Shaking table test on a tunnel-group metro station in rock site under harmonic excitation

Abstract

A tunnel-group metro station built in rock site is composed of a group of tunnels. Different tunnels and their interconnections can show inconsistent responses during an earthquake. This study investigates the dynamic responses of such a metro station in a rock site, by shaking table tests. The lining structures of each tunnel and surrounding rock are modeled based on the similitude law; foam concrete and gypsum are used to model the ground-structure system, keeping relative stiffness consistent with that of the prototype. A series of harmonic waves are employed as excitations, input along the transverse and longitudinal direction of the shaking table. The discrepant responses caused by the structural irregularities are revealed by measurement of acceleration and strain of the model. Site characteristics are identified by the transfer function method in white noise cases. The test results show that the acceleration response and strain response of the structure are controlled by the ground. In particular, the acceleration amplification effect at the opening section of the station hall is more significant than that at the standard section under transverse excitation; the amplification effect of the structural opening is insignificant under longitudinal excitation.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

metro station / tunnel-group / shaking table test / harmonic excitation / dynamic response

References

[1] Wang W L, Wang T T, Su J J, Lin C H, Seng C R, Huang T H. Assessment of damage in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2001, 16(3): 133–150

[2] Wang Z, Gao B, Jiang Y, Yuan S. Investigation and assessment on mountain tunnels and geotechnical damage after the Wenchuan earthquake. Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences, 2009, 52(2): 546–558

[3] Shen Y, Gao B, Yang X, Tao S. Seismic damage mechanism and dynamic deformation characteristic analysis of mountain tunnel after Wenchuan earthquake. Engineering Geology, 2014, 180: 85–98

[4] Yu H T, Chen J T, Yuan Y, Zhao X. Seismic damage of mountain tunnels during the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Mountain Science, 2016, 13(11): 1958–1972

[5] Yu H, Chen J, Bobet A, Yuan Y. Damage observation and assessment of the Longxi tunnel during the Wenchuan earthquake. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2016, 54: 102–116

[6] Wang X, Chen J, Xiao M. Seismic damage assessment and mechanism analysis of underground powerhouse of the Yingxiuwan Hydropower Station under the Wenchuan earthquake. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2018, 113: 112–123

[7] Chen Z, Shi C, Li T, Yuan Y. Damage characteristics and influence factors of mountain tunnels under strong earthquakes. Natural Hazards, 2012, 61(2): 387–401

[8] Zhang X, Jiang Y, Sugimoto S. Seismic damage assessment of mountain tunnel: A case study on the Tawarayama tunnel due to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2018, 71: 138–148

[9] Hashash Y M, Hook J J, Schmidt B, John I, Yao C. Seismic design and analysis of underground structures. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2001, 16(4): 247–293

[10] St John C M, Zahrah T F. Aseismic design of underground structures. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 1987, 2(2): 165–197

[11] Wang X, Chen J, Xiao M, Wu D. Seismic response analysis of concrete lining structure in large underground powerhouse. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2017, 2017: 4106970

[12] Wang X, Xiong Q, Zhou H, Chen J, Xiao M. Three-dimensional (3D) dynamic finite element modeling of the effects of a geological fault on the seismic response of underground caverns. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2020, 96: 103210

[13] Cui Z, Sheng Q, Leng X, Chen J. Seismic response and stability of underground rock caverns: A case study of Baihetan underground cavern complex. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2016, 39(1): 26–39

[14] Cui Z, Sheng Q, Leng X. Control effect of a large geological discontinuity on the seismic response and stability of underground rock caverns: a case study of the Baihetan #1 surge chamber. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2016, 49(6): 2099–2114

[15] Cui Z, Sheng Q, Leng X. Effects of a controlling geological discontinuity on the seismic stability of an underground cavern subjected to near-fault ground motions. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2018, 77(1): 265–282

[16] ChangS PSeoJ M. Seismic fragility analysis of underground rock caverns for nuclear facilities. In: Transactions of the 14th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT 14). Lyon: IASMIRT, 1997

