Variability of waste copper slag concrete and its effect on the seismic safety of reinforced concrete building: A case study

Abstract

Proven research output on the behavior of structures made of waste copper slag concrete can improve its utilization in the construction industry and thereby help to develop a sustainable built environment. Although numerous studies on waste copper slag concrete can be found in the published literature, no research has focused on the structural application of this type of concrete. In particular, the variability in the strength properties of waste copper slag concrete, which is required for various structural applications, such as limit state design formulation, reliability-based structural analysis, etc., has so far not attracted the attention of researchers. This paper quantifies the uncertainty associated with the compressive-, flexural- and split tensile strength of hardened concrete with different dosages of waste copper slag as fine aggregate. Best-fit probability distribution models are proposed based on statistical analyses of strength data generated from laboratory experiments. In addition, the paper presents a reliability-based seismic risk assessment of a typical waste copper slag incorporated reinforced concrete framed building, considering the proposed distribution model. The results show that waste copper slag can be safely used for seismic resistant structures as it results in an identical probability of failure and dispersion in the drift demand when compared with a conventional concrete building made of natural sand.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

waste copper slag / quantification of variability / goodness-of-fit test / seismic risk assessment / PSDM

References

[1] Paris J M, Roessler J G, Ferraro C C, de Ford H D, Townsend T G. A review of waste products utilized as supplements to Portland cement in concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016, 121 : 1– 18

[2] Shah S N, Mo K H, Yap S P, Yang J, Ling T C. Lightweight foamed concrete as a promising avenue for incorporating waste materials: A review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2021, 164 : 105103–

[3] Kirthika S K, Singh S K, Chourasia A. Alternative fine aggregates in production of sustainable concrete—A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 268 : 122089–

[4] Dash M K, Patro S K, Rath A K. Sustainable use of industrial-waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate for preparation of concrete—A review. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 2016, 5( 2): 484– 516

[5] Tavakoli D, Hashempour M, Heidari A. Use of waste materials in concrete: A review. Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2018, 26( 2): 499– 522

[6] Collivignarelli M C, Cillari G, Ricciardi P, Miino M C, Torretta V, Rada E C, Abbà A. The production of sustainable concrete with the use of alternative aggregates: A review. Sustainability, 2020, 12( 19): 7903–

[7] Zhang X, Li W, Tang Z, Wang X, Sheng D. Sustainable regenerated binding materials (RBM) utilizing industrial solid wastes for soil and aggregate stabilization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 275 : 122991–

[8] Mistri A, Bhattacharyya S K, Dhami N, Mukherjee A, Barai S V. Petrographic investigation on recycled coarse aggregate and identification the reason behind the inferior performance. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 221 : 399– 408

[9] Kisku N, Joshi H, Ansari M, Panda S K, Nayak S, Dutta S C. A critical review and assessment for usage of recycled aggregate as sustainable construction material. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 131 : 721– 740

[10] Al-Jabri K S, Hisada M, Al-Saidy A H, Al-Oraimi S K. Performance of high strength concrete made with copper slag as a fine aggregate. Construction & Building Materials, 2009, 23( 6): 2132– 2140

[11] Shi C, Meyer C, Behnood A. Utilization of copper slag in cement and concrete. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2008, 52( 10): 1115– 1120

[12] Arino A M, Mobasher B. Effect of ground copper slag on strength and toughness of cementitious mixes. ACI Materials Journal, 1999, 96( 1): 68– 73

[13] Tixier R, Devaguptapu R, Mobasher B. The effect of copper slag on the hydration and mechanical properties of cementitious mixtures. Cement and Concrete Research, 1997, 27( 10): 1569– 1580

[14] Moura W A, Gonçalves J P, Lima M B L. Copper slag waste as a supplementary cementing material to concrete. Journal of Materials Science, 2007, 42( 7): 2226– 2230

[15] Gorai B, Jana R K. Characteristics and utilization of copper slag—A review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2003, 39( 4): 299– 313

[16] Al-Jabri K S, Al-Saidy A H, Taha R. Effect of copper slag as a fine aggregate on the properties of cement mortars and concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2011, 25( 2): 933– 938

[17] Wu W, Zhang W, Ma G. Optimum content of copper slag as a fine aggregate in high strength concrete. Materials & Design, 2010, 31( 6): 2878– 2883

[18] Alnuaimi A S. Effects of copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregate on the behavior and ultimate strength of reinforced concrete slender columns. Journal of Engineering Research, 2012, 9( 2): 90– 102

[19] Murari K, Siddique R, Jain K K. Use of waste copper slag, a sustainable material. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 2015, 17( 1): 13– 26

[20] Ambily P S, Umarani C, Ravisankar K, Prem P R, Bharatkumar B H, Iyer N R. Studies on ultra-high performance concrete incorporating copper slag as fine aggregate. Construction & Building Materials, 2015, 77 : 233– 240

[21] Mavroulidou M. Mechanical properties and durability of concrete with water cooled copper slag aggregate. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2017, 8( 5): 1841– 1854

[22] Zaidi K A, Ram S, Gautam M K. Utilization of glass powder in high strength copper slag concrete. Advances in Concrete Construction, 2017, 5( 1): 65– 74

[23] Raju S, Dharmar B. Durability characteristic of copper slag concrete with fly ash. Gradevinar, 2017, 69( 11): 1031– 1040

[24] Thomas J, Thaickavil N N, Abraham M P. Copper or ferrous slag as substitutes for fine aggregate in concrete. Advances in Concrete Construction, 2018, 6( 5): 545– 560

[25] Nowak A S, Collins K R. Reliability of Structures. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000

