DWangH RXuZ H. Experimental study of parameters of hardening soil model for numerical analysis of excavations of foundation pits. Rock and Soil Mechanies, 2012, 31(1): 258−264 (in Chinese)

[51] BrinkgreveR B JKumarswamySSwolfsW M. Plaxis 3D 2017 User’s Manual, 2017

[52] Zhang W, Li H, Li Y Q, Zhang R H, Goh A T C, Liu H L. Effects of jet grouting slabs on responses for deep braced excavations. Underground Space, 2021, 6(2): 185–194

[53] LarkelaA. Modeling of a pile group under static lateral loading. Thesis of the Master’s Degree. Helsinki: Helsinki University of Technolog, 2008

[54] Law H K, Lam I P. Application of periodic boundary for large pile group. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2001, 127(10): 889–892

[55] Brown D A, Morrison C, Reese L. Lateral load behavior of pile group in sand. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1988, 114(11): 1261–1276

[56] Fayyazi M S, Taiebat M, Finn W D L. Group reduction factors for analysis of laterally loaded pile groups. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2014, 51(7): 758–769

[57] Dong X C, Guo M W, Wang S L. Advanced prediction of the sinking speed of open caissons based on the spatial-temporal characteristics of multivariate structural stress data. Applied Ocean Research, 2022, 127: 103330

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press