Mechanism and control of the long-term performance evolution of structures

Abstract

It is well known that structural properties degrade under long-term environmental exposure and loading and that the degradation rate is controlled by inherent physical and chemical degradation mechanisms. The elucidation of the degradation mechanisms and the realization of effective long-term performance degradation control have been a research frontier in the field of civil engineering in recent years. Currently, the major topics that concern this research frontier include revealing the physical and chemical mechanisms of structural performance evolution under long-term environmental exposure and loading and developing structural performance degradation control technologies based on fiber-reinforced materials, for example, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM). In addition, there are novel structural performance control technologies, such as using a shape memory alloy (SMA) and self-healing concrete. This paper presents a brief state-of-the-art review of this topic, and it is expected to provide a reference for subsequent research.

Keywords

degradation mechanism / performance evaluation strengthening / FRP / FRCM

References

[1] Lin H, Zhao Y, Feng P, Ye H, Ozbolt J, Jiang C, Yang J Q. State-of-the-art review on the bond properties of corroded reinforcing steel bar. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 213: 216–233

[2] Salvoldi B G, Beushausen H, Alexander M G. Oxygen permeability of concrete and its relation to carbonation. Construction & Building Materials, 2015, 85: 30–37

[3] Wu J, Diao B, Xu J, Zhang R, Zhang W. Effects of the reinforcement ratio and chloride corrosion on the fatigue behavior of RC beams. International Journal of Fatigue, 2020, 131: 105299

[4] Nakarai K, Shitama K, Nishio S, Sakai Y, Ueda H, Kishi T. Long-term permeability measurements on site-cast concrete box culverts. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 198: 777–785

[5] Chen Z, Zhou X, Wang X, Dong L, Qian Y. Deployment of a smart structural health monitoring system for long-span arch bridges: A review and a case study. Sensors (Basel), 2017, 17(9): 2151

[6] Vidal T, Castel A, Francois R. Corrosion process and structural performance of a 17 year old reinforced concrete beam stored in chloride environment. Cement and Concrete Research, 2007, 37(11): 1551–1561

[7] Wang B, Wang F, Wang Q. Damage constitutive models of concrete under the coupling action of freeze-thaw cycles and load based on Lemaitre assumption. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 173: 332–341

[8] Yang S Y, Liu X L. Bond-slip deterioration model of corroded reinforced concrete members under reversed cyclic loading. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2012, 46(10): 1581–1586 (in Chinese)

[9] Kirkpatrick T J, Weyers R E, Anderson-Cook C M, Sprinkel M M. Probabilistic model for the chloride-induced corrosion service life of bridge decks. Cement and Concrete Research, 2002, 32(12): 1943–1960

[10] Akiyama M, Frangopol D M. Long-term seismic performance of RC structures in an aggressive environment: Emphasis on bridge piers. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2014, 10(7): 865–879

[11] Frangopol D M. Life-cycle performance, management, and optimisation of structural systems under uncertainty: Accomplishments and challenges. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2011, 7(6): 389–413

[12] Frangopol D M, Soliman M. Life-cycle of structural systems: Recent achievements and future directions. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2016, 12(1): 1–20

[13] Ellingwood B R. Risk-informed condition assessment of civil infrastructure: state of practice and research issues. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2005, 1(1): 7–18

[14] Frangopol D M, Dong Y, Sabatino S. Bridge life-cycle performance and cost: Analysis, prediction, optimisation and decision-making. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2017, 13(10): 1239–1257

[15] Hollaway L C. A review of the present and future utilisation of FRP composites in the civil infrastructure with reference to their important in-service properties. Construction & Building Materials, 2010, 24(12): 2419–2445

[16] Soudki K. Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures. ACI Technical Report ACI 440.2 R-02. 2002

[17] Muktha T. Design and Construction of Building Components with Fibre-reinforced Polymers. CSA Technical Report CSA S806-02. 2002

[18] Maruyama K. JSCE Recommendations for Upgrading of Concrete Structures with Use of Continuous Fiber Sheets. JSCE Technical Report. 2001

[19] Press C P. Technical Code for Infrastructure Application of FRP Composites. Chinese Technical Report GB-50608. 2010 (in Chinese)

[20] Ding L, Wu G, Yang S, Wu Z. Performance advancement of RC columns by applying basalt FRP composites with NSM and confinement system. Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, 2013, 7(2): 1350007

[21] Wang X, Shi J, Wu G, Yang L, Wu Z. Effectiveness of basalt FRP tendons for strengthening of RC beams through the external prestressing technique. Engineering Structures, 2015, 101: 34–44

[22] Wu G, Dong Z Q, Wu Z S, Zhang L W. Performance and parametric analysis of flexural strengthening for RC beams with NSM-CFRP bars. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2014, 18(4): 04013051

[23] Yao L Z, Wu G. Nonlinear 2D finite-element modeling of RC beams strengthened with prestressed NSM CFRP reinforcement. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2016, 20(4): 04016008

[24] Yao L Z, Wu G. Fiber-element modeling for seismic performance of square RC bridge columns retrofitted with NSM BFRP bars and/or BFRP sheet confinement. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2016, 20(4): 04016001

[25] Babatunde S A. Review of strengthening techniques for masonry using fiber reinforced polymers. Composite Structures, 2017, 161: 246–255

[26] D’Ambrisi A, Focacci F, Luciano R. Experimental investigation on flexural behavior of timber beams repaired with CFRP plates. Composite Structures, 2014, 108: 720–728

[27] Rahman A, Ueda T. In-plane shear performance of masonry walls after strengthening by two different FRPs. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2016, 20(5): 04016019

[28] Vahedian A, Shrestha R, Crews K. Bond strength model for externally bonded FRP-to-timber interface. Composite Structures, 2018, 200: 328–339

[29] Wang H T, Wu G, Jiang J B. Fatigue behavior of cracked steel plates strengthened with different CFRP systems and configurations. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2016, 20(3): 04015078

[30] Wu G, Wang H T, Wu Z S, Liu H Y, Ren Y. Experimental study on the fatigue behavior of steel beams strengthened with different fiber-reinforced composite plates. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2012, 16(2): 127–137

[31] Shi J W. Durability and reliability design of FRP strengthened concrete structures under coupled effects of multi-factors. Dissertation for the Doctor’s Degree. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2014 (in Chinese)

[32] Zhang D, Gu X L, Yu Q Q, Huang H, Wan B, Jiang C. Fully probabilistic analysis of FRP-to-concrete bonded joints considering model uncertainty. Composite Structures, 2018, 185: 786–806

[33] Bakis C E, Bank L C, Brown V L, Cosenza E, Davalos J F, Lesko J J, Machida A, Rizkalla S H, Triantafillou T C. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction-state-of-the-art review. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2002, 6(2): 73–87

[34] Teng J G, Chen G M, Chen J F, Rosenboom O A, Lam L. Behavior of RC beams shear strengthened with bonded or unbonded FRP wraps. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2009, 13(5): 394–404

[35] Wu G, Shi J W, Jing W J, Wu Z S. Flexural behavior of concrete beams strengthened with new prestressed carbon-basalt hybrid fiber sheets. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2014, 18(4): 04013053

[36] Wu Z S, Iwashita K, Hayashi K, Higuchi T, Murakami S, Koseki Y. Strengthening prestressed-concrete girders with externally prestressed PBO fiber reinforced polymer sheets. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2003, 22(14): 1269–1286

[37] Gu D S, Wu G, Wu Z S, Wu Y F. Confinement effectiveness of FRP in retrofitting circular concrete columns under simulated seismic load. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2010, 14(5): 531–540

[38] Hollaway L C, Cadei J. Progress in the technique of upgrading metallic structures with advanced polymer composites. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 2002, 4(2): 131–148

[39] Zhao X L, Zhang L. State-of-the-art review on FRP strengthened steel structures. Engineering Structures, 2007, 29(8): 1808–1823

