Long-term durability of onshore coated concrete —chloride ion and carbonation effects

Abstract

Enhancing service life of reinforced concrete (RC) structures located in marine environments is an issue of great interest for design engineers. The present research addresses the effect of surface coatings on service life of onshore RC structures. Long-term performance of concrete samples up to 88 months of exposure at natural marine environment was investigated. Two onshore exposure conditions, including soil and atmosphere and different types of concrete coatings were studied. Carbonation rates of up to 0.5 and 1.5 mm/year were observed at the first 88 months of exposure for soil and atmospheric samples, respectively. Surface chloride ion build-up and variation in chloride ion diffusion were monitored with respect to time, and service life was estimated. Based on the obtained results it is proposed to use the aliphatic acrylic and polyurethane coatings for enhancing the service life of concrete structures in the investigated exposure conditions.

Keywords

carbonation / chloride ion / corrosion / service life / surface coating

References

[1] Sadati S, Ghassemzadeh F, Shekarchi M. Effect of Silica Fume on Carbonation of Reinforced Concrete Structures in Persian Gulf Region. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Concrete under Severe Conditions, Environment and Loading, Yucatan, Mexico, 2010, pp. 1529–1534

[2] Al-Khaiat H, Haque M N. Carbonation of some coastal concrete structures in Kuwait. ACI Materials Journal, 1997, 94(6): 602–607

[3] Ramezanianpour A A, Ghahari S A, Esmaeili M. Effect of combined carbonation and chloride ion ingress by an accelerated test method on microscopic and mechanical properties of concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2014, 58: 138–146

[4] Kuosa H, Ferreira R M, Holt E, Leivo M, Vesikari E. Effect of coupled deterioration by freeze–thaw, carbonation and chlorides on concrete service life. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2014, 47: 32–40

[5] Pr EN1504-2. Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures. Definitions—requirements—quality control and evaluation of conformity. Part 2: surface protection systems, European standards, 2000

[6] Dansk Standard. Repair of concrete structures to EN 1504. A guide for renovation of concrete structures—repair materials and systems according to EN 1504 series. 1st ed. London: Elsevier, 2004

[7] Khanzadeh M, Shekarchi M, Hoseini M. Time-dependent performance of concrete surface coatings in tidal zone of marine environment. Construction & Building Materials, 2012, 30: 198–205

[8] ASTM C33. Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates. 2004

[9] ASTM C231. Standard test method for air content of freshly mixed concrete by the pressure method. 2003

[10] ASTM C143. Standard test method for slump of hydraulic-cement concrete. 2003

[11] ASTM C138. Standard test method for density (unit weight), yield, and air content (gravimetric) of concrete. 2003

[12] DIN 1048. Test methods for testing concrete.1991

[13] Al-amoudi, O S, Maslehuddin, M, Bader, M A. Characteristics of silica fume and its impacts on concrete in the Arabian Gulf. Concrete (London), 2001, 35(2): 45–50

[14] Sadati S, Arezoumandi M, Shekarchi M. Long-term performance of concrete surface coatings in soil exposure of marine environments. Construction & Building Materials, 2015, 94: 656–663

[15] NordTest NT Build 492. NordTest method for chloride migration coefficient from non-steady state migration experiments in concrete, mortar, and cement-based repair materials. 1999

[16] NordTest NT Build 443. NordTest method for accelerated chloride penetration in hardened concrete and other cement-based materials. 1995

[17] ASTM C1152. Standard test method for acid-soluble chloride in mortar and concrete. 2004

[18] ASTM C114. Part 19. Standard test method for chemical analysis of hydraulic cement. 2004

[19] RILEM Committee CPC-18. Measurement of hardened concrete carbonation depth, TC14-CPC. 1988

[20] Meijers S J H, Bijen J M J M, De Borst R, Fraaij A L A. Computational results of a model for chloride ingress in concrete including convection, drying-wetting cycles and carbonation. Materials and Structures, 2005, 38(2): 145–154

[21] Praw M. Polyurethane Coatings: A Brief Overview. Journal of Protective Coatings & Linings, 2013, 30(8): 34

[22] Hosseini M. Effect of surface coatings on the diffusion of chloride ion into concrete in Persian Gulf region comparing with results of laboratory experiments and economical analysis for life cycle coast (in Persian). Dissertation for the Master’s Degree. Tehran: University of Tehran Iran, 2004

[23] Diamanti M V, Brenna A, Bolzoni F, Berra M, Pastore T, Ormellese M. Effect of polymer modified cementitious coatings on water and chloride permeability in concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2013, 49: 720–728

[24] Dousti A, Shekarchi M, Alizadeh R, Taheri-Motlagh A. Binding of externally supplied chlorides in micro silica concrete under field exposure conditions. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2011, 33(10): 1071–1079

[25] Kobayashi K, Funato M, Shiraki R, Uno Y, Kawai K. Carbonation and concentration of chloride in concrete containing chlorides. III. Kenkyin, 1989, 41(12): 930–932

[26] Suryavanshi A K, Narayan Swamy R. Stability of Friedel’s salt in carbonated concrete structural elements. Cement and Concrete Research, 1996, 26(5): 729–741

[27] Anstice D J, Page C L, Page M M. The pore solution phase of carbonated cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research, 2005, 35(2): 377–383

[28] Eto S, Matsuo T, Matsumura T, Fujii T, Tanaka M Y. Quantitative estimation of carbonation and chloride penetration in reinforced concrete by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta. Part B, Atomic Spectroscopy, 2014, 101: 245–253

[29] Crank J. The Mathematics of Diffusion. 2nd ed. London: Oxford Press, 1975

[30] Khanzadeh-Moradllo M, Meshkini M, Eslamdoost E, Sadati S, Shekarchi, M. Effect of wet curing duration on long-term performance of concrete in tidal zone of marine environment. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 2015, DOI 10.1007/s40069-015-0118-3

[31] Mangat P S, Molloy B T. Prediction of long term chloride concentration in concrete. Materials and Structures, 1994, 27(6): 338–346

[32] Zhang J Z, Buenfeld N R. Chloride profiles in surface-treated mortar specimens. Construction & Building Materials, 2000, 14(6): 359–364

[33] Rodrigues M P M C, Costa M R N, Mendes A M, Marques M E. Effectiveness of surface coatings to protect reinforced concrete in marine environments. Materials and Structures, 2000, 33(10): 618–626

[34] Nokken M, Boddy A, Hooton R D, Thomas M D A. Time dependent diffusion in concrete-three laboratory studies. Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36(1): 200–207

[35] Shekarchi M, Rafiee A, Layssi H. Long-term chloride diffusion in silica fume concrete in harsh marine climates. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2009, 31(10): 769–775

[36] Ann K Y, Ahn J H, Ryou J S. The importance of chloride content at the concrete surface in assessing the time to corrosion of steel in concrete structures. Construction & Building Materials, 2009, 23(1): 239–245

[37] Tritthart J. Chloride binding in cement II. The influence of the hydroxide concentration in the pore solution of hardened cement paste on chloride binding. Cement and Concrete Research, 1989, 19(5): 683–691

[38] Tuutti K. Corrosion of steel in concrete. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 1982

[39] Sisomphon K, Franke L. Carbonation rates of concretes containing high volume of pozzolanic materials. Cement and Concrete Research, 2007, 37(12): 1647–1653

[40] Medeiros M H, Helene P. Surface treatment of reinforced concrete in marine environment: Influence on chloride diffusion coefficient and capillary water absorption. Construction & Building Materials, 2009, 23(3): 1476–1484

[41] Almusallam A A, Khan F M, Dulaijan S U, Al-Amoudi O S B. Effectiveness of surface coatings in improving concrete durability. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2003, 25(4): 473–481

[42] Ibrahim M, Al-Gahtani A S, Maslehuddin M, Dakhil F H. Use of surface treatment materials to improve concrete durability. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 1999, 11(1): 36–40

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg