Chloride ingress and macro-cell corrosion of steel in concrete made with recycled brick aggregate

Abstract

An investigation on chloride ingress and macro-cell corrosion of steel bars in concrete made with recycled brick aggregate (RBA) was carried out. As control cases, virgin brick aggregate (BA) and stone aggregate (SA) were also investigated. Both cylindrical and cracked prism specimens were studied for 16 different cases. The prism specimens were made with a segmented steel bar providing electrical connection from outside of the specimens to measure macro-cell corrosion current continuously under seawater splash exposure for a period of 30 d using a data logger. Cylindrical specimens were submerged in 3% NaCl solution at a temperature of 40°C to investigate chloride ingress in concrete made with RBA, BA, and SA after 120 and 180 d. Half-cell potential, corrosion area, and depths of corrosion were also investigated. The chloride ingress as well as corrosion of steel bars in concrete made with the different types of aggregate is ordered as RBA > BA > SA.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

brick aggregate / chloride ingress / macro-cell corrosion / recycled brick aggregate

References

[1] MohammaedT U, HasnatA, AwalM A, BosuniaS Z. Recycling of brick aggregate concrete as coarse aggregate. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2014, 27( 7): B4014005–

[2] MohammedT U, MahmoodA H, ChowdhuryI M, HumayunA M, AhmedT. Sustainability of construction materials in Bangladesh. In: 4th International Conference on Sustainability of Construction Materials and Technologies. Nevada: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016

[3] Kreft S, Eckstein D, Junghans L, Kerestan C, Hagen U. Who Suffers Most From Extreme Weather Events? Weather-related Loss Events in 2013 and 1994 to 2013. Global Climate Risk Index 2015

[4] Ministry of Food and Disaster Management, Bangladesh. Report on Cyclone Shelter Information for Management of Tsunami and Cyclone Preparedness, Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme. Center for Environment and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS), 2009

[5] Miyaji M, Okazaki K, Ochiai C. A study on the use of cyclone shelters in Bangladesh. Journal of Architecture and Planning, 2017, 82(737): 1871–1880 (Transactions of AIJ)

[6] BehnoodA, Van TittelboomK, De BelieN. Methods for measuring pH in concrete: A Review. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 105 : 176– 188

[7] MohammedT U, HamadaH. Corrosion of steel bars in concrete with various steel surface condition. ACI Materials Journal, 2006, 103( 4): 233– 242

[8] Rilemof Steel in Concrete. State of the Art Report, Committee 60-CSC. 1988

[9] OtsukiN, MiyazatoS, DiolaN B, SuzukiH. Influences of bending crack and water-cement ratio on chloride-induced corrosion of main reinforcing bars and stirrups. ACI Materials Journal, 2000, 97( 4): 454– 464

[10] MohammedT U, HamadaH, YokotaH. Macro-cell and micro-cell corrosion of steel bars in cracked concrete made with various cements. ACI Special Publication, 2004, 221( 2): 51– 72

[11] IslamM S, MondalB C, IslamM M. Effect of sea salts on structural concrete in a tidal environment. Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 2010, 10( 3): 237– 252

[12] SandraN. Corrosion current density of macrocell of horizontal steel bars in reinforced concrete column specimen. International Journal of GEOMATE, 2019, 16( 54): 123– 128

[13] LuC, Wang W, JiangJ, HaoM. Micro-environment temperature and relative humidity response of fly ash concrete under natural climatic conditions. Advances in Cement Research, 2017, 19( 6): 1– 10

[14] MohammedT U, OtsukiN, HisadaM, ShibataT. Effect of crack width and bar types on corrosion of steel in concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2001, 13( 3): 194– 201

[15] KennyA, KatzA. Influence of the interfacial transition zone properties on chloride corrosion in reinforced concrete-characterization of ITZ. Advanced Materials Research, 2010, 95 : 69– 72

[16] MohammedT U, OtsukiN, HisadaM. Corrosion of steel bars with respect to orientation in concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 1999, 96( 2): 154– 159

[17] MohammedT U, HamadaH. Corrosion of steel bars in concrete with various steel surface conditions. ACI Materials Journal, 2006, 103( 4): 233– 242

[18] KangC, KuniedaM. Evaluation and observation of autogenous healing ability of bond cracks along rebar. Materials (Basel), 2014, 7( 4): 3136– 3146

[19] RivettiM L S, NetoJ D S A, JúniorN A, RibeiroD V. Corrosion inhibitors for reinforced concrete. Corrosion Inhibitors, Principles and Recent Applications, 2018, 35– 58

[20] McDonaldD B. Use and performance of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel over 37 years. In: 27th Annual International Bridge Conference. Pittsburgh: Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania, 2010

