
Appraising the potential of calcium sulfoaluminate cement-based grouts in simulated permafrost environments
Jian ZHAO, Guangping HUANG, Lin LIAO, Wei Victor LIU
Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. ›› 2023, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (5) : 722-731.
Appraising the potential of calcium sulfoaluminate cement-based grouts in simulated permafrost environments
The aim of this study is to appraise the potential of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement-based grouts in simulated permafrost environments. The hydration and performance of CSA cement-based grouts cured in cold environments (10, 0, and −10 °C) are investigated using a combination of tests, including temperature recording, X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. The recorded temperature shows a rapid increase in temperature at the early stage in all the samples. Meanwhile, results of the TGA and XRD tests show the generation of a significant quantity of hydration products, which indicates the rapid hydration of CSA cement-based grouts at the early stage at low temperatures. Consequently, the CSA cement-based grouts exhibit remarkably high early strength. The UCS values of the samples cured for 2 h at −10, 0, and 10 °C are 6.5, 12.0, and 12.3 MPa, respectively. The UCS of the grouts cured at −10, 0, and 10 °C increases continuously with age and ultimately reached 14.9, 19.0, and 30.6 MPa at 28 d, respectively. The findings show that the strength of grouts fabricated using CSA cement can develop rapidly in cold environments, thus rendering them promising for permafrost applications.
permafrost / low temperatures / calcium sulfoaluminate cement-based grouts / hydration reaction / compressive strength
[1] |
Zhang Q, Zhang L, Liu R, Li S, Zhang Q. Grouting mechanism of quick setting slurry in rock fissure with consideration of viscosity variation with space. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2017, 70: 262–273
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Dayakar P, Raman K V, Raju K. Study on permeation grouting using cement grout in sandy soil. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 2012, 4(4): 5–10
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Li S, Liu R, Zhang Q, Zhang X. Protection against water or mud inrush in tunnels by grouting: A review. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2016, 8(5): 753–766
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Zhang Y, Li T, Feng W, Xiong Z, Zhang G. Effects of temperature on performances and hydration process of sulphoaluminate cement-based dual liquid grouting material and its mechanisms. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2020, 139(1): 47–56
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Zuo J, Hong Z, Xiong Z, Wang C, Song H. Influence of different W/C on the performances and hydration progress of dual liquid high water backfilling material. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 190: 910–917
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Wang C, Li X, Xiong Z, Wang C, Su C, Zhang Y. Experimental study on the effect of grouting reinforcement on the shear strength of a fractured rock mass. PLoS One, 2019, 14(8): e0220643
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Nguyen V H, Remond S, Gallias J L. Influence of cement grouts composition on the rheological behaviour. Cement and Concrete Research, 2011, 41(3): 292–300
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Azadi M R, Taghichian A, Taheri A. Optimization of cement-based grouts using chemical additives. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2017, 9(4): 623–637
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Bohloli B, Skjølsvold O, Justnes H, Olsson R, Grøv E, Aarset A. Cements for tunnel grouting—Rheology and flow properties tested at different temperatures. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2019, 91: 103011
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Borštnar M, Daneu N, Dolenec S. Phase development and hydration kinetics of belite-calcium sulfoaluminate cements at different curing temperatures. Ceramics International, 2020, 46(18): 29421–29428
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[11] |
DobinskiW. Permafrost. Earth-Science Reviews, 2011, 108(3–4): 158–169
|
[12] |
Biggar K W, Sego D C, Noël M M. Laboratory and field performance of high alumina cement-based grout for piling in permafrost. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 1993, 20(1): 100–106
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Xu W, Zhang Y, Liu B. Influence of silica fume and low curing temperature on mechanical property of cemented paste backfill. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 254: 1–10
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Jakubec J, Lagace D, Boggis B, Clark L M, Lewis P A. Underground mining at Ekati and Diavik diamond mines. In: Caving 2018: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Block and Sublevel Caving. Perth: Australian Centre for Geomechanics, 2018,
|
[15] |
Huang G, Pudasainee D, Gupta R, Liu W V. Hydration reaction and strength development of calcium sulfoaluminate cement-based mortar cured at cold temperatures. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 224: 493–503
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Zhang G, Yang Y, Yang H, Li H. Calcium sulphoaluminate cement used as mineral accelerator to improve the property of Portland cement at sub-zero temperature. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2020, 106: 103452
