Comprehensive functional annotation of susceptibility variants identifies genetic heterogeneity between lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract

Although genome-wide association studies have identified more than eighty genetic variants associated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) risk, biological mechanisms of these variants remain largely unknown. By integrating a large-scale genotype data of 15 581 lung adenocarcinoma (AD) cases, 8350 squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) cases, and 27 355 controls, as well as multiple transcriptome and epigenomic databases, we conducted histology-specific meta-analyses and functional annotations of both reported and novel susceptibility variants. We identified 3064 credible risk variants for NSCLC, which were overrepresented in enhancer-like and promoter-like histone modification peaks as well as DNase I hypersensitive sites. Transcription factor enrichment analysis revealed that USF1 was AD-specific while CREB1 was SqCC-specific. Functional annotation and gene-based analysis implicated 894 target genes, including 274 specifics for AD and 123 for SqCC, which were overrepresented in somatic driver genes (ER=1.95, P=0.005). Pathway enrichment analysis and Gene-Set Enrichment Analysis revealed that AD genes were primarily involved in immune-related pathways, while SqCC genes were homologous recombination deficiency related. Our results illustrate the molecular basis of both well-studied and new susceptibility loci of NSCLC, providing not only novel insights into the genetic heterogeneity between AD and SqCC but also a set of plausible gene targets for post-GWAS functional experiments.

Keywords

lung cancer / genome-wide association study / function annotation / immune / homologous recombination repair deficiency / genetic heterogeneity

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Key International (Regional) Cooperative Research Project (No. 81820108028), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81521004, 81922061, 81973123, and 81803306), the Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Jiangsu (No. BK20160046), and the Priority Academic Program for the Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (Public Health and Preventive Medicine). CARET is funded by the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health of USA through grants U01-CA063673, UM1-CA167462, and U01-CA167462.

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Na Qin, Yuancheng Li, Cheng Wang, Meng Zhu, Juncheng Dai, Tongtong Hong, Demetrius Albanes, Stephen Lam, Adonina Tardon, Chu Chen, Gary Goodman, Stig E. Bojesen, Maria Teresa Landi, Mattias Johansson, Angela Risch, H-Erich Wichmann, Heike Bickeboller, Gadi Rennert, Susanne Arnold, Paul Brennan, John K. Field, Sanjay Shete, Loic Le Marchand, Olle Melander, Hans Brunnstrom, Geoffrey Liu, Rayjean J. Hung, Angeline Andrew, Lambertus A. Kiemeney, Shan Zienolddiny, Kjell Grankvist, Mikael Johansson, Neil Caporaso, Penella Woll, Philip Lazarus, Matthew B. Schabath, Melinda C. Aldrich, Victoria L. Stevens, Guangfu Jin, David C. Christiani, Zhibin Hu, Christopher I. Amos, Hongxia Ma, and Hongbing Shen declare that they have no conflict of interest. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants included in this study, and each study was approved by the corresponding institutional review board.

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