A comprehensive review of greenhouse shapes and its applications

Abstract

Greenhouse technology is a practical option for the production and drying of agricultural products in controlled environment. For the successful design of a greenhouse, the selection of a suitable shape and orientation is of great importance. Of various shapes of greenhouses, the even-span roof and the Quonset shape greenhouses are the most commonly used for crop cultivation and drying. The orientation of greenhouses is kept east–west for maximum utilization of solar radiations. Hybrid and modified greenhouse dryers have been proposed for drying of products. The agricultural products dried in greenhouses are found to be better in quality as compared to open sun drying because they are protected from dust, rain, insects, birds and animals. Moreover, various greenhouses shapes along with their applications have been reviewed.

Key words： greenhouse shapes; drying; solar energy; agriculture products; orientation

References

1 Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unite Nations. FAO Statistical Year Book 2013: World Food and Agriculture. Rome, 2013

2 El-Sebaii A A, Shalaby S M. Solar drying of agricultural products: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(1): 37–43

3 Esper A, Muhlbauer W. Solar drying-an effective means of food preservation. Renewable Energy, 1998, 15(1–4): 95–100

4 Brown L R. Who will feed China? Wake-up call for a small planet. London: London England Earthscan Publications, 1995

5 Sharma A, Chen C R, Vu Lan N. Solar-energy drying systems: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13(6–7): 1185–1210

6 Belessiotis V, Delyannis E. Solar drying. Solar Energy, 2011, 85(8): 1665–1691

7 Yaldiz O, Ertekin C, Uzun H I. Mathematical modeling of thin layer solar drying of sultana grapes. Energy, 2001, 26(5): 457–465

8 Condorí M, Saravia L. The performance of forced convection greenhouse driers. Renewable Energy, 1998, 13(4): 453–469

9 Tiwari G N. Greenhouse Technology for Controlled Environment.New Delhi: Narosa Publishing House, 2003

10 Horticulture Statistics. International greenhouse vegetable production—statistics (2015 edition).2016, available at cuestaroble.com website

11 Controlled Environment Agriculture Center (CEAC), The University of Arizona Board of Regents. Research, instruction & extention for producing crops with sustainability, efficiency & eco-friendliness. 2016, available at ag.arizona.edu website

12 Kumar A, Tiwari G N, Kumar S, Pandey M. Role of greenhouse in agricultural engineering. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2006, 1(4): 364–372

13 Gupta R, Tiwari G N. Effect of latitude on weighted solar fraction of north partition wall for various shapes of solarium. Building and Environment, 2004, 39(5): 547–556

14 Sethi V P, Arora S. Improvement in greenhouse solar drying using inclined north wall reflection. Solar Energy, 2009, 83(9): 1472–1484

15 Joudi K A, Farhan A A. Greenhouse heating by solar air heaters on the roof. Renewable Energy, 2014, 72: 406–414

16 Tiwari S, Tiwari G N, Al-Helal I M. Performance analysis of photovoltaic–thermal (PVT) mixed mode greenhouse solar dryer. Solar Energy, 2016, 133: 421–428

17 Sutar R F, Tiwari G N. Analytical and numerical study of a controlled-environment agricultural system for hot and dry climatic conditions. Energy and Building, 1995, 23(1): 9–18

18 Tiwari G N, Dubey A K, Goyal R K. Analytical study of an active winter greenhouse. Energy, 1997, 22(4): 389–392

19 Tiwari G N, Sharma P K, Goyal R K, Sutar R F. Estimation of an efficiency factor for a greenhouse: a numerical and experimental study. Energy and Building, 1998, 28(3): 241–250

20 Tiwari G N, Sutar R F, Singh H N, Goyal R K. Performance studies of earth air tunnel cum greenhouse technology. Energy Conversion and Management, 1998, 39(14): 1497–1502

21 Lafont F, Balmat J F. Optimized fuzzy control of a greenhouse. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 2002, 128(1): 47–59

22 Jain D, Tiwari G N. Effect of greenhouse on crop drying under natural and forced convection I: evaluation of convective mass transfer coefficient. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45(5): 765–783

23 Jain D, Tiwari G N. Effect of greenhouse on crop drying under natural and forced convection II: thermal modelling and experimental validation. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45(17): 2777–2793

