Self-healing of asphalt concrete under cyclic loading: Experimental and numerical study

Abstract

The present study aims at experimentally and numerically investigating the effect of an encapsulated healing agent on the mechanical characteristics of a stone mastic asphalt (SMA-15) after cyclic loading. As healing agents a thiol-containing urethane AR-polymer (ARP) and a sunflower oil (SfO) are used. The comparison of self-healing results in asphalts show that the use of encapsulated ARP allows to restore strength and stiffness up to 93% of whereas encapsulated SfO restores up to 90%. Without capsules, the self-healing effect is 81%. After self-healing, the structure of asphalt concrete with encapsulated ARP is capable of withstanding 15% and 22% more loads than original SMA-15 and SMA-15 with encapsulated SfO, respectively. To gain numerical insight into the mechanical behavior of the capsules in SMA-15, micromechanical finite element modeling is employed. The model is used to evaluate the effect of damage formation with respect to stresses and strains in the capsules and their propensity to breakage.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

self-healing / asphalt concrete / capsules / cyclic test / 4-point bending / micromechanics / finite element method

References

[1] Emtiaz M , Imtiyaz M N , Majumder M , Idris I I , Mazumder R , Rahaman M M . A comprehensive literature review on polymer-modified asphalt binder. CivilEng, 2023, 4(3): 901–932

[2] Milad A , Ali A S B , Yusoff N I . A review of the utilisation of recycled waste material as an alternative modifier in asphalt mixtures civil. Engineering Journal, 2020, 6: 42–60

[3] Atrash K E , Assaf G . Evaluating factors influencing asphalt road construction quality in high temperature condition. Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology, 2019, 10(1): 75–81

[4] Chen C , Deng Y , Li M , Shi X . Investigation of key climatic factors affecting asphalt pavement roughness in different climate regions. Transportation Research Part D, Transport and Environment, 2023, 122(C): 103877

[5] Sebaaly H , Riviera P P , Varma S , Maina J W , Santagata E . Performance-based assessment of rutting resistance of asphalt mixes designed for hot climate regions. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022, 3(7): 2448–2459

[6] Khan K , Ahmad W , Amin M N , Khan S A , Deifalla A F , Yousef M . Research evolution on self-healing asphalt: A scientometric review for knowledge mapping. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 2023, 62(1): 20220331

[7] Abejón R . Self-healing asphalt: A systematic bibliometric analysis for identification of hot research topics during the 2003–2018 period. Materials, 2021, 14(3): 565

[8] Zghoundi Y , Boutgoulla M , Akkouri N , Taha Y , Hakkou R , El-Azdi K , Kebir M , Ben Salem Y A , Edfouf Z . Self-healing microencapsulation technology for asphalt pavements: A review. NanoWorld Journal, 2023, 9(S2): S341–S349

[9] Pompigna R . Smart roads: A state of the art of highways innovations in the smart age. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 2022, 25: 100986

[10] Almutairi H , Baaj H . Evaluating self-healing behaviour of asphalt binders modified with phase-change materials, polymers and recycled glass powder. Polymers, 2023, 15(8): 1934

[11] Inozemtcev S , Korolev E . Active polymeric reducing agent for self-healing asphalt concrete. Materials Science and Engineering, 2021, 1030(1): 012002

[12] Inozemtcev S SKorolev E VDo T T. Intrinsic self-healing potential of asphalt concrete. Magazine of Civil Engineering, 2023, 123(7), 12308

[13] Ani O J , Shafabakhsh G , Mirabdolazimi S M . Investigation of rheological characteristics of powdered activated carbon modified bitumen for use in self-healing mechanism of asphalt concrete. Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering, 2024, 12(2): 58–68

[14] Al-Mansoori T , Norambuena-Contreras J , Micaelo R , García A . Self-healing of asphalt mastic by the action of polymeric capsules containing rejuvenators. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 161: 330–339

[15] Micaelo R , Freire A C , Pereira G . Asphalt self-healing with encapsulated rejuvenators: effect of calcium-alginate capsules on stiffness, fatigue and rutting properties. Materials and Structures, 2020, 53(1): 20

[16] Cabette M , Micaelo R , Pais J . Self-healing asphalt roads: evaluation of calcium alginate capsules with bio-oil. Transportation Research Procedia, 2023, 72: 688–695

[17] Norambuena-Contreras J , García A . Self-healing of asphalt mixture by microwave and induction heating. Materials & Design, 2016, 106: 404–414

[18] Inozemtcev S , Korolev E , Do T T . Choice of healing agent for self-healing asphalt concrete. Materials, 2023, 16(24): 7542

[19] Chen S , Liu Q , Bi Y , Yu B , Zhang J . Self-healing effect of various capsule-core materials on asphalt materials. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2022, 2022(3): 1–17

[20] Wang H , Yuan M , Wu J , Wan P , Liu L . Self-healing properties of asphalt concrete with calcium alginate capsules containing different healing agents. Materials, 2022, 15(16): 5555

[21] Alvaro García A , Schlangen E , Ven M . Properties of capsules containing rejuvenators for their use in asphalt concrete. Fuel, 2011, 90(2): 583–591

[22] Li L , Guo Z , Ran L , Zhang J . Study on low-temperature cracking performance of asphalt under heat and light together conditions. Materials, 2020, 13(7): 1541

[23] Nguyen M L , Chupin O , Blanc J , Piau J M , Hornych P , Lefeuvre Y . Investigation of crack propagation in asphalt pavement based on APT Result and LEFM analysis. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 2020, 48(1): 161–177

[24] Wang M , Li S C , Liu R T , Zhang C Y , Zhu Z J , Zhang L Z , Bai J W . Research on pavement cracking possibility based on the load mechanical response. Science China. Technological Sciences, 2023, 66(12): 3549–3561

[25] Elseifi M A , Baek J , Dhakal N . Review of modelling crack initiation and propagation in flexible pavements using the finite element method. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2018, 19(3): 251–263

[26] Huang WLi BHuang M. Evaluation of self-healing of asphalt mixture through four-point bending fatigue test. Journal of Building Materials, 2015, 18(4): 572–577 (in Chinese)

[27] Inozemtcev S , Korolev E . Indicators of the effectiveness of self-healing asphalt concrete. E3S Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences, 2019, 97: 02007

[28] Hasaninasab S . Investigating the healing capability of asphalt modified with nano-zycotherm and forta fibers. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2019, 11: e00235

[29] Zhang FSun YKong LFalchetto A CYuan DWang W. Study on multiple effects of self-healing properties and thermal characteristics of asphalt pavement, 2024, 14(5): 1313

[30] Shu B , Bao S , Wu S , Dong L , Li C , Yang X , Norambuena-Contreras J , Liu Q , Wang Q . Synthesis and effect of encapsulating rejuvenator fiber on the performance of asphalt mixture. Materials, 2019, 12(8): 1266

[31] Oliveira L , Lucas J J , Babadopulos L F A L , Soares J B . Stiffness and fatigue evaluation in cyclic tests with rest periods for asphalt mixtures with or without fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, 322(3): 126426

[32] Moharam O , Mostafa A . Improving life cycle of asphalt pavement mixture using Self-Healing Techiuqe. Journal of International Society for Science and Engineering, 2023, 5(3): 63–72

[33] Li C , Xiao M , Dong J , Ren J , Guo X . Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics Study on the factors affecting the self-healing performance of asphalt mixture and pavement based on fracture mechanics and calculation formula. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2023, 126: 103954

[34] Bao S , Liu Q , Li H , Zhang L , Maria Barbieri D . Investigation of the release and self-healing properties of calcium alginate capsules in asphalt concrete under cyclic compression loading. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2020, 33(1): 04020401

[35] Tabakovic ASchlangen E. Self-healing technology for asphalt pavements. Self-healing Materials, 2015: 285–306

[36] Inozemtcev S S , Korolev E V . Review of road materials self-healing: problems and perspective. IOP Conference Series. Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 855(1): 012010

[37] Inozemtcev S , Jelagin D , Korolev E , Fadil H , Partl M N , Do T T . Experimental and numerical study on SMA modified with an encapsulated polymeric healing agent. Materials and Structures, 2022, 55(9): 230

