Globally, the disturbances caused by dam construction to the stability of river ecosystems are intensifying. Previous studies largely focused on a single stressor, a single trophic level, or a single dimension of stability. In contrast, this review adopts a multi-trophic cascade perspective to systematically outline four key mechanisms through which dam construction affects stability: (1) hydrological changes weaken resistance, resilience, and persistence; (2) biogeochemical imbalances increase the risk of regime shifts; (3) the transition from brown food webs to green food webs and the resulting simplification lead to decreased resistance; and (4) diversity compression disrupts resistance and increases variability through increased species synchrony and reduced network modularity. Traditional unidimensional assessments struggle to capture these non-synergistic changes; multidimensional stability frameworks, such as ellipsoids and n-dimensional hypervolumes, provide methods to analyze decoupling and reconstruction. Dam construction often occurs in conjunction with phenomena such as eutrophication, and their coupled effects exhibit heterogeneity across different trophic levels, further complicating stability assessments. Future research should integrate multidisciplinary methods, including eDNA and ecological network analysis, to provide further theoretical support for adaptive river management.

Red mud is a substantial solid waste produced by the alumina industry, with an annual global output of more than 100 million tons, while its comprehensive utilization rate is still less than 15%. The environmental pollution caused by its extensive stockpiling has become a major issue restricting the sustainable development of the industry. This paper summarizes recent research findings on red mud recycling both domestically and internationally, and based on the development status of recycling technology, proposes three collaborative approaches for red mud treatment: source reduction through production process optimization, resource recovery of valuable components, and large-scale utilization for extensive consumption. The analysis suggests that future improvements in recovery efficiency and expansion of recovery scale for red mud will require innovations in production processes to reduce output, enhancing resource utilization efficiency through multi-element collaborative recovery, and relying on large-scale utilization to improve harmless treatment levels. These measures aim to transform red mud from “red solid waste” into a “green resource,” thereby supporting the high-quality development of the aluminum industry.

A series of self-standing tubular membranes were fabricated by incorporating F-doped polyaniline-derived porous carbon (F-PPC) with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at systematically varied mass ratios (CNT:F-PPC = 1:2, 1:1, 2:1) for electro-Fenton filtration applications. Comprehensive structural and physicochemical characterization indicated that compositional control can effectively regulate the membrane properties. Specifically, increasing the CNT content can modulate the electrocatalytic performance, microstructure, and electron density distribution of the hybrid membranes. Among the configurations, the C1P1 membrane (CNT:F-PPC = 1:1) achieved an optimal balance, featuring a moderate pore size, appropriate hydrophobicity (94.36°), and satisfactory conductivity (33.1 Ω), indicating synergistic effects between defect-mediated catalytic activity and conductive pathways for reactive oxygen species generation. Under electrochemical assistance, the C1P1 membrane exhibited superior antifouling performance and contaminant removal efficiency, achieving complete bovine serum albumin rejection, along with 33.7% degradation of glucose and 38.6% degradation of humic acid. The enhanced performance can be attributed to the balanced degree of graphitization and defect density resulting from fluorine-induced electron redistribution. This redistribution synergistically promotes both the 2e^– oxygen reduction reaction and the Fenton pathway for the efficient production of ·OH. This work establishes fundamental structure–property relationships in multifunctional carbon membranes and provides a sustainable strategy for integrated wastewater treatment through simultaneous filtration and electro-Fenton processes.