[40] Feng P, Bekey S, Zhang Y H, Ye L P, Bai Y. Experimental study on buckling resistance technique of steel members strengthened using FRP. International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, 2012, 12(1): 153–178

[41] Yu Q Q, Wu Y F. Fatigue strengthening of cracked steel beams with different configurations and materials. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2017, 21(2): 04016093

[42] Ghafoori E, Motavalli M, Zhao X L, Nussbaumer A, Fontana M. Fatigue design criteria for strengthening metallic beams with bonded CFRP plates. Engineering Structures, 2015, 101: 542–557

[43] Al-Saadi N T K, Mohammed A, Al-Mahaidi R, Sanjayan J. Performance of NSM FRP embedded in concrete under monotonic and fatigue loads: State-of-the-art review. Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 2019, 20(2): 89–114

[44] Choi H T, West J S, Soudki K A. Partially bonded near-surface-mounted CFRP bars for strengthened concrete T-beams. Construction & Building Materials, 2011, 25(5): 2441–2449

[45] Sharaky I A, Torres L, Comas J, Barris C. Flexural response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with near surface mounted (NSM) fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. Composite Structures, 2014, 109: 8–22

[46] Jalali M, Sharbatdar M K, Chen J F, Jandaghi Alaee F. Shear strengthening of RC beams using innovative manually made NSM FRP bars. Construction & Building Materials, 2012, 36: 990–1000

[47] Kuntal V S, Chellapandian M, Prakash S S. Efficient near surface mounted CFRP shear strengthening of high strength prestressed concrete beams—An experimental study. Composite Structures, 2017, 180: 16–28

[48] Firmo J P, Correia J R. Fire behaviour of thermally insulated RC beams strengthened with EBR-CFRP strips: Experimental study. Composite Structures, 2015, 122: 144–154

[49] Firmo J P, Correia J R, Bisby L A. Fire behaviour of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete structural elements: A state-of-the-art review. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2015, 80: 198–216

[50] Zhu H, Li T, Zhu G, Wang X, Wu G, Fan S. Fire Resistance of strengthened RC members using NSM CFRP bars with a cladding layer. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2019, 23(1): 04018066

[51] Yang D, Zhang J, Song S, Zhou F, Wang C. Experimental investigation on the creep property of carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons under high stress levels. Materials, 2018, 11(11): 2273

[52] Zhu H, Dong Z Q, Wu G, Chen H Y, Li J, Liu Y. Experimental evaluation of bent FRP tendons for strengthening by external prestressing. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2017, 21(5): 04017032

[53] Lou T, Lopes S M R, Lopes A V. Numerical analysis of behaviour of concrete beams with external FRP tendons. Construction & Building Materials, 2012, 35: 970–978

[54] Zou P X W. Long-term deflection and cracking behavior of concrete beams prestressed with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer tendons. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2003, 7(3): 187–193

[55] Ghallab A, Beeby A W. Factors affecting the external prestressing stress in externally strengthened prestressed concrete beams. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2005, 27(9–10): 945–957

[56] Awani O, El-Maaddawy T, Ismail N. Fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix: A promising strengthening technique for concrete structures. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 132: 94–111

[57] Koutas L N, Tetta Z, Bournas D A, Triantafillou T C. Strengthening of concrete structures with textile reinforced mortars: State-of-the-art review. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2019, 23(1): 03118001

[58] Triantafillou T C, Karlos K, Kefalou K, Argyropoulou E. An innovative structural and energy retrofitting system for URM walls using textile reinforced mortars combined with thermal insulation: Mechanical and fire behavior. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 133: 1–13

[59] Elghazy M, El Refai A, Ebead U, Nanni A. Post-repair flexural performance of corrosion-damaged beams rehabilitated with fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM). Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 166: 732–744

[60] Donnini J, Corinaldesi V. Mechanical characterization of different FRCM systems for structural reinforcement. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 145: 565–575