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Xu L, Wu K, Rößler C, Wang P, Ludwig H M. Influence of curing temperatures on the hydration of calcium aluminate cement/Portland cement/calcium sulfate blends. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2017, 80: 298–306
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Huang G, Pudasainee D, Gupta R, Liu W V. Extending blending proportions of ordinary Portland cement and calcium sulfoaluminate cement blends: Its effects on setting, workability, and strength development. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2021, 15(5): 1249–1260
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Winnefeld F, Lothenbach B. Hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cements—Experimental findings and thermodynamic modelling. Cement and Concrete Research, 2010, 40(8): 1239–1247
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Berger S, Coumes C C D, Le Bescop P, Damidot D. Influence of a thermal cycle at early age on the hydration of calcium sulphoaluminate cements with variable gypsum contents. Cement and Concrete Research, 2011, 41(2): 149–160
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Martín-Sedeño M C, Cuberos A J M, De la Torre Á G, Álvarez-Pinazo G, Ordónez L M, Gateshki M, Aranda M A G. Aluminum-rich belite sulfoaluminate cements: Clinkering and early age hydration. Cement and Concrete Research, 2010, 40(3): 359–369
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Winnefeld F, Martin L H J, Müller C J, Lothenbach B. Using gypsum to control hydration kinetics of CSA cements. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 155: 154–163
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Tang S W, Zhu H G, Li Z J, Chen E, Shao H Y. Hydration stage identification and phase transformation of calcium sulfoaluminate cement at early age. Construction & Building Materials, 2015, 75: 11–18
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Zhang J, Guan X, Wang X, Ma X, Li Z, Xu Z, Jin B. Microstructure and properties of sulfoaluminate cement-based grouting materials: Effect of calcium sulfate variety. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 2020: 1–8
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Kaufmann J, Winnefeld F, Lothenbach B. Stability of ettringite in CSA cement at elevated temperatures. Advances in Cement Research, 2016, 28(4): 251–261
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Zhang Y, Chang J, Ji J. AH3 phase in the hydration product system of AFt-AFm-AH3 in calcium sulfoaluminate cements: A microstructural study. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 167: 587–596
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Zhang J, Guan X, Li H, Liu X. Performance and hydration study of ultra-fine sulfoaluminate cement-based double liquid grouting material. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 132: 262–270
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li T, Xiong Z, Sun Y. Effects of lithium carbonate on performances of sulphoaluminate cement-based dual liquid high water material and its mechanisms. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 161: 374–380
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Li H, Yang K, Guan X. Properties of sulfoaluminate cement-based grouting materials modified with LiAl-layered double hydroxides in the presence of PCE superplasticizer. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 226: 399–405
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Wang Y, Yu J, Wang J, Guan X. Effects of aluminum sulfate and quicklime/fluorgypsum ratio on the properties of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement-based double liquid grouting materials. Materials (Basel), 2019, 12(8): 1222
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Slusarchuk W A, Watson G H. Thermal conductivity of some ice rich permafrost soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1975, 12(3): 413–424
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[32] |
Romanovsky V, Osterkamp T. Thawing of the active layer on the coastal plain of the Alaskan Arctic. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 1997, 8(1): 1–22
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[33] |
ASTMC39/C39M-21. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. West Conshohocken: ASTM International, 2021
|
[34] |
Zhang L, Glasser F. Hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cement at less than 24 h. Advances in Cement Research, 2002, 14(4): 141–155
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[35] |
Bullard J W, Jennings H M, Livingston R A, Nonat A, Scherer G W, Schweitzer J S, Scrivener K L, Thomas J J. Mechanisms of cement hydration. Cement and Concrete Research, 2011, 41(12): 1208–1223
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[36] |
Song F, Yu Z, Yang F, Lu Y, Liu Y. Microstructure of amorphous aluminum hydroxide in belite-calcium sulfoaluminate cement. Cement and Concrete Research, 2015, 71: 1–6
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[37] |
Guo W, Qiu J, Chen Q, Wang X, Yang T. Low-temperature calcination of belite-calcium sulphoaluminate cement clinker and the hydration process. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2021, 33(12): 04021350
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[38] |
Li P, Gao X, Wang K, Tam V W Y, Li W. Hydration mechanism and early frost resistance of calcium sulfoaluminate cement concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 239: 117862
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[39] |
Wang P, Li N, Xu L. Hydration evolution and compressive strength of calcium sulphoaluminate cement constantly cured over the temperature range of 0 to 80 °C. Cement and Concrete Research, 2017, 100: 203–213
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |