Hydrogen sulfide matters in the anaerobic treatment of sulfate-rich organic wastewater: advances in inhibitory mechanisms and process control

Abstract

The biological treatment of sulfate-rich organic wastewaters is challenged by the generation of toxic hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), due to its inhibition to key microbial communities of sustaining system stability. Unlike existing reviews focusing on individual H₂S removal technologies, this work presents a holistic control framework that strategically integrates H₂S generation, in-process mitigation, and final control, with a unique emphasis on the synergy of sulfate reduction and system resilience. First, we systematically dissect the multi-level inhibitory mechanisms of H₂S on anaerobic consortia, including the disruption of disulfide bonds, metalloenzymes, and quorum sensing signal molecules. Crucially, we prioritize process management strategies, such as microaeration, gas stripping, and chemical precipitation, balancing H₂S removal and enhanced sulfate-reducing activity under electron-donor-limited conditions. We further comprehensively introduce a paradigm shift from reactive control to predictive one by detailing the integration of online monitoring, machine learning, and digital twins for dynamic process optimization. By identifying critical future directions, including the development of robust liquid phase sensors and hybrid strategies that couple H₂S control with resource recovery, this review provides actionable insights for designing resilient anaerobic systems toward sustainable wastewater treatment.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Hydrogen sulfide / Sulfate reduction / Anaerobic digestion / Microaeration / Gas stripping / Intelligent control

Highlight

	● Control for H2S in sulfate reduction systems is reviewed comprehensively.
	● Post-treatment is more mature while process management is critical.
	● Predictive management uses online monitoring, machine learning, and digital twins.
	● Hybrid strategies coupling H2S control with resource recovery are needed.

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