Printability and hardening performance of three-dimensionally-printed geopolymer based on lunar regolith simulant for automated construction of lunar infrastructure

Abstract

Using an in situ lunar regolith as a construction material in combination with 3D printing not only reduces the weight of materials carried from the Earth but also improves the automation of lunar infrastructure construction. This study aims to improve the printability of a geopolymer based on a BH-1 lunar regolith simulant, including the extrudability, open time, and buildability, by controlling the temperature and adding admixtures. Rheological parameters were used to represent printability with different water-to-binder ratios, printing temperatures, and contents of additives. The mechanical properties of the hardening geopolymer with different filling paths and loading directions were tested. The results show that heating the printed filaments with a water-to-binder ratio of 0.32 at 80 °C can adjust the printability without adding any additive, which can reduce the construction cost of lunar infrastructure. The printability of the BH-1 geopolymer can also be improved by adding 0.3% Attagel-50 and 0.5% polypropylene fiber by mass at a temperature of 20 °C to cope with the changeable environmental conditions on the Moon. After curing under a simulated lunar environment, the 72-h flexural and compressive strengths of the geopolymer specimens reach 4.1 and 48.1 MPa, respectively, which are promising considering that the acceleration of gravity on the Moon is 1/6 of that on the Earth.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

geopolymer / lunar regolith simulant / 3D printing / rheology / printability

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42241128 and 51978029), Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tongji University (No. K202206), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2023M730174), and Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by Beijing Association for Science and Technology (No. BYESS2023418).

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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