24 Ghosal M K, Tiwari G N. Mathematical modelling for greenhouse heating by using thermal curtain and geothermal energy. Solar Energy, 2004, 76(5): 603–613

25 Ghosal M K, Tiwari G N, Srivastava N S L. Thermal modelling of a greenhouse with an integrated earth to air heat exchanger: an experimental validation. Energy and Building, 2004, 36(3): 219–227

26 Tiwari G N, Akhtar M A, Shukla A, Emran Khan M. Annual thermal performance of greenhouse with an earth air heat exchanger—an experimental validation. Renewable Energy, 2006, 31(15): 2432–2446

27 Ghosal M K, Tiwari G N, Das K P, Pandey K P. Modeling and comparative thermal performance of ground air collector and earth air heater exchanger for heating of greenhouse. Energy and Building, 2005, 37(6): 613–621

28 Tiwari G N, Kumar S, Prakash O. Evaluation of convective mass transfer coefficient during drying of jaggery. Journal of Food Engineering, 2004, 63(2): 219–227

29 Kumar A, Tiwari G N. Effect of shape and size on convective mass transfer coefficient during greenhouse drying (GHD) of Jaggery. Journal of Food Engineering, 2006, 73(2): 121–134

30 Kumar A, Tiwari G N. Thermal modelling of natural convection greenhouse drying systems for jaggery: an experimental validation. Solar Energy, 2006, 80(9): 1135–1144

31 Kumar A, Tiwari G N. Effect of mass on convective mass transfer coefficient during open sun and greenhouse drying of onion flakes. Journal of Food Engineering, 2007, 79(4): 1337–1350

32 Nayak S, Tiwari G N. Energy and exergy analysis of photovoltaic/thermal integrated with a solar greenhouse. Energy and Building, 2008, 40(11): 2015–2021

33 Das T, Tiwari G N. Heat and mass transfer of greenhouse fish drying under forced convection mode. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2008, 3(1): 69–76

34 Barnwal P, Tiwari G N. Grape drying by using hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) greenhouse dryer: an experimental study. Solar Energy, 2008, 82(12): 1131–1144

35 Sarkar B and Tiwari G N. Thermal modeling a greenhouse fish pond system. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal, 2009, 7: 1–18

36 Sethi V P. On the selection of shape and orientation of a greenhouse: thermal modeling and experimental validation. Solar Energy, 2009, 83(1): 21–38

37 Ganguly A, Ghosh S. Model development and experimental validation of a floriculture greenhouse under natural ventilation. Energy and Building, 2009, 41(5): 521–527

38 Panwar N L, Kaushik S C, Kothari S. Solar greenhouse an option for renewable and sustainable farming. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, 15(8): 3934–3945

39 Berroug F, Lakhal E K, El Omari M, Faraji M, El Qarnia H. Thermal performance of a greenhouse with a phase change material north wall. Energy and Building, 2011, 43(11): 3027–3035

40 Ganguly A, Ghosh S. Performance analysis of solar PV-fuel cell integrated floriculture greenhouse. In: Proceedings of the ASME 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability (ES2011). Washington, DC, USA, 2011, 1–6

41 Gupta R, Tiwari G N, Kumar A, Gupta Y. Calculation of total solar fraction for different orientation of greenhouse using 3D-shadow analysis in Auto-CAD. Energy and Building, 2012, 47: 27–34

42 Almuhanna E A. Utilization of a solar greenhouse as a solar dryer for drying dates under the climatic conditions of the eastern province of Saudi Arabia part I: thermal performance analysis of a solar dryer. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2012, 4(3): 237–246

43 Kumar A, Prakash O, Kaviti A, Tomar A. Experimental analysis of greenhouse dryer in no-load conditions. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 2013, 7(4): 1399–1406

44 Kumar M. Experimental study on natural convection greenhouse drying of papad. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 2013, 24(4): 37–43

45 Kumar M. Forced convection greenhouse papad drying: an experimental study. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2013, 8(2): 177–189

46 Vadiee A, Martin V. Energy analysis and thermoeconomic assessment of the closed greenhouse—the largest commercial solar building. Applied Energy, 2013, 102: 1256–1266

47 Esen M, Yuksel T. Experimental evaluation of using various renewable energy sources for heating a greenhouse. Energy and Building, 2013, 65: 340–351

48 Prakash O, Kumar A. Performance evaluation of greenhouse dryer with opaque north wall. Heat and Mass Transfer, 2014, 50(4): 493–500

49 Prakash O, Kumar A. Thermal performance evaluation of modified active greenhouse dryer. Journal of Building Physics, 2014, 37(4): 395–402

50 Prakash O, Kumar A. ANFIS prediction of a modified active greenhouse dryer in no-load conditions in the month of January. International Journal of Advance Computer Research, 2013, 3(1): 220–223

51 Prakash O, Kumar A. Design, development, and testing of a modified greenhouse dryer under conditions of natural convection. Heat Transfer Research, 2014, 45(5): 433–451

52 Prakash O, Kumar A. Environmental analysis and mathematical modelling for tomato flakes drying in a modified greenhouse dryer under active mode. International Journal of Food Engineering, 2014, 10(4): 669–681

53 Prakash O, Kumar A. ANFIS modelling of a natural convection greenhouse drying system for jaggery: an experimental validation. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2014, 33(2): 316–335

54 Prakash O, Kumar A. Solar greenhouse drying: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 29: 905–910

55 Kumar M. Effect of size on forced convection greenhouse drying of khoa. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2014, 7: 1157–1167

56 Kumar M.Effect of size on the convective heat and mass transfer coefficients during natural convection greenhouse drying of khoa—a heat desiccated milk product. International Journal of Renewable Energy & Biofuels, 2014, 2014: 1–11

57 ELkhadraoui A, Kooli S, Hamdi I, Farhat A. Experimental investigation and economic evaluation of a new mixed mode solar greenhouse dryer for drying of red pepper and grape. Renewable Energy, 2015, 77: 1–8

58 Condorí M, Echazu R, Saravia L. Solar drying of sweet pepper and garlic using the tunnel greenhouse drier. Renewable Energy, 2001, 22(4): 447–460

59 Fadhel A, Kooli S, Farhat A, Bellghith A. Study of the solar drying of grapes by three different processes. Desalination, 2005, 185(1–3): 535–541

60 Öztürk H H. Experimental evaluation of energy and exergy efficiency of a seasonal latent heat storage system for greenhouse heating. Energy Conversion and Management, 2005, 46(9–10): 1523–1542

61 Janjai S, Lamlert N, Intawee P, Mahayothee B, Bala B K, Nagle M, Müller J. Experimental and simulated performance of a PV-ventilated solar greenhouse dryer for drying of peeled logan and banana. Solar Energy, 2009, 83(9): 1550–1565

62 Djevic M, Dimitrijevic A. Energy consumption for different greenhouse constructions. Energy, 2009, 34(9): 1325–1331

63 Ayyappan S, Mayilsamy K. Experimental investigation on a solar tunnel drier for copra drying. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 2010, 69(8): 635–638

64 Kaewkiew J, Nabnean S, Janjai S. Experimental investigation of the performance of a large-scale greenhouse type solar dryer for drying chilli in Thailand. Procedia Engineering, 2012, 32: 433–439

65 Bala B K, Debnath N. Solar drying technology: potentials and developments. Journal of Fundamentals of Renewable Energy and Applications., 2012, 2: 1–5

66 Sangamithra A, Swamy G J, Prema R S, Priyavarshini R, Chandrasekar V, Sasikala S. An overview of a polyhouse dryer. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 40: 902–910

67 Arun S, Velmurugan K, Balaji S S. Experimental studies on drying characteristics of coconuts in a solar tunnel greenhouse dryer. International Journal of Innovative and Exploring Engineering, 2014, 4(5): 51–55

68 Arun S, Balaji S S, Selvan P. Experimental studies on drying characteristics of coconuts in a solar greenhouse dryer coupled with biomass backup heater. International Journal of Innovative and Exploring Engineering, 2014, 4(5): 56–60

69 Arun S, Velnurugan K, Kumar V. Optimization and comparison studies of solar tunnel greenhouse dryer coupled with and without biomass backup heater. International Journal of Innovative Science and Modern Engineering, 2014, 2(11): 41–47

70 Fadhel A, Kooli S, Farhat A, Belghith A. Experimental study of hot red pepper in the open air, under greenhouse and in as solar drier. International Journal of Renewable Energy & Biofuels, 2014: 1–14, 515285

71 Phusampao C, Nilnout W, Janjai S. Performance of a greenhouse solar dryer for drying macadamia Nuts. In: Green Energy for Sustainable Development, International Conference and Utility Exhibition (ICUE 2014). IEEE, 2014: 1–5

72 Panwar N L, Rathore N S, Wadhawan N. Thermal Modelling and Experimental Validation of a walk-in type solar dryer for drying Fenugreek Leaves (Methi) in Indian Climate. Environmental Modeling and Assessment, 2015, 20(3): 211–223

73 Ayyappan S, Mayilswamy K, Sreenarayanan V V. Performance improvement studies in a solar greenhouse drier using sensible heat storage materials. Heat and Mass Transfer, 2015, 52(3): 1–9

74 Odesola I F, Ezekwem C. The effect of shape and orientation on a greenhouse: a review. AFRREV STECH, 2012, 1(1): 122–130

75 Goswami D Y, Lavania A, Shahbazi S, Masood M. Analysis of a geodesic dome solar fruit dryer. Drying Technology, 1991, 9(3): 677–691

76 Tiwari G N, Gupta A A. Comparison of greenhouse with various shapes: a parametric study. International journal of Ambient Energy, 2002, 23(3): 136–148

77 Kumari N, Tiwari G N, Sodha M. Performance evaluation of greenhouse having passive or active heating in different climatic zones of India. 2017, available at cigrjournal.org website

78 Dragicevic S M. Determining the optimum orientation of a greenhouse on the basis of the total solar radiation availability. Thermal Science, 2011, 15(1): 215–221

79 Saravia L, Echazu R, Cadena C, Condori M, Cabanillas C, Iriarte A, Bistoni S. Greenhouse solar heating in the Argentinian northwest. Renewable Energy, 1997, 11(1): 119–128

80 Candy S, Moore G, Freere P. Design and Modeling of a greenhouse for a remote region in Nepal. Procedia Engineering, 2012, 49: 152–160

81 Bouadila S, Kooli S, Skouri S, Lazaar M, Farhat A. Improvement of the greenhouse climate using a solar air heater with latent heat storage energy. Energy, 2014, 64: 663–672

82 Bouadila S, Lazaar M, Skouri S, Kooli S, Farhat A. Assessment of the greenhouse climate with a new packed-bed solar air heater at night, in Tunisia. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 35: 31–41

83 Bouadila S, Skouri S, Kooli S, Lazaar M, Farhat A. Solar energy storage application in Tunisian greenhouse by means of phase change materials. In: International Conference on Composite Materials & Renewable Energy Application. Sousse, Tunisia, 2014, 1–4

84 Bouadila S, Skouri S, Kooli S, Lazaar M. Experimental study of two insulated solar greenhouses one of them use a solar air heater with latent heat. In: 6th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). Sousse, Tunisia, 2015: 1–4

85 Kooli S, Bouadila S, Lazaar M, Farhat A. The effect of nocturnal shutter on insulated greenhouse using a solar air heater with latent storage energy. Solar Energy, 2015, 115: 217–228

86 Condorí M, Saravia L. Analytical model for the performance of the tunnel-type greenhouse drier. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28(3): 467–485

87 Patil R, Gawande R. A review on solar tunnel greenhouse drying system. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 56: 196–214

88 Boonyasri M, Lertsatitthanakorn C, Wiset L, Poomsa-ad N. Performance analysis and economic evaluation of a greenhouse dryer for pork drying. KKU Engineering Journal, 2011, 38(4): 433–443

89 Impron I, Hemming S, Bot G P A. Simple greenhouse climate model as a design tool for greenhouse in tropical lowland. Biosystems Engineering, 2007, 98(1): 79–89

90 Ntinas G K, Fragos V P, Martzopolou C N. Thermal analysis of a hybrid solar energy saving system inside a greenhouse. Energy Conversion and Management, 2014, 81: 428–439

91 Shyam, Al-Helal I M, Singh A K, Tiwari G N. Performance evaluation of photovoltaic thermal greenhouse dryer and development of characteristic curve. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2015, 7(3): 033109

92 Tanwanichkul B, Thepa S, Rordprapat W. Thermal modelling of the forced convection sandwich greenhouse drying system for rubber sheets. Energy Conversion and Management, 2013, 74: 511–523

