Highlights of mainstream solar cell efficiencies in 2021

References

[1] 11th Edition of the international technology roadmap photovoltaics (ITRPV). 2020–4, available at the website of itrpv.vdma.org

[2] Bellini E. Saudi Arabia’s second PV tender draws world record low bid of $0.0104/kWh. 2021–4, available at website of pv-magazine.com

[3] Green M A. The passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC): from conception to mass production. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2015, 143: 190–197

[4] Yoshikawa K, Kawasaki H, Yoshida W, Silicon heterojunction solar cell with interdigitated back contacts for a photoconversion efficiency over 26%. Nature Energy, 2017, 2(5): 1–8

[5] Hollemann C, Haase F, Schäfer S, 26.1%-efficient POLO-IBC cells: quantification of electrical and optical loss mechanisms. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2019, 27(11): 950–958

[6] Taguchi M, Yano A, Tohoda S, 24.7% record efficiency HIT solar cell on thin silicon wafer. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2014, 4(1): 96–99

[7] Ru X, Qu M, Wang J, 25.11% efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cell with low deposition rate intrinsic amorphous silicon buffer layers. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2020, 215: 110643

[8] Sharma M, Panigrahi J, Komarala V K. Nanocrystalline silicon thin film growth and application for silicon heterojunction solar cells: a short review. Nanoscale Advances, 2021, 3(12): 3373–3383

[9] Yu J, Li J, Zhao Y, Copper metallization of electrodes for silicon heterojunction solar cells: process, reliability and challenges. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2021, 224: 110993

[10] Richter A, Müller R, Benick J, Design rules for high-efficiency both-sides-contacted silicon solar cells with balanced charge carrier transport and recombination losses. Nature Energy, 2021, 6(4): 429–438

[11] Yan D, Cuevas A, Michel J I, Polysilicon passivated junctions: the next technology for silicon solar cells? Joule, 2021, 5(4): 811–828

[12] Padhamnath P, Khanna A, Balaji N, Progress in screen-printed metallization of industrial solar cells with SiO_x/poly-Si passivating contacts. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2020, 218: 110751

[13] Zheng P, Yang J, Wang Z, Detailed loss analysis of 24.8% large-area screen-printed n-type solar cell with polysilicon passivating contact. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2021, 2(10): 100603

[14] NREL. NREL best research-cell efficiencies: emerging photovoltaics. 2021–12–29, available at website of nrel.gov

[15] Green M A, Dunlop E D, Hohl-Ebinger J, Solar cell efficiency tables (version 59). Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2022, 30(1): 3–12

[16] NREL. NREL best research cell efficiency chart. 2021–12–03, available at website of nrel.gov

[17] Min H, Lee D Y, Kim J, Perovskite solar cells with atomically coherent interlayers on SnO₂ electrodes. Nature, 2021, 598(7881): 444–450

[18] News release: 21.4%! Microquanta sets new efficiency world record for perovskite minimodule. 2021–12–07, available at website of microquanta.com

[19] Peng J, Walter D, Ren Y, Nanoscale localized contacts for high fill factors in polymer-passivated perovskite solar cells. Science, 2021, 371(6527): 390–395

[20] Jiang X, Li H, Zhou Q, One-step synthesis of SnI₂·(DMSO)_x adducts for high-performance tin perovskite solar cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2021, 143(29): 10970–10976

[21] Xiao K, Lin R, Han Q, All-perovskite tandem solar cells with 24.2% certified efficiency and area over 1 cm² using surface-anchoring zwitterionic antioxidant. Nature Energy, 2020, 5(11): 870–880

[22] Al-Ashouri A, Köhnen E, Li B, Monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell with>29% efficiency by enhanced hole extraction. Science, 2020, 370(6522): 1300–1309

[23] Bellini E. Helmholtz center achieves 29.80% efficiency for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell. 2021–12–07, available at website of pv-magazine.com

[24] Bellini E. HZB scientists announce 24.16% efficiency for tandem CIGS solar cell. 2021–12–07, available at website of pv-magazine.com

[25] Zhang M, Zhu L, Zhou G, Single-layered organic photovoltaics with double cascading charge transport pathways: 18% efficiencies. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 309

[26] Li C, Zhou J, Song J, Non-fullerene acceptors with branched side chains and improved molecular packing to exceed 18% efficiency in organic solar cells. Nature Energy, 2021, 6(6): 605–613

[27] Green M, Dunlop E, Hohl-Ebinger J, Solar cell efficiency tables (version 57). Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2021, 29(1): 3–15

[28] Green M A, Dunlop E D, Hohl-Ebinger J, Solar cell efficiency tables (version 58). Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2021, 29(7): 657–667

[29] Cui Y, Xu Y, Yao H, Single-junction organic photovoltaic cell with 19% efficiency. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(41): 2102420

[30] Wang W, Wu Q, Sun R, Controlling molecular mass of low-band-gap polymer acceptors for high-performance all-polymer solar cells. Joule, 2020, 4(5): 1070–1086

[31] Sun R, Wang W, Yu H, Achieving over 17% efficiency of ternary all-polymer solar cells with two well-compatible polymer acceptors. Joule, 2021, 5(6): 1548–1565

[32] Meng L, Zhang Y, Wan X, Organic and solution-processed tandem solar cells with 17.3% efficiency. Science, 2018, 361(6407): 1094–1098

[33] Zheng Z, Wang J Q, Bi P Q, Tandem organic solar cell with 20.2% efficiency. Joule, 2022, 6: 171–184

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (Nos. 2018YFB1500501 and 2020YFB1505502) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11834011, 11974242, 22025505, 51973110, and 21734009).

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2022 Higher Education Press