State-of-art review of the optimization methods to design the configuration of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs)

Abstract

The current research aims to present an inclusive review of latest research works performed with the aim of improving the efficiency of the hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) by employing diverse ranges of the optimization techniques, which aid the designers to achieve the minimum expected total cost, while satisfying the power demand and the reliability. For this purpose, a detailed analysis of the different classification drivers considering the design factors such as the optimization goals, utilized optimization methods, grid type as well as the investigated technology has been conducted. Initial results have indicated that among all optimization goals, load demand parameters including loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and loss of load probability (LLP), cost, sizing (configuration), energy production, and environmental emissions are the most frequent design variables which have been cited the most. Another result of this paper indicates that almost 70% of the research projects have been dedicated towards the optimization of the off-grid applications of the HRESs. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that, integration of the PV, wind and battery is the most frequent configuration. In the next stage of the paper, a review concerning the sizing methods is also carried out to outline the most common techniques which are used to configure the components of the HRESs. In this regard, an analysis covering the optimized indicators such as the cost drivers, energy index parameters, load indicators, battery’s state of charge, PV generator area, design parameters such as the LPSP, and the wind power generation to load ratio, is also performed.

Key words： hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs); design and optimization; environmental pollutions; PV array; wind turbines (WTs); inverter; diesel generator (DG)

References

1 Sinha S, Chandel S S. Review of recent trends in optimization techniques for solar photovoltaic-wind based hybrid energy systems. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 50: 755–769

2 El-Hefnawi S H. Photovoltaic diesel-generator hybrid power system sizing. Renewable Energy, 1998, 13(1): 33–40

3 Shrestha G B, Goel L. A study on optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic stations. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 1998, 13(4): 373–378 doi:10.1109/60.736323

4 Ashok S. Optimized model for community-based hybrid energy system. Renewable Energy, 2007, 32(7): 1155–1164

5 Agarwal N, Kumar A, Varunb . Optimization of grid independent hybrid PV–diesel–battery system for power generation in remote villages of Uttar Pradesh, India. Energy for Sustainable Development, 2013, 17(3): 210–219

6 Wang F C, Chen H C. The development and optimization of customized hybrid power systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(28): 12261–12272

7 Shafiullah G M. Hybrid renewable energy integration (HREI) system for subtropical climate in Central Queensland, Australia. Renewable Energy, 2016, 96: 1034–1053

8 Chauhan A, Saini R P. Techno-economic optimization based approach for energy management of a stand-alone integrated renewable energy system for remote areas of India. Energy, 2016, 94: 138–156

9 Bordin C, Anuta H O, Crossland A, Gutierrez I L, Dent C J, Vigo D. A linear programming approach for battery degradation analysis and optimization in off grid power systems with solar energy integration. Renewable Energy, 2017, 101: 417–430

10 Alavi O, Sedaghat A, Mostafaeipour A. Sensitivity analysis of different wind speed distribution models with actual and truncated wind data: a case study for Kerman, Iran. Energy Conversion and Management, 2016, 120: 51–61

11 Alavi O, Mostafaeipour A, Qolipour M. Analysis of hydrogen production from wind energy in the southeast of Iran. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41 (34):15158–15171

12 Mostafaeipour A, Qolipour M, Mohammadi K. Evaluation of installing photovoltaic plants using a hybrid approach for Khuzestan province, Iran. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 60: 60–74

13 Mostafaeipour A, Sadeghian A. Development of wind turbine in Iran. In: Proceeding of World wind energy conference, Melbourne, Australia, 2005

14 Mostafaeipour A, Khayyami M, Sedaghat A, Mohammadi K, Shamshirband S, Sehati M A, Gorakifard E. Evaluating the wind energy potential for hydrogen production: a case study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(15): 6200–6210

15 Qolipour M, Mostafaeipour A, Shamshirband S, Alavi O, Goudarzi H. Evaluation of wind power generation potential using a three hybrid approach for households in Ardebil Province, Iran. Energy Conversion and Management, 2016, 118: 295–305

16 Mostafaeipour A, Bardel B, Mohammadi K, Sedaghat A, Dinpashoh Y. Economic evaluation for cooling and ventilation of medicine storage warehouses utilizing wind catchers. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 38: 12–19

17 Mostafaeipour A, Abesi S. Wind turbine productivity and development in Iran. In: International Conference on Biosciences, Cancun, Mexico, 2010, 39(7): 112–118

18 Mostafaeipour A. Productivity and development issues of global wind turbine industry. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010, 14(3): 1048–1058

19 Ramazankhani M E, Mostafaeipour A, Hosseininasab H, Fakhrzad M B. Feasibility of geothermal power assisted hydrogen production in Iran. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(41): 18351–18369

20 Zarezade M, Mostafaeipour A. Identifying the effective factors on implementing the solar dryers for Yazd province, Iran. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 57: 765–775

21 Goudarzi H, Mostafaeipour A. Energy saving evaluation of passive systems for residential buildings in hot and dry regions. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 68: 432–446

22 Ekren O, Ekren B Y. Size optimization of a PV/wind hybrid energy conversion system with battery storage using simulated annealing. Applied Energy, 2010, 87(2): 592–598

23 Kanase-Patil A B, Saini R P, Sharma M P. Integrated renewable energy systems for off grid rural electrification of remote area. Renewable Energy, 2010, 35(6): 1342–1349

24 Bilal B O, Sambou V, Ndiaye P A, Kébé C M F, Ndongo M. Optimal design of a hybrid solar–wind-battery system using the minimization of the annualized cost system and the minimization of the loss of power supply probability (LPSP). Renewable Energy, 2010, 35(10): 2388–2390

25 Bekele G, Palm B. Feasibility study for a standalone solar–wind-based hybrid energy system for application in Ethiopia. Applied Energy, 2010, 87(2): 487–495

26 Lau K Y, Yousof M F M, Arshad S N M, Anwari M, Yatim A H M. Performance analysis of hybrid photovoltaic/diesel energy system under Malaysian conditions. Energy, 2010, 35(8): 3245–3255

27 Ren H, Zhou W, Nakagami K I, Gao W, Wu Q. Multi-objective optimization for the operation of distributed energy systems considering economic and environmental aspects. Applied Energy, 2010, 87(12): 3642–3651

28 Giannakoudis G, Papadopoulos A I, Seferlis P, Voutetakis S. Optimum design and operation under uncertainty of power systems using renewable energy sources and hydrogen storage. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(3): 872–891

29 Eroglu M, Dursun E, Sevencan S, Song J, Yazici S, Kilic O. A mobile renewable house using PV/wind/fuel cell hybrid power system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36(13): 7985–7992

30 Belfkira R, Zhang L, Barakat G. Optimal sizing study of hybrid wind/PV/diesel power generation unit. Solar Energy, 2011, 85(1): 100–110

31 Türkay B E, Telli A Y. Economic analysis of standalone and grid connected hybrid energy systems. Renewable Energy, 2011, 36(7): 1931–1943

32 Gupta A, Saini R P, Sharma M P. Modelling of hybrid energy system—part I: problem formulation and model development. Renewable Energy, 2011, 36(2): 459–465

33 Kaabeche A, Belhamel M, Ibtiouen R. Sizing optimization of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic/wind power generation system. Energy, 2011, 36(2): 1214–1222

34 Chong W T, Naghavi M S, Poh S C, Mahlia T M I, Pan K C. Techno-economic analysis of a wind–solar hybrid renewable energy system with rainwater collection feature for urban high-rise application. Applied Energy, 2011, 88(11): 4067–4077

35 Rajkumar R K, Ramachandaramurthy V K, Yong B L, Chia D B. Techno-economical optimization of hybrid PV/wind/battery system using Neuro-Fuzzy. Energy, 2011, 36(8): 5148–5153

36 Dufo-López R, Bernal-Agustín J L, Yusta-Loyo J M, Domínguez-Navarro J A, Ramírez-Rosado I J, Lujano J, Aso I. Multi-objective optimization minimizing cost and life cycle emissions of stand-alone PV-wind-diesel systems with batteries storage. Applied Energy, 2011, 88(11): 4033–4041

37 Tudu B, Majumder S, Mandal K K, Chakraborty N. Optimal unit sizing of stand-alone renewable hybrid energy system using bees algorithm. In: International Conference on Energy, Automation, and Signal, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, 2011

38 Dagdougui H, Minciardi R, Ouammi A, Robba M, Sacile R. Modeling and optimization of a hybrid system for the energy supply of a “Green” building. Energy Conversion and Management, 2012, 4: 351–363

39 Asrari A, Ghasemi A, Javidi M H. Economic evaluation of hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrification in Iran—a case study. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 6(5): 3123–3130

40 Geem Z W. Size optimization for a hybrid photovoltaic–wind energy system. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2012, 2(1): 448–451

41 Hafez O, Bhattacharya K. Optimal planning and design of a renewable energy based supply system for microgrids. Renewable Energy, 2012, 5: 7–15

42 Bekele G, Tadesse G. Feasibility study of small Hydro/PV/Wind hybrid system for off-grid rural electrification in Ethiopia. Applied Energy, 2012, 97: 5–15

43 Rehman S, Alam M M, Meyer J P, Al-Hadhrami L M. Feasibility study of a wind–PV–diesel hybrid power system for a village. Renewable Energy, 2012, 8(1): 258–268

44 Carapellucci R, Giordano L. Modeling and optimization of an energy generation island based on renewable technologies and hydrogen storage systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 7(3): 2081–2093

45 Sureshkumar U, Manoharan P S, Ramalakshmi A P S. Economic cost analysis of hybrid renewable energy system using HOMER. In: International Conference on Advances in Engineering, Science and Management, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India, 2012

46 Nasiraghdam H, Jadid S. Optimal hybrid PV/WT/FC sizing and distribution system reconfiguration using multi-objective artificial bee colony (MOABC) algorithm. Solar Energy, 2012, 86(10): 3057–3071

47 Perera A T D, Attalage R A, Perera K K C K, Dassanayake V P C. A hybrid tool to combine multi-objective optimization and multi-criterion decision making in designing standalone hybrid energy systems. Applied Energy, 2013, 107: 412–425

48 Merei G, Berger C, Sauer D U. Optimization of an off-grid hybrid PV–Wind–Diesel system with different battery technologies using genetic algorithm. Solar Energy, 2013, 97: 460–473

49 Menshsari A, Ghiamy M, Mousavi M M M, Bagal H A. Optimal design of hybrid water-wind-solar system based on hydrogen storage and evaluation of reliability index of system using ant colony algorithm. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 2013, 4(11): 3582–3600

50 Ranaboldo M, Ferrer-Martí L, García-Villoria A, Moreno R P. Heuristic indicators for the design of community off-grid electrification systems based on multiple renewable energies. Energy, 2013, 50: 501–512

51 Amer M, Namaane A, M’Sirdi N K. Optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) using PSO for cost reduction. Energy Procedia, 2013, 42: 318–327

52 Castañeda M, Cano A, Jurado F, Sánchez H, Fernández L M. Sizing optimization, dynamic modeling and energy management strategies of a stand-alone PV/hydrogen/battery-based hybrid system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38(10): 3830–3845

53 Askarzadeh A. A discrete chaotic harmony search-based simulated annealing algorithm for optimum design of PV/wind hybrid system. Solar Energy, 2013, 97: 93–101

54 Kumar R, Gupta R A, Bansal A K. Economic analysis and power management of a stand-alone wind/photovoltaic hybrid energy system using biogeography based optimization algorithm. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 2013, 8: 33–43

55 Bhandari B, Lee K T, Lee C S, Song C K, Maskey R K, Ahn S H. A novel off-grid hybrid power system comprised of solar photovoltaic, wind, and hydro energy sources. Applied Energy, 2014, 133: 236–242

56 Rozali N E M, Alwi S R W, Manan Z A, Klemeš J J, Hassan M Y. Optimal sizing of hybrid power systems using power pinch analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2014, 71: 158–167

57 Abbes D, Martinez A, Champenois G. Life cycle cost, embodied energy and loss of power supply probability for the optimal design of hybrid power systems. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 2014, 98: 46–62

58 Ismail M S, Moghavvemi M, Mahlia T M I. Genetic algorithm based optimization on modeling and design of hybrid renewable energy systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 2014, 85: 120–130

59 Ma T, Yang H, Lu L. A feasibility study of a stand-alone hybrid solar–wind–battery system for a remote island. Applied Energy, 2014, 121: 149–158

60 Kusakana K, Vermaak H J. Hybrid diesel generator/renewable energy system performance modeling. Renewable Energy, 2014, 67: 97–102

61 Rohani G, Nour M. Techno-economic analysis of stand-alone hybrid renewable power system for RasMusherib in United Arab Emirates. Energy, 2014, 64: 828–841

62 Sigarchian S G, Malmquist A, Fransson T. Modeling and control strategy of a hybrid PV/Wind/Engine/Battery system to provide electricity and drinkable water for remote applications. Energy Procedia, 2014, 57: 1401–1410

63 Belmili H, Haddadi M, Bacha S, Almi M F, Bendib B. Sizing stand-alone photovoltaic-wind hybrid system: techno-economic analysis and optimization. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 30: 821–832

64 Maleki A, Askarzadeh A. Artificial bee swarm optimization for optimum sizing of a stand-alone PV/WT/FC hybrid system considering LPSP concept. Solar Energy, 2014, 107: 227–235

65 Berrazouane S, Mohammedi K. Parameter optimization via cuckoo optimization algorithm of fuzzy controller for energy management of a hybrid power system. Energy Conversion and Management, 2014, 78: 652–660

66 Arabali A, Ghofrani M, Etezadi-Amoli M, Fadali M S. Stochastic performance assessment and sizing for a hybrid power system of solar/wind/energy storage. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2014, 5(2): 363–371

67 Kalinci Y, Hepbasli A, Dincer I. Techno-economic analysis of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system with hydrogen production and storage options. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(24): 7652–7664

68 Chang K H, Lin G. Optimal design of hybrid renewable energy systems using simulation optimization. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2015, 52: 40–51

69 Shi Z, Wang R, Zhang T. Multi-objective optimal design of hybrid renewable energy systems using preference-inspired co-evolutionary approach. Solar Energy, 2015, 118: 96–106

70 Malheiro A, Castro P M, Lima R M, Estanqueiro A. Integrated sizing and scheduling of wind/PV/diesel/battery isolated systems. Renewable Energy, 2015, 83: 646–657

71 Baghdadi F, Mohammedi K, Diaf S, Behar O. Feasibility study and energy conversion analysis of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 105: 471–479

72 Wang X, Palazoglu A, El-Farra N H. Operational optimization and demand response of hybrid renewable energy systems. Applied Energy, 2015, 143: 324–335

73 Ma T, Yang H, Lu L, Peng J. Optimal design of an autonomous solar–wind-pumped storage power supply system. Applied Energy, 2015, 160: 728–736

74 Upadhyay S, Sharma M P. Development of hybrid energy system with cycle charging strategy using particle swarm optimization for a remote area in India. Renewable Energy, 2015, 77: 586–598

75 Mukhtaruddin R N S R, Rahman H A, Hassan M Y, Jamian J J. Optimal hybrid renewable energy design in autonomous system using Iterative-Pareto-Fuzzy technique. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2015, 64: 242–249

76 González A, Riba J R, Rius A, Puig R. Optimal sizing of a hybrid grid-connected photovoltaic and wind power system. Applied Energy, 2015, 154: 752–762

77 Sharafi M, ElMekkawy T Y. Stochastic optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems using sampling average method. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 52: 1668–1679

78 Fetanat A, Khorasaninejad E. Size optimization for hybrid photovoltaic–wind energy system using ant colony optimization for continuous domains based integer programming. Applied Soft Computing, 2015, 31: 196–209

79 Maleki A, Pourfayaz F, Rosen M A. A novel framework for optimal design of hybrid renewable energy-based autonomous energy systems: a case study for Namin, Iran. Energy, 2016, 98: 168–180

80 Hosseinalizadeh R, Shakouri GH, Amalnick M S , TaghipourP. Economic sizing of a hybrid (PV–WT–FC) renewable energy system (HRES) for stand-alone usages by an optimization-simulation model: case study of Iran. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 54: 139–150

81 Chauhan A, Saini R P. Techno-economic optimization based approach for energy management of a stand-alone integrated renewable energy system for remote areas of India. Energy, 2016, 94: 138–156

82 Rahman M M, Khan M M U H, Ullah M A, Zhang X, Kumar A. A hybrid renewable energy system for a North American off-grid community. Energy, 2016, 97: 151–160

83 Sanajaoba S, Fernandez E. Maiden application of Cuckoo Search algorithm for optimal sizing of a remote hybrid renewable energy system. Renewable Energy, 2016, 96: 1–10

84 Eltamaly A M, Mohamed M A, Alolah A I. A novel smart grid theory for optimal sizing of hybrid renewable energy systems. Solar Energy, 2016, 124: 26–38

85 Athari M H, Ardehali M M. Operational performance of energy storage as function of electricity prices for on-grid hybrid renewable energy system by optimized fuzzy logic controller. Renewable Energy, 2016, 85: 890–902

86 Srivastava R, Giri V K. Optimization of hybrid renewable resources using HOMER. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2016, 6(1): 157–163

87 Azaza M, Wallin F. Multi objective particle swarm optimization of hybrid micro-grid system: a case study in Sweden. Energy, 2017, 123: 108–118

88 Bordin C, Anuta H O, Crossland A, Gutierrez I L, Dent C J, Vigo D. A linear programming approach for battery degradation analysis and optimization in offgrid power systems with solar energy integration. Renewable Energy, 2017, 101: 417–430

89 Chen H, Yang C, Deng K, Zhou N, Wu H. Multi-objective optimization of the hybrid wind/solar/fuel cell distributed generation system using Hammersley Sequence Sampling. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(12): 7836–7846

90 Ani V A. Optimal operational strategy for PV/wind-diesel hybrid power generation system with energy storage. In: Renewable and Alternative Energy: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, 2017, 1438–1460

91 Al-Sharafi A, Sahin A Z, Ayar T, Yilbas B S. Techno-economic analysis and optimization of solar and wind energy systems for power generation and hydrogen production in Saudi Arabia. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 69: 33–49

92 Wang X, El-Farra N H, Palazoglu A. Optimal scheduling of demand responsive industrial production with hybrid renewable energy systems. Renewable Energy, 2017, 100: 53–64

93 Cordiner S, Mulone V, Giordani A, Savinob M, Tomarchiob G, Malkowc T, Tsotridisc G, Pilengac A, Karlsend M L, Jensene J.Fuel cell based hybrid renewable energy systems for off-grid telecom stations: data analysis from on field demonstration tests. Applied Energy, 2017, 192: 508–518

94 Aktas A, Erhan K, Ozdemir S, Ozdemir E. Experimental investigation of a new smart energy management algorithm for a hybrid energy storage system in smart grid applications. Electric Power Systems Research, 2017, 144: 185–196

95 Georgilakis P S, Hatziargyriou N D. Optimal distributed generation placement in power distribution networks: models, methods, and future research. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2013, 28(3): 3420–3428

96 Ataei A, Biglari M, Nedaei M, Assareh E, Choi J K, Yoo C, Adaramola M S. Techno-economic feasibility study of autonomous hybrid wind and solar power systems for rural areas in Iran, a case study in Moheydar village. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2015, 34(5): 1521–1527

97 Luna-Rubio R, Trejo-Perea M, Vargas-Vázquez D, Ríos-Moreno G J. Optimal sizing of renewable hybrids energy systems: a review of methodologies. Solar Energy, 2012, 86(4): 1077–1088

98 Yang H X, Lu L, Burnett J. Weather data and probability analysis of hybrid photovoltaic–wind power generation systems in Hong Kong. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28(11): 1813–1824

99 Celik A N. Techno-economic analysis of autonomous PV-wind hybrid energy systems using different sizing methods. Energy Conversion and Management, 2003, 44(12): 1951–1968

100 Tina G, Gagliano S. Probabilistic analysis of weather data for a hybrid solar/wind energy system. International Journal of Energy Research, 2011, 35(3): 221–232

101 Hontoria L, Aguilera J, Zufiria P. A new approach for sizing stand-alone photovoltaic systems based in neural networks. Solar Energy, 2005, 78(2): 313–319

102 Mellit A, Benghanem M, Arab A H, Guessoum A. A simplified model for generating sequences of global solar radiation data for isolated sites: using artificial neural network and a library of Markov transition matrices approach. Solar Energy, 2005, 79(5): 469–482

103 Koutroulis E, Kolokotsa D, Potirakis A, Kalaitzakis K. Methodology for optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic/wind-generator systems using genetic algorithms. Solar Energy, 2006, 80(9): 1072–1088

104 Mellit A, Benghanem M, Kalogirou S A. Modeling and simulation of a stand-alone photovoltaic system using an adaptive artificial neural network: proposition for a new sizing procedure. Renewable Energy, 2007, 32(2): 285–313

105 Yang H, Lu L, Zhou W. A novel optimization sizing model for hybrid solar-wind power generation system. Solar Energy, 2007, 81(1): 76–84

106 Mondol J D, Yohanis Y G, Norton B. Optimising the economic viability of grid-connected photovoltaic systems. Applied Energy, 2009, 86(7–8): 985–999

107 Kaldellis J K, Zafirakis D, Kondili E. Optimum autonomous stand-alone photovoltaic system design on the basis of energy pay-back analysis. Energy, 2009, 34(9): 1187–1198

108 Khatod D K, Pant V, Sharma J. Analytical approach for well-being assessment of small autonomous power systems with solar and wind energy sources. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2010, 25(2): 535–545

109 Bajpai P, Dash V. Hybrid renewable energy systems for power generation in stand-alone applications: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(5): 2926–2939

110 Mitchell M. Introduction to Genetic Algorithms. London: MIT press, 1998

111 Kennedy J. Particle swarm optimization. Encyclopedia of machine learning, 2011: 760–766

112 Geem Z W. Harmony search in water pump switching problem. In: Wang L, Chen K, Ong Y S, eds. Advances in Natural Computation. ICNC 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin: Springer Heidelberg, 2005: 751–760

113 Sinha S, Chandel S S. Review of software tools for hybrid renewable energy systems. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 32: 192–205

114 Warwick K, Ekwue A, Aggarwal R. Artificial intelligence techniques in power systems. IET, 1997

115 Copeland T E, Weston J F. Financial Theory and Corporate policy. Reading: Addison Wesley, 1988

116 Khan M Y. Theory & Problems in Financial Management. Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 1993

117 Yoon Y, Geem Z W. Parameter optimization of single-diode model of photovoltaic cell using memetic algorithm. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2015: 963562

118 Yuvarajan S, Shoeb J. A fast and accurate maximum power point tracker for PV systems. In: 23rd Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Austin, TX, USA, 2008, 67–72

119 Yusof Y, Sayuti S H, Abdul Latif M, Wanik M Z C. Modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracker for photovoltaic system. In: Proceedings of National Power and Energy Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2004, 8–93

120 Piegari L, Rizzo R. Adaptive perturb and observe algorithm for photovoltaic maximum power point tracking. IET Renewable Power Generation, 2010, 4(4): 317–328

121 Sera D, Teodorescu R, Hantschel J, Knoll M. Optimized maximum power point tracker for fast changing environmental conditions. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2008, 55(7 ): 2629–2637

122 Nedaei M, Assareh E, Biglari M. An extensive evaluation of wind resource using new methods and strategies for development and utilizing wind power in Mah-shahr station in Iran. Energy Conversion and Management, 2014, 81: 475–503

123 Nájera J, Moreno-Torres P, Lafoz M, de Castro R M, Arribas J R. Approach to hybrid energy storage systems dimensioning for urban electric buses regarding efficiency and battery aging. Energies, 2017, 10(11): 1708

124 Geem Z W, Yoon Y. Harmony search optimization of renewable energy charging with energy storage system. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2017, 86: 120–126

125 ..Zhou T, Francois B. Modeling and control design of hydrogen production process for an active hydrogen/wind hybrid power system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34(1): 21–30

126 Spyker R L, Nelms R M. Analysis of double-layer capacitors supplying constant power loads. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2000, 36(4): 1439–1443

127 Ashari M, Nayar C V. An optimum dispatch strategy using set points for a photovoltaic (PV)-diesel-battery hybrid power system. Solar Energy, 1999, 66(1): 1–9

128 Ganesan V. Internal Combustion Engines, 3rd ed. Tata McGraw Hill Education, 2008