Seismic response of precast reinforced concrete wall subjected to cyclic in-plane and constant out-of-plane loading

Abstract

This paper provides insight into the seismic behavior of a full-scale precast reinforced concrete wall under in-plane cyclic loading combined with out-of-plane loading replicated by sand backfill to simulate the actual condition of basement walls. The tested wall exhibited flexural cracks, owing to the high aspect ratio and considerable out-of-plane movement due to lateral pressure from the backfill. The wall performed satisfactorily by exhibiting competent seismic parameters and deformation characteristics governed by its ductile response in the nonlinear phase during the test with smaller residual drift. Numerical analysis was conducted to validate experimental findings, which complied with each other. The numerical model was used to conduct parametric studies to study the effect of backfill density and aspect ratio on seismic response of the proposed precast wall system. The in-plane capacity of walls reduced, while deformation characteristics were unaffected by the increase in backfill density. An increase in aspect ratio leads to a reduction in in-plane capacity and an increase in drift. Curves between the ratio of in-plane yield capacity and design shear load of walls are proposed for the backfill density, which may be adopted to determine the in-plane yield capacity of the basement walls based on their design shear.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

precast wall / basement wall / out-of-plane response / quasi-static test / sand backfill / seismic parameters

References

[1] Singhal S, Chourasia A, Chellappa S, Parashar J. Precast reinforced concrete shear walls: State of the art review. Structural Concrete, 2019, 20( 3): 886– 898

[2] Chourasia A, Singhal S, Parashar J. Seismic performance of prefab RC shear walls: A review. In: Proceedings of CISHR. Srinagar: National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand, 2017, 202−213

[3] Brunesi E, Peloso S, Pinho R, Nascimbene R. Cyclic tensile testing of a three-way panel connection for precast wall-slab-wall structures. Structural Concrete, 2019, 20( 4): 1307– 1315

[4] Brunesi E, Peloso S, Pinho R, Nascimbene R. Shake-table testing of a full-scale two-story precast wall-slab-wall structure. Earthquake Spectra, 2019, 35( 4): 1583– 1609

[5] Brunesi E, Nascimbene R, Peloso S. Evaluation of the seismic response of precast wall connections: Experimental observations and numerical modeling. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2020, 24( 7): 1057– 1082

[6] Singhal S, Chourasia A, Parashar J. Anchorage behaviour of headed bars as connection system for precast reinforced concrete structural components. Structures, 2020, 27 : 1405– 1418

[7] Singhal S, Chourasia A, Kajale Y, Singh D. Behaviour of precast reinforced concrete structural wall systems subjected to in-plane lateral loading. Engineering Structures, 2021, 241 : 112474–

[8] Jünemann R, de La Llera J C, Hube M A, Cifuentes L A, Kausel E. A statistical analysis of reinforced concrete wall buildings damaged during the 2010, Chile earthquake. Engineering Structures, 2015, 82 : 168– 185

[9] Wood J H. Earthquake-induced soil pressures on structures. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. California: California Institute of Technology, 1973

[10] Steedman R S, Zeng X. The seismic response of waterfront retaining walls. In: Proceedings of the ASCE specialty conference on design and performance of earth retaining structures. New York: Special Technical Publication 25, 1990, 872−886

[11] Veletsos A S, Younan A H. Dynamic response of cantilever retaining walls. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 1997, 123( 2): 161– 172

[12] Younan A H, Veletsos A S. Dynamic response of flexible retaining walls. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2000, 29( 12): 1815– 1844

[13] Mansour M F, Abdel Motaal M A, Elsaba A A. Seismic response of basement walls as partially-yielding retaining walls. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2021, 12( 1): 181– 193

[14] Kalasin T, Wood D M. Seismic analysis of retaining walls within plasticity framework. In: Proceedings of the 14th WCEE. Beijing: China Earthquake Administration, 2008, 12−17

[15] Kim Y Y, Yoon M S, Han S J, Kim S S. Behavior analysis of reinforced soil retaining wall under cyclic loading. In: Proceedings of the 4th Asian Regional Conference on Geosynthetics. Shanghai: Springer, 2008, 639−644

[16] Jia L, He S, Li N, Wang W, Yao K. Stability of reinforced retaining wall under seismic loads. Applied Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2019, 9( 11): 2175–

[17] Whitman R V. Seismic design of earth retaining structures. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics. Missouri: ASCE, 1991, 1767−1778

[18] Taiebat M, Ahmadnia A, Finn W D L, Ventura C E, Naesgaard E, Devall R H. Seismic assessment of basement walls for different design criteria. In: Proceedings of the 14th Pan-am Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 64th Canadian Geotechnical Conference. Toronto: Canadian Geotechnical Society, 2011, 1069

[19] Amirzehni E, Taiebat M, Finn W D L, DeVall R H. Seismic Performance of Deep Basement Walls. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering. Christchurch: International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2015

[20] Sitar N, Mikola R G, Candia G. Seismically induced lateral earth pressures on retaining structures and basement walls. In: GeoCongress 2012—Keynote lecture. California: ASCE, 2012, 335−358

[21] Candia G, Mikola R G, Sitar N. Seismic response of retaining walls with cohesive backfill: Centrifuge model studies. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2016, 90 : 411– 419

[22] Zhu H W, Yao L K, Li J. Influence factors on the seismic behavior and deformation modes of gravity retaining walls. Journal of Mountain Science, 2019, 16( 1): 168– 178

[23] Osouli A, Zamiran S. The effect of backfill cohesion on seismic response of cantilever retaining walls using fully dynamic analysis. Computers and Geotechnics, 2017, 89 : 143– 152

[24] Sharma M. Seismic response of reduced scale soil retaining wall at varying backfill density. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Patiala: Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, 2019

[25] Konai S, Sengupta A, Deb K. Seismic behavior of cantilever wall embedded in dry and saturated sand. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2020, 14( 3): 690– 705

[26] IS 13920: 2016. Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected Seismic Forces—Code of Practice. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards, 2016

[27] Yang M, Tang X. Rigid retaining walls with narrow cohesionless backfills under various wall movement modes. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2017, 17( 11): 04017098–

[28] ASTM. Standard Test Methods for Cyclic (reversed) Load Test for Shear Resistance of Vertical Elements of the Lateral Force Resisting Systems for Buildings. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 2009

[29] Lubliner J, Oliver J, Oller S, Oñate E. A plastic-damage model for concrete. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 1989, 25( 3): 299– 326

[30] Nayal R, Rasheed H A. Tension stiffening model for concrete beams reinforced with steel and FRP bars. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2006, 18( 6): 831– 841

[31] Goh W I, Mohamad N, Abdullah R, Samad A A A. Finite element analysis of precast lightweight foamed concrete sandwich panel subjected to axial compression. Journal of Computer Science and Computational Mathematics, 2016, 6( 1): 1– 9

[32] Carrillo J. Damage index based on stiffness degradation of low-rise RC walls. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2015, 44( 6): 831– 848

[33] ASCE-41-17. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings. Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017

[34] Code P. Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance—Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization, 2004

[35] Rodrigues H, Varum H, Arêde A, Costa A. A comparative analysis of energy dissipation and equivalent viscous damping of RC columns subjected to uniaxial and biaxial loading. Engineering Structures, 2012, 35 : 149– 164

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press 2021.