[21] MohammedT U, HamadaH, MamunM A A, HasnatA. Corrosion of cement paste coated steel bars in marine environment. In: 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies (SCMT3). Kyoto: International Speech Communication Association, 2013

[22] KhatibJ M, MohammedT U, ZhangJ S, HamadaH. New generation water reducing admixture for concrete. In: 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies. Ancona: Milwaukee, 2010

[23] WasimM, HussainR R. Comparative study on induced macro-cell corrosion phenomenon in repaired ordinary reinforced and self-compacting concrete structures. International Journal of Corrosion Processes and Corrosion Control, 2013, 48( 5): 370– 379

[24] OtienoM, BeushausenH, AlexanderM. Chloride-induced corrosion of steel in cracked concrete—Part I: Experimental studies under accelerated and natural marine. Cement and Concrete Research, 2016, 79 : 373– 385

[25] ApostolopoulosC A, DemisS, PapadakisV G. Chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement—Mechanical performance and pit depth analysis. Construction & Building Materials, 2013, 38 : 139– 146

[26] CorralHiguera R, ArredondoRea S P, AlmaralSánchez J L, CastorenaGonzález J H, NeriFlores M, MartínezVillafañe A, AlmerayaCalderón F. Corrosion of steel in concrete with recycled aggregate and pozzolanic materials. ECS Transactions, 2009, 20( 1): 477– 487

[27] GurdiánH, García-AlcocelE, Baeza-BrotonsF, GarcésP, ZornozaE. Corrosion behavior of steel reinforcement in concrete with recycled aggregates, fly ash and spent cracking catalyst. Materials (Basel), 2014, 7( 4): 3176– 3197

[28] ZengW, ZhaoY, ZhengH, PoonC. Improvement in corrosion resistance of recycled aggregate concrete by nano silica suspension modification on recycled aggregates. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2020, 106 : 103476–

[29] MohammedT U, KhanA Z, MahmoodA H. Recycling of demolished brick aggregate concrete as coarse and fine aggregates. In: International Conference on the Regeneration and Conservation of Concrete Structures (RCCS). Nagasaki: Japan Concrete Institute, 2015, 1– 12

[30] MohammedT U, DasH K, MahmoodA H, RahmanM N, AwalM A. Flexural performance of RC beams made with recycled brick aggregate. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 134 : 67– 74

[31] MohammedT U, ShikdarM K H, AwalM A. Shear strength of RC beam made with recycled brick aggregate. Journal of Engineering Structures, 2019, 189 : 497– 508

[32] ASTMC 39/ C39M–16. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen. West Conshohocken: ASTM International, 2016

[33] SandraN, KawaaiK, UjikeI. Corrosion current density of macro-cell of horizontal steel bars in reinforced concrete column specimen. International Journal of GEOMATE, 2019, 16( 54): 123– 128

[34] GonzálezJ A, AndradeC, AlonsoC, FeliuS. Comparison of rates of general corrosion and maximum pitting penetration on concrete embedded steel reinforcement. Cement and Concrete Research, 1995, 25( 2): 257– 264

[35] ACI318R–19. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute, 2019

[36] MohammedT U, HasnatA, AwalM A, BosuniaS Z. Recycling of demolished concrete as brick aggregate: An extended study on some key issues. In: 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies (SCMT3). Kyoto: International Speech Communication Association, 2013

[37] AlonsoC, AndradeC, GonzalezJ A. Relation between resistivity and corrosion rate of reinforcements in carbonated mortar made with several cement types. Cement and Concrete Research, 1988, 18( 5): 687– 698

[38] MohammedT U, OtsukiN, HamadaH, YamajiT. Macro-cell and micro-cell corrosions of steel bars in cracked concrete exposed to marine environment. In: 5th CANMET/ACI International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI International, 2011, 55– 169

[39] López-CalvoH Z, Montes-GarciaP, KondratovaI, BremnerT W, ThomasM D A. Epoxy-coated bars as corrosion control in cracked reinforced concrete. Materials and Corrosion, 2012, 64( 7): 599– 608

[40] KobayashiK, TakewakaK. Experimental studies on epoxy coated reinforcing steel for corrosion protection. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, 1984, 6( 2): 99– 116

[41] Pour-AliS, DehghanianC, KosariA. Corrosion protection of the reinforcing steels in chloride-laden concrete environment through epoxy/polyaniline–camphorsulfonate nanocomposite coating. Corrosion Science, 2015, 90 : 239– 247

[42] NanayakkaraO, KatoY. Macro-cell corrosion in reinforcement of concrete under non-homogeneous chloride environment. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2009, 7( 1): 31– 40

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their sincere appreciation to Bangladesh Road Research Laboratory (BRRL) for their financial support to conduct this study. The authors also acknowledge the support of laboratory facilities of Islamic University of Technology (IUT) provided for conducting this study.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2021 Higher Education Press 2021.