[26] Kilinc K, Celik A O, Tuncan M, Tuncan A, Arslan G, Arioz O. Statistical distributions of in-situ micro core concrete strength. Construction & Building Materials, 2012, 26( 1): 393– 403

[27] Campbell R H, Tobin R E. Core and cylinder strengths of natural and lightweight concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 1967, 64( 4): 190– 195

[28] Soroka I. An application of statistical procedures to quality control of concrete. Materiales de Construcción, 1968, 1( 5): 437– 441

[29] Chmielewski T, Konopka E. Statistical evaluations of field concrete strength. Magazine of Concrete Research, 1999, 51( 1): 45– 52

[30] Graybeal B, Davis M. Cylinder or cube: Strength testing of 80 to 200 MPa (11. 6 to 29 ksi) ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 2008, 105( 6): 603– 609

[31] Chen X, Wu S, Zhou J. Variability of compressive strength of concrete cores. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 2014, 28( 4): 06014001–

[32] Pacheco J, De Brito J, Chastre C, Evangelista L. Experimental investigation on the variability of the main mechanical properties of concrete produced with coarse recycled concrete aggregates. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 201 : 110– 120

[33] Sahoo K, Dhir P K, Teja P R R, Sarkar P, Davis R. Variability of silica fume concrete and its effect on seismic safety of reinforced concrete buildings. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2020, 32( 4): 04020024–

[34] Sahoo K, Kumar Dhir P, Teja P R R, Sarkar P, Davis R. Seismic safety assessment of buildings with fly-ash concrete. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 2020, 25( 3): 04020024–

[35] ASTM . Standard Specification for Portland Cement, ASTM C150/C150M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2019

[36] ASTM . Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates, ASTM C33/C33M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2018

[37] Panda S, Sarkar P, Davis R. Abrasion resistance and slake durability of copper slag aggregate concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 2021, 35 : 101987–

[38] ASTM . Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory, ASTM C192/C192M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2016

[39] IS . Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 516. New Delhi: IS , 1959

[40] ASTM . Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, ASTM C496. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2017

[41] ASTM . Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete Specimens, ASTM C293. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2016

[42] Lilliefors H W. On the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality with mean and variance unknown. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1967, 62( 318): 399– 402

[43] Sahu S, Sarkar P, Davis R. Uncertainty in bond strength of unreinforced fly-ash brick masonry. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2020, 32( 3): 06020003–

[44] Stephens M A. EDF statistics for goodness of fit and some comparisons. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1974, 69( 347): 730– 737

[45] Lawrence S J. Random Variations in Brickwork Properties. 7th ed. Melbourne: Brick Masonry Conference, 1985, 537– 547

[46] Montazerolghaem M. Analysis of unreinforced masonry structures with uncertain data. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Dresden: Dresden University of Technology, 2015

[47] Sorrentino L, Infantino P, Liberatore D. Statistical tests for the goodness of fit of mortar compressive strength distributions. In: The 16th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference. Italy: CRC Press, 2016

[48] Sahu S, Sarkar P, Davis R. Quantification of uncertainty in compressive strength of fly ash brick masonry. Journal of Building Engineering, 2019, 26 : 100843–

[49] Chandrappa A K, Biligiri K P. Flexural-fatigue characteristics of pervious concrete: Statistical distributions and model development. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 153 : 1– 15

[50] Forbes C, Evans M, Hastings N, Peacock B. Statistical Distributions. 4th ed. New York: Wiley, 2011

[51] EasyFit . Version 5.6. Dnepropetrovsk: MathWave Technologies. 2015

[52] Sun D, Wu K, Shi H, Zhang L, Zhang L. Effect of interfacial transition zone on the transport of sulfate ions in concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 192 : 28– 37

[53] Sun D, Wu K, Shi H, Miramini S, Zhang L. Deformation behavior of concrete materials under the sulfate attack. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 210 : 232– 241

[54] Sun D, Shi H, Wu K, Miramini S, Li B, Zhang L. Influence of aggregate surface treatment on corrosion resistance of cement composite under chloride attack. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 248 : 118636–

[55] Cornell C A, Jalayer F, Hamburger R O, Foutch D A. Probabilistic Basis for 2000 SAC Federal Emergency Management Agency Steel Moment Frame Guidelines. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2002, 128( 4): 526– 533

[56] Celik O C, Ellingwood B R. Seismic fragilities for non-ductile reinforced concrete frames––Role of aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties. Structural Safety, 2010, 32( 1): 1– 12

[57] Bhosale A S, Davis R, Sarkar P. Seismic safety of vertically irregular buildings: Performance of existing indicators. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 2018, 24( 3): 04018013–

[58] Haran Pragalath D C, Bhosale A S, Davis R, Sarkar P. Multiplication factor for open ground story buildings: A reliability-based evaluation. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2016, 15( 2): 283– 295

[59] IS . Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures. Part 1 General provisions and buildings. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 1893. New Delhi: IS, 2016

[60] Integrated Software for Structural Analysis and Design. SAP2000. Version 22. Berkeley, CA: Computers and Structures, 2020

[61] IS . Plain and Reinforced Concrete––Code of Practice. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 456, New Delhi: IS 456, 2000

[62] McKenna F, McGann C, Arduino P, Harmon J A. Open Sees laboratory. 2018 (Available at the website of OpenSees)

[63] Haselton C B, Whittaker A S, Hortacsu A, Baker J W, Bray J, Grant D N. Selecting and scaling earthquake ground motions for performing response-history analyses. In: The 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Lisbon: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 2012, 4207– 4217

[64] Haran P D C, Davis R, Sarkar P. Reliability evaluation of RC frame by two major fragility analysis methods. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2015, 16( 1): 47– 66

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2021 Higher Education Press 2021.