[61] Escrig C, Gil L, Bernat-Maso E. Experimental comparison of reinforced concrete beams strengthened against bending with different types of cementitious-matrix composite materials. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 137: 317–329

[62] Wakjira T G, Ebead U. Hybrid NSE/EB technique for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using FRCM: Experimental study. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 164: 164–177

[63] Gonzalez-Libreros J H, Sneed L H, D’Antino T, Pellegrino C. Behavior of RC beams strengthened in shear with FRP and FRCM composites. Engineering Structures, 2017, 150: 830–842

[64] Ombres L. Concrete confinement with a cement based high strength composite material. Composite Structures, 2014, 109: 294–304

[65] Ombres L. Structural performances of thermally conditioned PBO FRCM confined concrete cylinders. Composite Structures, 2017, 176: 1096–1106

[66] Raoof S M, Bournas D A. TRM versus FRP in flexural strengthening of RC beams: Behaviour at high temperatures. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 154: 424–437

[67] Raoof S M, Koutas L N, Bournas D A. Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) versus fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) in flexural strengthening of RC beams. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 151: 279–291

[68] Kouris L A S, Triantafillou T C. State-of-the-art on strengthening of masonry structures with textile reinforced mortar (TRM). Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 188: 1221–1233

[69] Parisi F, Menna C, Prota A. Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) composites: Mechanical behavior and application to masonry walls. In: Failure Analysis in Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites. Woodhead Publishing, 2019,199–227

[70] Papanicolaou C G, Triantafillou T C, Karlos K, Papathanasiou M. Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP as strengthening material of URM walls: In-plane cyclic loading. Materials and Structures, 2007, 40(10): 1081–1097

[71] Papanicolaou C G, Triantafillou T C, Papathanasiou M, Karlos K. Textile reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP as strengthening material of URM walls: Out-of-plane cyclic loading. Materials and Structures, 2007, 41(1): 143–157

[72] Kariou F A, Triantafyllou S P, Bournas D A, Koutas L N. Out-of-plane response of masonry walls strengthened using textile-mortar system. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 165: 769–781

[73] Misseri G, Rovero L. Parametric investigation on the dynamic behaviour of masonry pointed arches. Archive of Applied Mechanics, 2017, 87(3): 385–404

[74] Koutas L, Bousias S N, Triantafillou T C. Seismic strengthening of masonry-infilled RC frames with TRM: Experimental study. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2015, 19(2): 04014048

[75] Garmendia L, Larrinaga P, García D, Marcos I. Textile-reinforced mortar as strengthening material for masonry arches. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2014, 8(5): 627–648

[76] Shahverdi M, Czaderski C, Motavalli M. Iron-based shape memory alloys for prestressed near-surface mounted strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 112: 28–38

[77] Michels J, Shahverdi M, Czaderski C. Flexural strengthening of structural concrete with iron-based shape memory alloy strips. Structural Concrete, 2018, 19(3): 876–891

[78] Izadi M R, Ghafoori E, Shahverdi M, Motavalli M, Maalek S. Development of an iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) strengthening system for steel plates. Engineering Structures, 2018, 174: 433–446

[79] Singh N B, Kalra M, Saxena S K. Nanoscience of cement and concrete. Materials today: Proceedings, 2017, 4(4): 5478–5487

[80] Rao N V, Rajasekhar M, Vijayalakshmi K, Vamshykrishna M. The future of civil engineering with the influence and impact of nanotechnology on properties of materials. Procedia Materials Science, 2015, 10: 111–115

[81] Lv L, Guo P, Liu G, Han N, Xing F. Light induced self-healing in concrete using novel cementitious capsules containing UV curable adhesive. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2020, 105: 103445

[82] Bansal S, Tamang R K, Bansal P, Bhurtel P. Biological methods to achieve self-healing in concrete. Advances in Structural Engineering and Rehabilitation, 2020, 38: 63–71

[83] Rong H, Wei G, Ma G, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Zhang L, Xu R. Influence of bacterial concentration on crack self-healing of cement-based materials. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 244: 118372

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press