[17] Chen J, Yuan Y, Yu H. Dynamic response of segmental lining tunnel. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 2020, 43(3): 660–682

[18] Chen J, Yu H, Bobet A, Yuan Y. Shaking table tests of transition tunnel connecting TBM and drill-and-blast tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2020, 96: 103197

[19] Li S, Cudmani R, Xiao M, Guo Z, Yuan Y. Ground motion amplification pattern with TBM tunnels crossing soil−rock interface: Shaking table test. Underground Space, 2023, 12: 202–217

[20] Zhao X, Li R, Yuan Y, Yu H, Zhao M, Huang J. Shaking table tests on fault-crossing tunnels and aseismic effect of grouting. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2022, 125: 104511

[21] Shen Y S, Wang Z Z, Yu J, Zhang X, Gao B. Shaking table test on flexible joints of mountain tunnels passing through normal fault. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2020, 98: 103299

[22] AydanÖShimizuYKaracaM. The dynamic and static stability of shallow underground openings in jointed rock masses. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection. Istanbul: MPES, 1994, 851–858

[23] GenisMAydanÖ. Evaluation of dynamic response and stability of shallow underground openings in discontinuous rock masses using model tests. In: Proceedings of Korea−Japan Joint Symposium on Rock Engineering. Seoul: JSRE, 2002, 787–794

[24] Aydan Ö, Kawamoto T. The damage to abandoned lignite mines caused by the 2003 Miyagi-Hokubu earthquake and some considerations on its causes. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium. Kyoto: ARMS, 2004, 30: 525–530

[25] AydanÖGenişM. Assessment of dynamic stability of an abandoned room and pillar underground lignite mine. Turkish National Bulletin of Rock Mechanics, 2008: 23–44

[26] GenisMAydanÖ. Assessment of dynamic response and stability of an abandoned room and pillar underground lignite mine. 12th IACMAG, 2008: 3899–3906

[27] Aydan Ö, Ohta Y, Geniş M, Tokashiki N, Ohkubo K. Response and stability of underground structures in rock mass during earthquakes. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2010, 43(6): 857–875

[28] Chen G, Chen S, Zuo X, Du X, Qi C, Wang Z. Shaking-table tests and numerical simulations on a subway structure in soft soil. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2015, 76: 13–28

[29] Liang J, Xu A, Ba Z, Chen R, Zhang W, Liu M. Shaking table test and numerical simulation on ultra-large diameter shield tunnel passing through soft−hard stratum. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2021, 147: 106790

[30] Chen Z, Chen W, Li Y, Yuan Y. Shaking table test of a multi-story subway station under pulse-like ground motions. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2016, 82: 111–122

[31] LanghaarH L. Dimensional Analysis and Theory of Models. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1951

[32] Yan X, Yu H, Yuan Y, Yuan J. Multi-point shaking table test of the free field under non-uniform earthquake excitation. Soil and Foundation, 2015, 55(5): 985–1000

[33] LiRYuanY. Seismic experiment of tunnel-group metro station in rock site. In: Expanding Underground-Knowledge and Passion to Make a Positive Impact on the World. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2023, 3174–3181

[34] Brennan A J, Thusyanthan N I, Madabhushi S P. Evaluation of shear modulus and damping in dynamic centrifuge tests. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2005, 131(12): 1488–1497

[35] KramerS L. Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Chennai: Pearson Education India, 1996

[36] Yuan Y, Yang Y, Zhang S, Yu H, Sun J. A benchmark 1 g shaking table test of shallow segmental mini-tunnel in sand. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2020, 18(11): 5383–5412

[37] Zhang Z, Bilotta E, Yuan Y, Zhao H. Experiments of an atrium-style metro station under harmonic excitation. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2020, 103: 103463

[38] Welch P. The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms. IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, 1967, 15(2): 70–73

[39] Zhang J, Yuan Y, Yu H. Shaking table tests on discrepant responses of shaft-tunnel junction in soft soil under transverse excitations. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2019, 120: 345–359

Acknowledgements

The study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2021YFE0114100) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1934210 and 52061135112).

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2024 Higher Education Press