Digital coding transmissive metasurface for multi-OAM-beam

Abstract

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) is a phenomenon of vortex phase distribution in free space, which has attracted enormous attention in theoretical research and practical application of wireless communication systems due to its characteristic of infinitely orthogonal modes. However, traditional methods generating OAM beams are bound to complex structure, large device, multiple layers, complex feed networks, and limited beams in microwave range. Here, a digital coding transmissive metasurface (DCTMS) with a single layer substrate and the bi-symmetrical arrow is proposed and designed to generate multi-OAM-beam based on Pancharatnam−Berry (PB) phase principle. The 3-bit phase response can be realized by encoding the geometric phase into rotation angle of unit cell for DCTMS. Additionally, the phase compensation of the metasurface is introduced to achieve the beam focusing and the conversion from spherical wave to plane wave. According to the digital convolution theorem, the far-field patterns and near-field distributions of multi-OAM-beam withl= −2 modes are adequately demonstrated by DCTMS prototypes. The OAM efficiency and the purity are calculated to demonstrate the excellent multi-OAM-beam. The simulated and experimental results illustrate their performance of OAM beams. The designed DCTMS has profound application in multi-platform wireless communication systems and the multi-channel imaging systems.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

transmissive metasurface / orbital angular momentum / Pancharatnam−Berry phase / multi-beam / phase compensation

References

[1] P. Zheng , Q. Dai , Z. Li , Z. Ye , J. Xiong , H. Liu , G. Zheng , S. Zhang . Metasurface-based key for computational imaging encryption. Sci. Adv., 2021, 7( 21): eabg0363

[2] X. Fang , H. Ren , M. Gu . Orbital angular momentum holography for high-security encryption. Nat. Photonics, 2020, 14( 2): 102

[3] H. Sroor , Y. Huang , B. Sephton , D. Naidoo , A. Valles , V. Ginis , C. Qiu , A. Ambrosio , F. Capasso , A. Forbes , Capasso Feder. , Forbes A. . High-purity orbital angular momentum states from a visible metasurface laser. Nat. Photonics, 2020, 14( 8): 498

[4] S. Li , Z. Li , B. Han , G. Huang , X. Liu , H. Yang , X. Cao . Multifunctional Coding Metasurface with Left and Right Circularly Polarized and Multiple Beams. Front. Mater., 2022, 9 : 854062

[5] P. Feng S. Qu S. Yang, OAM-generating transmitarray antenna with circular phased array antenna feed, IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 68(6), 4540 ( 2020)

[6] Q. Zhou , M. Liu , W. Zhu , L. Chen , Y. Ren , H. Lezec , T. Xu . Generation of perfect vortex beams by dielectric geometric metasurface for visible light. Laser Photonics Rev., 2021, 15( 12): 2100390

[7] J. Wang , S. Chen , J. Liu . Orbital angular momentum communications based on standard multi-mode fiber. APL Photonics, 2021, 6( 6): 060804

[8] Q. Xiao , Q. Ma , T. Yan , L. W. Wu , C. Liu , Z. X. Wang , X. Wan , Q. Cheng , T. J. Cui . Orbital−angular−momentum-encrypted holography based on coding information metasurface. Adv. Opt. Mater., 2021, 9( 11): 2002155

[9] W. Chen A. Zhu J. Sisler Z. Bharwani F. Capasso, A broadband achromatic polarization-insensitive metalens consisting of anisotropic nanostructures, Nat. Commun. 10(1), 1 ( 2019)

[10] K. Ou , F. Yu , G. Li , W. Wang , A. E. Miroshnichenko , W. Lu . Mid-infrared polarization-controlled broadband achromatic metadevice. Sci. Adv., 2020, 6( 37): eabc0711

[11] S. Li , Y. Li , L. Zhang , Z. Luo , B. Han , R. Li , X. Cao , Q. Cheng , T. Cui . Programmable controls to scattering properties of a radiation array. Laser Photonics Rev., 2021, 15( 2): 2000449

[12] S. J. Li , B. W. Han , Z. Y. Li , X. B. Liu , G. S. Huang , R. Q. Li , X. Y. Cao . Transmissive coding metasurface with dual-circularly polarized multi-beam. Opt. Express, 2022, 30( 15): 26362

[13] S. Li , T. Cui , Y. Li , C. Zhang , R. Li , X. Cao , Z. Guo . Multifunctional and multiband fractal metasurface based on inter‐metamolecular coupling interaction. Adv. Theory Simul., 2019, 2( 8): 1900105

[14] Y. Tanaka , P. Albella , M. Rahmani , V. Giannini , S. A. Maier , T. Shimura . Plasmonic linear nanomotor using lateral optical forces. Sci. Adv., 2020, 6( 45): eabc3726

[15] B. Han , S. Li , Z. Li , G. Huang , J. Tian , X. Cao . Asymmetric transmission for dual-circularly and linearly polarized waves based on a chiral metasurface. Opt. Express, 2021, 29( 13): 19643

[16] Z. Li , W. Liu , H. Cheng , D. Y. Choi , S. Chen , J. Tian . Spin‐selective full‐dimensional manipulation of optical waves with chiral mirror. Adv. Mater., 2020, 32( 26): 1907983

[17] Q. Song , S. Khadir , S. Vézian , B. Damilano , P. D. Mierry , S. Chenot , P. Genevet . Bandwidth-unlimited polarization-maintaining metasurfaces. Sci. Adv., 2021, 7( 5): eabe1112

[18] A. Dorrah , N. Rubin , A. Zai , M. Tamagnone , F. Capasso . Metasurface optics for on-demand polarization transformations along the optical path. Nat. Photonics, 2021, 15( 4): 287

[19] S. Li , Y. Li , H. Li , Z. Wang , C. Zhang , Z. Guo , R. Li , X. Cao , T. Cui . A thin self‐feeding Janus metasurface for manipulating incident waves and emitting radiation waves simultaneously. Ann. Phys., 2020, 532( 5): 2000020

[20] H. Lv , Q. Huang , X. Yi , J. Hou , X. Shi . Low-profile transmitting metasurface using single dielectric substrate for OAM generation. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., 2020, 19( 5): 881

[21] Z. Zhang , Y. Zhang , T. Wu , S. Chen , W. Li , J. Guan . Broadband RCS reduction by a quaternionic metasurface. Materials (Basel), 2021, 14( 11): 2787

[22] F. Arute , K. Arya , R. Babbush , D. Bacon , J. C. Bardin , R. Barends , J. M. Martinis . Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor. Nature, 2019, 574( 7779): 505

[23] A. Leitis , A. Heßler , S. Wahl , M. Wuttig , T. Taubner , A. Tittl , H. Altug . All‐dielectric programmable Huygens’ metasurfaces. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2020, 30( 19): 1910259

[24] X. Zhang , W. Jiang , H. Jiang , Q. Wang , H. Tian , L. Bai , T. Cui . An optically driven digital metasurface for programming electromagnetic functions. Nat. Electron., 2020, 3( 3): 165

[25] J. Zhao , X. Yang , J. Dai , Q. Cheng , X. Li , N. Qi , T. Cui . Programmable time-domain digital-coding metasurface for non-linear harmonic manipulation and new wireless communication systems. Natl. Sci. Rev., 2019, 6( 2): 231

[26] L. Zhang , Z. Wang , R. Shao , J. Shen , X. Chen , X. Wan , T. Cui . Dynamically realizing arbitrary multi-bit programmable phases using a 2-bit time-domain coding metasurface. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., 2020, 68( 4): 2984

[27] P. Xu , W. Jiang , X. Cai , S. Bai , T. Cui . An integrated coding-metasurface-based array antenna. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., 2020, 68( 2): 891

[28] H. Li , Y. Li , J. Shen , T. Cui . Low‐profile electromagnetic holography by using coding Fabry–Perot type metasurface with in‐plane feeding. Adv. Opt. Mater., 2020, 8( 9): 1902057

[29] Z. Li , S. Li , B. Han , G. Huang , Z. Guo , X. Cao . Quad‐band transmissive metasurface with linear to dual‐circular polarization conversion simultaneously. Adv. Theory Simul., 2021, 4( 8): 2100117

[30] M. Tal , D. B. Haim , T. Ellenbogen . Geometric phase opens new frontiers in nonlinear frequency conversion of light. Front. Phys., 2022, 17( 1): 12302

[31] A. Karnieli , Y. Li , A. Arie . The geometric phase in nonlinear frequency conversionn. Front. Phys., 2022, 17( 1): 12301

[32] Y. Tian , X. Jing , H. Gan , C. Li , Z. Hong . Free control of far-field scattering angle of transmission terahertz wave using multilayer split-ring resonators’ metasurfaces. Front. Phys., 2020, 15( 6): 62502

[33] H. Ahmed , H. Kim , Y. Zhang , Y. Intaravanne , J. Jang , J. Rho , S. Chen , X. Chen . Optical metasurfaces for generating and manipulating optical vortex beams. Nanophotonics, 2022, 11( 5): 941

[34] Y. Bai , H. Lv , X. Fu , Y. Yang . Vortex beam: generation and detection of orbital angular momentum. Chin. Opt. Lett., 2022, 20( 1): 012601

[35] S. Yu , L. Li , G. Shi , C. Zhu , Y. Shi . Generating multiple orbital angular momentum vortex beams using a metasurface in radio frequency domain. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2016, 108( 24): 241901

[36] F. Yue , D. Wen , C. Zhang , B. D. Gerardot , W. Wang , S. Zhang , X. Chen . Multichannel polarization‐controllable superpositions of orbital angular momentum states. Adv. Mater., 2017, 29( 15): 1603838

[37] L. Zhang , S. Liu , L. Li , T. Cui . Spin-controlled multiple pencil beams and vortex beams with different polarizations generated by Pancharatnam−Berry coding metasurfaces. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9( 14): 36447

[38] X. Bai , F. Zhang , L. Sun , A. Cao , C. He , J. Zhang , W. Zhu . Dynamic millimeter-wave OAM beam generation through programmable metasurface. Nanophotonics, 2022, 11( 7): 1389

[39] Y. Wang , K. Zhang , Y. Yuan , X. Ding , B. Ratni , S. N. Burokur , Q. Wu . Planar vortex beam generator for circularly polarized incidence based on FSS. IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., 2020, 68( 3): 2938666

[40] X. Bai , F. Kong , Y. Sun , G. Wang , J. Qian , X. Li , A. Cao , C. He , X. Liang , R. Jin , W. Zhu . High‐efficiency transmissive programmable metasurface for multimode OAM generation. Adv. Opt. Mater., 2020, 8( 17): 2000570

[41] H. Zhao , B. Quan , X. Wang , C. Gu , J. Li , Y. Zhang . Demonstration of orbital angular momentum multiplexing and demultiplexing based on a metasurface in the terahertz band. ACS Photonics, 2018, 5( 5): 1726

[42] Y. Yuan , K. Zhang , B. Ratni , Q. Song , X. Ding , Q. Wu , P. Genevet . Independent phase modulation for quadruplex polarization channels enabled by chirality-assisted geometric-phase metasurfaces. Nat. Commun., 2020, 11( 1): 1

[43] K. Zhang , Y. Yuan , X. Ding , H. Li , B. Ratni , Q. Wu , J. Tan . Polarization‐engineered noninterleaved metasurface for integer and fractional orbital angular momentum multiplexing. Laser Photonics Rev., 2020, 15( 1): 2000351

[44] G. Ding , K. Chen , N. Zhang , J. Zhao , T. Jiang , Y. Feng . Independent wavefront tailoring in full polarization channels by helicity-decoupled metasurface. Ann. Phys., 2022, 534( 4): 2100546

[45] Y. Pan , F. Lan , Y. Zhang , H. Zeng , L. Wang , T. Song , Z. Yang . Dual-band multifunctional coding metasurface with a mingled anisotropic aperture for polarized manipulation in full space. Photon. Res., 2022, 10( 2): 416

Electronic supplementary materials

are available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-022-1179-9 and https://journal.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/10.1007/s11467-022-1179-9 and are accessible for authorized users.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62171460 and 61801508), the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant Nos. 2020JM-350, 20200108, and 20210110), the Young Innovation Team at Colleges of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2020022), the Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Support Program of China (Grant No. BX20180375), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 2021T140111, 2019M650098, and 2019M653960), and the Postdoctoral Research Funding of Jiangsu Province (No. 2019K219).

Author contribution

All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2022 Higher Education Press