GIS-based numerical simulation of Amamioshima debris flow in Japan

Abstract

Debris flow is a rapid flow which could lead to severe flooding with catastrophic consequences such as damage to properties and loss of human lives. It is important to study the movement of debris flow. Since during a debris flow process, the erosion and deposition processes are important, the no entrainment assumption is not acceptable. In this study, first we considered the debris flow as equivalent fluid and adopted the depth-averaged govern equations to simulate the movements and evolution of river bed. Secondly, the set of partial differential equations was solved numerically by means of explicit staggered leap-frog scheme that is accurate in space and time. The grid of difference scheme was derived from GIS raster data. Then the simulation results can be displayed by GIS and easily used to form the hazard maps. Finally, the numerical model coupled with GIS is applied to simulate the debris flow occurred on Oct. 20th, 2010, in Amamioshima City, Japan. The simulation reproduces the movement, erosion and deposition. The results are shown to be consistent with the field investigation.

Keywords

debris flow / numerical simulation / GIS / movement / erosion / deposition

References

[1] Tang C, Rengers N, Yang Y H, Wang G F. Triggering conditions and depositional characteristics of a disastrous debris flow event in Zhouqu city, Gansu Province, northwestern China. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2011, 11(11): 2903–2912

[2] Roy C S, Masahiro C. Landslides and debris flows strike Kyushu, Japan. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 2004, 85: 145–156

[3] Armanini A, Fraccarollo L, Rosatti G. Two-dimensional simulation of debris flows in erodible channels. Computers & Geosciences, 2009, 35: 993–1006

[4] Hungr O. A model for the runout analysis of rapid flow slides, debris flows, and avalanches. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 1995, 32: 610–623

[5] Hungr O, Evans S G. A dynamic model for landslides with changing mass. In: Marinos, Koukis, Tsiambaos and Stournaras, eds. Engineering Geology and the Environment. Athens, Greece, 1997, 719–724

[6] Rickenmann D, Koch T. Comparison of debris flow modelling approaches. In: Chen C L, ed. Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Proceedings of the first International DFHM Conference. ASCE, New York, USA, 1997, 576–585

[7] Coussot P. Some considerations on debris flow rheology. In: Ergenzinger P, Schmidt K H, eds. Dynamics and Geomorphology of Mountain Rivers, Dynamics and Geomorphology of Mountain Rivers. Lectures Notes in Earth Sciences 52, Berlin, 1994, 315– 326

[8] Whipple K X. Open channel flow of Bingham Fluids: Applications on debris flow research. Journal of Geology, 1997, 105: 243–262

[9] Brufau P, Garcia-Navarro P, Ghilardi P, Natale L, Savi F. 1D mathematical modelling of debris flow. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2000, 38: 435–446

[10] Nakagawa H, Takahashi T. Estimation of a debris flow hydrograph and hazard area. In: Chen C L, eds. Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Proceedings of the first International DFHM Conference. San Francisco, CA, USA, 1997, 64–73

[11] Nakagawa H, Takahashi T, Satofuka Y. A debris-flow disaster on the fan of the Harihara River, Japan. In: Wieczorek G F, Naeser N D, eds. Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Proceedings of Second International DFHM Conference. Taipei, China, 2000, 193–201

[12] Shieh C L, Jan C D, Tsai Y F. A numerical simulation of debris flow and its applications. Natural Hazards, 1996, 13: 39–54

[13] Takahashi T. Debris Flow, IAHR Monograph Series. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1991

[14] Takahashi T, Nakagawa H, Harada T, Yamashiki Y. Routing debris flows with particle segregation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1992, 118(11): 1490–1507

[15] Zanre D D L, Needham D J. On simple waves and weak shock theory for the equations of alluvial river hydraulics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 1996, 354: 2993–3054

[16] Lai C. Modelling alluvial channel flow by multimode characteristic method. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1991, 117: 32–53

[17] Morris P H, Williams D J. Relative celerities of mobile bed flows with finite solid concentration. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1996, 122: 311–315

[18] Iverson R M. The physics of debris flows. Reviews of Geophysics, 1997, 35: 245–296

[19] McDougall S, Hungr O. Dynamic modeling of entrainment in rapid landslides. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2005, 42: 1437–1448

[20] Chen H, Crosta G B, Lee C F. Erosional effects on runout of fast landslides debris flows and avalanches: A numerical investigation. Geotechnique, 2006, 56(5): 305–322

[21] Remaitre A. Mophologie et dynamique des laves torrentielles: Applications aux torrents des Terres Noires du basin de Barcelonnette (Alpes du Sud). Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Caen: Université de Caen, 2006

[22] Vandine D F, Bovis M. History and goals of Canadian debris flow research, a review. Natural Hazards, 2002, 26: 69–82

[23] Sovilla B, Margreth S, Bartelt P. On snow entrainment in avalanches dynamics calculations. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2007, 47: 69–79

[24] Mangeney A, Roche O, Hungr O, Mangold N, Faccanoni G, Lucas A. Erosion and mobility in granular collapse over sloping beds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2010, 115: 20–25

[25] Lin M L, Jeng S S. A preliminary study of risk assessment of debris flow using GIS. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, 1995, 7: 475–486 (in Chinese)

[26] Lin J Y, Yang M D, Lin P S. An evaluation on the applications of remote sensing and GIS in the estimation system on potential debris flow. Annual Conference of Chinese Geographic Information Society (CD edition), 1998

[27] Lin P S, Lin J Y, Hung J C, Yang M D. Risk assessment of potential debris flows using GIS. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Debris-Flow. Balkema, 2000, 431–440

[28] Cheng K Y, Lin L K, Chang S Y. The field investigation and GIS application in a potential hazardous area of debris flow. In: Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment, Proceedings of the First International Conference. ASCE, New York. 1997, 83–92

[29] Imran J, Harff P, Parker G. A number model of submarine debris-flow with a graphical user interface. Computers & Geosciences, 2001, 27: 717–729

[30] Iverson R M. The debris-flow rheology myth. In: Rickenmann D, Chen C L, eds. Debris-flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress, 2003, 303–314

[31] Vreugdenhil C B. Numerical Methods for Shallow-Water Flow. Norwell: Kluwer Acadamic, 1994

[32] Savage S B, Hutter K. The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1989, 199: 177–215

[33] Gray J M N T, Wieland M, Hutter K. Gravity-driven free surface flow of granular avalanches over complex basal topography. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1999, 455: 1841– 1874

[34] Naef D, Rickenmann D, Rutschmann P, McArdell B W. Comparision of flow resistance relations for debris flows using a one-dimensional finite element simulation model. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2006, 6: 155–165

[35] Christen M, Kowalski J, Bartelt P. RAMMS: Numerical simulation of snow avalanches in three-dimensional terrain. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2010, 63: 1–14

[36] Yoshiaki I, Akihide T. Numerical simulations of flows and dispersive behaviours in southern part of lake Biwa. Disaster Prevention Research Institute Annuals, 1978, 31(B-2): 293–305 (in Japanese)

Acknowledgements

This study has received financial support from the Global Environment Research Found of Japan (S-8), and from Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Scientific Research (B), 22310113, G. Chen) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. And the first author acknowledges the support of China Scholarship Council. These financial supports are gratefully acknowledged.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg