New medical risks affecting obstetrics after implementation of the two-child policy in China
Qiang Li, Dongrui Deng
New medical risks affecting obstetrics after implementation of the two-child policy in China
China recently instituted a two-child policy in response to its aging population, declining workforce and demographic dividend, and the need to develop asocial economy. Additionally, women generally delay having a second child because of the overwhelming pressure in their lives. With the improvements in assisted fertility technologies in recent years, the number of elderly women attempting to bear children has increased. The quality of woman’s eggs and a man’s sperm declined dramatically with increasing age, leading to an increased risk of pregnancy-related complications among older women. Therefore, the types of fertility problems experienced by elderly females must be provided with considerable attention by obstetricians. This commentary article focuses on the medical problems faced by older second-child pregnant women. This work discusses their increased rates of infertility, spontaneous abortion, fetal malformation, gestational diabetes, cesarean section, placenta previa, postpartum hemorrhage, postpartum depression, and hypertensive disorders, which complicate pregnancy.
two-child policy / birth defects / cesarean delivery / placenta previa
[1] |
Padmadas SS. Two-child policy in China: rhetoric versus reality. Ann Hum Biol 2017; 44(2): 97–98
Pubmed
|
[2] |
Koo YJ, Ryu HM, Yang JH, Lim JH, Lee JE, Kim MY, Chung JH. Pregnancy outcomes according to increasing maternal age. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 51(1): 60–65
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Gong W, Xu DR, Caine ED. Challenges arising from China’s two-child policy. Lancet 2016; 387(10025): 1274
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Liu X, Zhang W. Effect of maternal age on pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2014; 127(12): 2241–2246
Pubmed
|
[5] |
Zheng T, Sun A, Lang J, Deng Y, Chen R, Tian Q, Deng S. Change tendency during 30 years of infertility and endometriosis in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Chin J Obstet Gynecol (Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi) 2015; 50(8): 591–595 (in Chinese)
Pubmed
|
[6] |
Hu H, Yang H, Yin Z, Zhao L. Chromosome examination of missed abortion patients. Chin Med J (Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi) 2015; 95(35): 2837–2840 (in Chinese)
Pubmed
|
[7] |
Usmani A, Rehman R, Qamar A. Effect of age on uterine and ovarian morphology with polycystic ovaries. J Pak Med Assoc 2014; 64(10): 1119–1122
Pubmed
|
[8] |
Agenor A, Bhattacharya S. Infertility and miscarriage: common pathways in manifestation and management. Womens Health (Lond) 2015; 11(4): 527–541
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Li Y, Gong Y, Liu H, Song Y, He W, Wei J, Sun X, Chen X. Detection for chromosomal aberrations in 43 fetuses with spontaneous abortion and stillbirth by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Chin J Med Genet (Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi) 2015; 32(3): 348–352 (in Chinese)
Pubmed
|
[10] |
Neusser M, Rogenhofer N, Durl S, Ochsenkuhn R, Trottmann M, Jurinovic V, Steinlein O, von Schonfeldt V, Muller S, Thaler CJ. Increased chromosome 16 disomy rates in human spermatozoa and recurrent spontaneous abortions. Fertil Steril 2015; 104(5): 1130–1137. e1–e10
|
[11] |
Rabiega-Gmyrek D, Olejniczak T, Niepsuj-Biniaś J, Guglas-Bochyńska B, Jachowski P, Latos-Bieleńska A, Opala T. Chromosomal aberrations—the cause of spontaneous abortions. Ginekol Pol 2015; 86(5): 357–361 (in Polish)
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Yu M, Ping Z, Zhang S, He Y, Dong R, Guo X. The survey of birth defects rate based on birth registration system. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 129(17): 2140
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Luo YL, Cheng YL, Gao XH, Tan SQ, Li JM, Wang W, Chen Q. Maternal age, parity and isolated birth defects: a population-based case-control study in Shenzhen, China. PLoS One 2013; 8(11): e81369
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Yang M, Zhang S, Du Y. Epidemiology characteristics of birth defects in Shenzhen city during 2003 to 2009, China. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 28(7): 799–803
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Yu JR, Jin L, Xiao LH, Jin L. Prevalence of birth defects in the Tongzhou District of Beijing between 2006 and 2012. Chin J Contemp Pediatr (Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi) 2014; 16(11): 1133–1137 (in Chinese)
Pubmed
|
[16] |
Han XY, Jin L, Fan GS, Xiang Y, Liu XY, Hao N, Cui QC. Fetal anomalies in second trimester in recent ten years: clinical analysis of 116 cases. Chin Med J (Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi) 2009; 89(15): 1053–1056 (in Chinese)
Pubmed
|
[17] |
Elhanbly S, El-Saied MA, Fawzy M, El-Refaeey A, Mostafa T. Relationship of paternal age with outcome of percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration-intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in cases of congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. Fertil Steril 2015; 104(3): 602–606
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Zigman WB. Atypical aging in Down syndrome. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2013; 18(1): 51–67
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Alsammani MA, Ahmed SR. Grand multiparity: risk factors and outcome in a tertiary hospital: a comparative study. Mater Sociomed 2015; 27(4): 244–247
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Helseth R, Salvesen O, Stafne SN, Mørkved S, Salvesen KA, Carlsen SM. Gestational diabetes mellitus among Nordic Caucasian women: prevalence and risk factors according to WHO and simplified IADPSG criteria. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2014; 74(7): 620–628
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Bogaerts AF, Devlieger R, Nuyts E, Witters I, Gyselaers W, Van den Bergh BR. Effects of lifestyle intervention in obese pregnant women on gestational weight gain and mental health: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes 2013; 37(6): 814–821
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Berhan Y, Endeshaw G. Maternal mortality predictors in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. Ethiop J Health Sci 2015; 25(1): 89–98
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Li X, Tan H, Huang X, Zhou S, Hu S, Wang X, Xu X, Liu Q, Wen SW. Similarities and differences between the risk factors for gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: a population based cohort study in south China. Pregnancy Hypertens 2016; 6(1): 66–71
Pubmed
|
[24] |
Wielgos A, Szymusik I, Bartnik P, Kacperczyk J, Kosinska-Kaczynska K, Pietrzak B. Pregnancy beyond the age of 40— the influence of parity on perinatal outcome. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2015; 36(4): 387–393
Pubmed
|
[25] |
Jiang HQ, Chen H, Yang J. Characteristics of blood lipids levels and relevant factor analysis during pregnancy. Chin Med J (Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi) 2016; 96(9): 724–726 (in Chinese)
Pubmed
|
[26] |
Mahaba HM, Ismail NA, El Damaty SI, Kamel HA. Pre-eclampsia: epidemiology and outcome of 995 cases. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2001; 76(5-6): 357–368
Pubmed
|
[27] |
Barros FC, Matijasevich A, Maranhão AG, Escalante JJ, Rabello Neto DL, Fernandes RM, Vilella ME, Matos AC, Albuquerque C, Léon RG, Victora CG. Cesarean sections in Brazil: will they ever stop increasing? Rev Panam Salud Publica 2015; 38(3): 217–225
Pubmed
|
[28] |
Hu LQ, Flood P, Li Y, Tao W, Zhao P, Xia Y, Pian-Smith MC, Stellaccio FS, Ouanes JP, Hu F, Wong CA. No pain labor & delivery: a global health initiative’s impact on clinical outcomes in China. Anesth Analg 2016; 122(6): 1931–1938
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Mehta S, Tran K, Stewart L, Soutter E, Nauta M, Yoong W. Pregnancy outcomes in women greater than 45 years: a cohort control study in a multi-ethnic inner city population. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 289(5): 1125–1128
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Gao L, Huang Z, Zhang X, Zhou N, Huang X, Wang X. Reproductive outcomes following cesarean scar pregnancy — a case series and review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 200: 102–107
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Özcan S, Karayalçın R, Kanat Pektas M, Artar I, Sucak A, Çelen S, Danisman N. Multiple repeat cesarean delivery is associated with increased maternal morbidity irrespective of placenta accreata. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015; 19(11): 1959–1963
Pubmed
|
[32] |
Richards MK, Flanagan MR, Littman AJ, Burke AK, Callegari LS. Primary cesarean section and adverse delivery outcomes among women of very advanced maternal age. J Perinatol 2016; 36(4): 272–277
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[33] |
Yu L, Hu KJ, Yang HX. A retrospective analysis on the pernicious placenta previa from 2008 to 2014. Chin J Obstet Gynecol (Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi) 2016; 51(3): 169–173 (in Chinese)
Pubmed
|
[34] |
Palova E, Redecha M, Malova A, Hammerova L, Kosibova Z. Placenta accreta as a cause of peripartum hysterectomy. Bratisl Lek Listy 2016; 117(4): 212–216
Pubmed
|
[35] |
Zhu CK, Wang F, Zhou YM, Ying J, Chen DQ. Maternal outcomes in pregnant women with pernicious placenta previa. J Zhejiang Univ (Med Sci) (Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban) 2015; 44(3): 253–257 (in Chinese)
Pubmed
|
[36] |
Chen J, Cui H, Na Q, Li Q, Liu C. Analysis of emergency obstetric hysterectomy: the change of indications and the application of intraoperative interventions. Chin J Obstet Gynecol (Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi) 2015; 50(3): 177–182 (in Chinese)
Pubmed
|
[37] |
Gurol-Urganci I, Cromwell DA, Edozien LC, Smith GC, Onwere C, Mahmood TA, Templeton A, van der Meulen JH. Risk of placenta previa in second birth after first birth cesarean section: a population-based study and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011; 11(1): 95
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[38] |
Clark EA, Silver RM. Long-term maternal morbidity associated with repeat cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205(6 Suppl): S2–S10
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[39] |
Yan J, Shi CY, Yu L, Yang HX. Folding sutures following tourniquet binding as a conservative surgical approach for placenta previa combined with morbidly adherent placenta. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128(20): 2818–2820
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[40] |
Li GT, Li GR, Li XF, Wu BP. Funnel compression suture: a conservative procedure to control postpartum bleeding from the lower uterine segment. BJOG 2016; 123(8): 1380–1385
Pubmed
|
[41] |
Du X, Xie X, Wang Y. Uterine artery suture: a preventive approach for pernicious placenta previa. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 68(2): 407–410
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[42] |
Zeng H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Guo XY. Perioperative management of abdominal aortic balloon occlusion in patients complicated with placenta percteta: a case report. J Peking Univ (Health Sci) (Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban) 2015; 47(6): 1031–1033 (in Chinese)
Pubmed
|
[43] |
Xu JQ. Effectiveness of embolization of the internal iliac or uterine arteries in the treatment of massive obstetrical and gynecological hemorrhages. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015; 19(3): 372–374
Pubmed
|
[44] |
Cavazos-Rehg PA, Krauss MJ, Spitznagel EL, Bommarito K, Madden T, Olsen MA, Subramaniam H, Peipert JF, Bierut LJ. Maternal age and risk of labor and delivery complications. Matern Child Health J 2015; 19(6): 1202–1211
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[45] |
Chi Z, Zhang S, Wang Y, Yang L, Yang Y, Li X. Research of the assessable method of postpartum hemorrhage. Technol Health Care 2016; 24(Suppl 2): S465–S469
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[46] |
Tang PP, Hu HY, Gao JS, Hu J, Zhong YF, Wang T, Song YN, Zhou XY, Yang JQ, Liu JT, Pan J, Shi HF. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of pelvic arterial embolization in women with primary postpartum hemorrhage. Chin J Obstet Gynecol (Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi) 2016; 51(2): 81–86 (in Chinese)
Pubmed
|
[47] |
Xie YC, Yuan HW, Zhuang RJ, Han CH, Liu SH, Chen SF, Fu ZW, Wang ZM, Qiao SZ, Guo L, Zhang HY. Study on the status and related socio-psychological factors of maternal depression among high-risk pregnancy women in Harbin city. Chin J Prev Med (Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi) 2012; 46(6): 543–546 (in Chinese)
Pubmed
|
[48] |
Sockol LE, Battle CL. Maternal attitudes, depression, and anxiety in pregnant and postpartum multiparous women. Arch Women Ment Health 2015; 18(4): 585–593
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[49] |
Walmer R, Huynh J, Wenger J, Ankers E, Mantha AB, Ecker J, Thadhani R, Park E, Bentley-Lewis R. Mental health disorders subsequent to gestational diabetes mellitus differ by race/ethnicity. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32(10): 774–782
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[50] |
Yang F, Gardner CO Jr, Bigdeli T, Gao J, Zhang Z, Tao M, Liu Y, Li Y, Wang G, Shi J, Gao C, Zhang K, Li K, Wang X, Liu L, Sun J, Du B, Shi S, Zhang J, Wu W, Wang X, Shen J, Liu T, Gu D, Liang W, Deng H, Pan J, Yang L, Jian H, Jiang G, Meng H, Miao G, Li Y, Hu C, Huang G, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Ha B, Gao S, Fang X, Mei Q, Hong X, Yang D, Liu T, Fengyu Y, Zhong H, Sang H, Chen G, Cai M, Song Y, Dong J, Shen Z, Zhang W, Wang X, Pan R, Liu X, Li Y, Liu Z, Zhang Q, Li G, Flint J, Kendler KS. Clinical features of and risk factors for major depression with history of postpartum episodes in Han Chinese women: a retrospective study. J Affect Disord 2015; 183: 339–346
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[51] |
Xie RH, Lei J, Wang S, Xie H, Walker M, Wen SW. Cesarean section and postpartum depression in a cohort of Chinese women with a high cesarean delivery rate. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2011; 20(12): 1881–1886
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[52] |
Jnifen A, Fadhlaoui A, Chaker A, Zhioua F. Particularities of pregnancy and labor in 40-year-old women. Report of 300 cases. Tunis Med 2010; 88(11): 829–833 (in French)
Pubmed
|
/
〈 | 〉 |