93 Tiwari G N, Sharma P K. Off-season cultivation of cucumber in a solar greenhouse. Energy, 1999, 24(2): 151–156

94 Banaeian N, Omid M, Ahmadi H. Energy and economic analysis of greenhouse strawberry production in Tehran province of Iran. Energy Conversion and Management, 2011, 52(2): 1020–1025

95 Alsadon A, Al-Helal I, Ibrahim A, Abdel-Ghany A, Al-Zaharani S, Ashour T. The effect of plastic greenhouse covering on cucumber (cucumber sativus L.) growth. Ecological Engineering, 2016, 87: 305–312

96 Usmani J A, Tiwari G N, Chandra A. Performance characteristic of a greenhouse integrated biogas system. Energy Conversion and Management, 1996, 37(9): 1423–1433

97 Kumar K V, Bai R K. Solar greenhouse assisted biogas plant in hilly region—a field study. Solar Energy, 2008, 82(10): 911–917

98 Zhang S, Bi X T, Clift R. Life cycle analysis of a biogas-centred integrated dairy farm-greenhouse system in British Columbia. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2015, 93: 18–30

99 Manchanda H, Kumar M. A comprehensive decade review and analysis on designs and performance parameters of passive solar still. Renewable. Wind, Water, and Solar, 2015, 2(1): 1–24

100 Speitel T W, Siegel B Z, Massey J, Cade W, LaRosa A. Seawater agriculture utilizing a solar still greenhouse. In OCEANS’76, IEEE, 1976: 313–315

101 Yadav Y P, Tiwari G N. Transient analysis of a winter greenhouse integrated with solar still. Energy Conversion and Management, 1987, 27(3): 267–273

102 Lawrence S A, Tiwari G N. Performance of a greenhouse cum solar still for the climatic condition of Port Moresby. Renewable Energy, 1991, 1(2): 249–255

103 Fath H E S. Transient analysis of naturally ventilated greenhouse with built-in solar still and waste heat and mass recovery system. Energy Conversion and Management, 1994, 35(11): 955–965

104 Papanicolaou E, Voropoulos K, Belessiotis V. Natural convective heat transfer in an asymmetric greenhouse-type solar still–effect of angle of inclination. Numerical Heat Transfer: Part A: Applications, 2002, 42(8): 855–880

105 Radhwan A M, Fath H E. Thermal performance of greenhouses with a built-in solar distillation system: experimental study. Desalination, 2005, 181(1–3): 193–205

106 Marı E G, Colomer R P, Blaise-Ombrecht C A. Performance analysis of a solar still integrated in a greenhouse. Desalination, 2007, 203(1–3): 435–443

107 Mutasher S A, Mir-Nasiri N, Wong S Y, Ngoo K C, Wong L Y. Improving a conventional greenhouse solar still using sun tracking system to increase clean water yield. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2010, 24(1–3): 140–149

108 Al-Ismaili A M, Jayasuriya H. Seawater greenhouse in Oman: a sustainable technique from freshwater conservation and production. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 54: 653–664

109 Sarkar B, Tiwari G N. Thermal modeling of a greenhouse fish pond system. available atcigrjournal.org website

110 Das T, Tiwari G N, Sarkar B. Thermal performance of a greenhouse fish pond integrated with flat plate collector. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2006, 1(5): 406–419

111 Sarkar B, Tiwari G N. Thermal modeling and parametric studies of a greenhouse fish pond in the Central Himalayan Region. Energy Conversion and Management, 2006, 47(18–19): 3174–3184

112 Tiwari G N, Sarkar B. Energy inputs and fish yield relationship for open and greenhouse pond. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 2006, 1(2): 171–180

113 Jain D. Modeling the thermal performance of an aquaculture pond heating with greenhouse. Building and Environment, 2007, 42(2): 557–565

114 Ghosh L, Tiwari G N. Computer modeling of dissolved oxygen performance in greenhouse fishpond: an experimental validation. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2008, 3(2): 83–97

115 Critten D J, Bailey B J. A review of greenhouse engineering developments during the 1990s. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2002, 112(1): 1–22

116 Cemek B, Demir Y, Uzun S, Ceyhan V. The effects of different greenhouse covering materials on energy requirement, growth and yield of aubergine. Energy, 2006, 31(12): 1780–1788

117 Gupta M J, Chandra P. Effect of greenhouse design parameters on conservation of energy for greenhouse environmental control. Energy, 2002, 27(8): 777–794