[38] GOST 31015-2022. Bituminous Stone Mastic Mixtures and Stone Mastic Asphalt. Specifications. Moscow: Gosstroy Rossii, GUP CPP, 2023

[39] GOST 12801-98. Materials on the Basis of Organic Binders for Road and Airfield Construction. Test methods. Moscow: Gosstroy Rossii, GUP CPP, 1999

[40] Smith M. ABAQUS/Standard User’s Manual, 2016

[41] Fadil H , Jelagin D , Partl M N . Spherical indentation test for quasi-nondestructive characterization of asphalt concrete. Materials and Structures, 2022, 55(3): 102

[42] Maneewongvatana SMount D M. Analysis of approximate nearest neighbor searching with clustered point sets. 1999, arXiv: 9901013

[43] Virtanen P , Gommers R , Oliphant T E , Haberland M , Reddy T , Cournapeau D , Vázquez-Baeza Y . SciPy 1.0: Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods, 2020, 17(3): 261–272

[44] Thompson A P , Aktulga H M , Berger R , Bolintineanu D S , Brown W M , Crozier P S , Veld P J , Kohlmeyer A , Moore S G , Nguyen T D . et al. Plimpton, S. J. LAMMPS—A flexible simulation tool for particle-based materials modeling at the atomic, meso, and continuum scales. Computer Physics Communications, 2022, 271: 108171

[45] Wang L . Mechanics of asphalt: Microstructure and micromechanics. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 2012, 5(1): IV–IV

[46] Abadeen A Z U , Hussain H , Kumar V S , Murali G , Vatin N I , Riaz H . Comprehensive self-healing evaluation of asphalt concrete containing encapsulated rejuvenator. Materials, 2022, 15(10): 3672

[47] Liang B , Lan F , Shi K , Qian G , Liu Z , Zheng J . Review on the self-healing of asphalt materials: Mechanism, affecting factors, assessments and improvements. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 266: 120453

[48] Gonzalez-Torre I , Norambuena-Contreras J . Recent advances on self-healing of bituminous materials by the action of encapsulated rejuvenators. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 258: 119568

[49] Tang J , Liu Q , Wu S , Ye S , Sun Y , Schlangen E . Investigation of the optimal self-healing temperatures and healing time of asphalt binders. Construction and Building Materials, 2016, 113(8): 1029–1033

[50] Concha J L , Norambuena-Contreras J . Thermophysical properties and heating performance of self-healing asphalt mixture with fibres and its application as a solar collector. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 178(5): 115632

[51] Pérez I , Gómez-Meijide B , Pasandín A R , García A , Airey G . Enhancement of curing properties of cold in-place recycling asphalt mixtures by induction heating. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2021, 22(3): 355–368

[52] Wang H , Liu Q , Wu J , Wan P , Zhao F . Self-healing performance of asphalt concrete with ca-alginate capsules under low service temperature conditions. Polymers, 2023, 15(1): 199

[53] Yamaç Ö E , Yilmaz M , Yalçın E , Kök B V , Norambuena-Contreras J , Garcia A . Self-healing of asphalt mastic using capsules containing waste oils. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 270(3): 121417

[54] Bhasin A , Palvadi S , Little D . Influence of aging and temperature on intrinsic healing of asphalt binders. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2011, 2207(1): 70–78

[55] Li Y , Zhang H , Wu Z , Sun B . Influencing factors and evaluation of the self-healing behavior of asphalt binder using molecular dynamics simulation method. Molecules, 2023, 28(6): 2860

[56] Chavez-Delgado M , Concha J L , Caro S , Arteaga-Perez L E , Norambuena-Contreras J . Self-healing asphalt with optimised tyre-based pyro-rejuvenator. Fuel, 2025, 400: 135747

[57] Li P , Ji R , Zhang C , Xu J , Zheng M , Song X . A study on the road performance of the self-healing microcapsule for asphalt pavement. Materials, 2025, 18(15): 3483

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

The Author(s). This article is published with open access at link.springer.com and journal.hep.com.cn